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Sokoine University of Agriculture Institutional Repository (SUA IR). This repository was built and is maintained by the university library (Sokoine National Agricultural Library-SNAL) , in order to collect, preserve and disseminate scholarly output generated by University research community (staff and students) members.
This repository hosts a variety of openly accessible materials including: scholarly articles and books, theses and dissertations, conference proceedings and technical reports. For assistance about depositing your research output in the repository click here. SUA IR Policy click here or any queries contact us at snal@sua.ac.tz.
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- The Agroforesty Community is a collaborative network dedicated to advancing sustainable land-use practices that integrate trees, crops, and livestock. It serves as a platform for knowledge exchange, research dissemination, and practical innovations in Agroforestry. By fostering connections among researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and local communities, the Agroforestry Community promotes environmental conservation, enhanced agricultural productivity, and resilient livelihoods.
Recent Submissions
Assessment of environmental pollution by residues of copper fungicides used on coffee in Arusha Region, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2012) Mzimba, Sada Bakari
Bean bruchids Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) are
the main storage pests of beans in Africa. Farmers in Tanzania have been using different
pesticidal plants which were not uniform from different locations for many years to reduce
damage in their produce. Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the
effectiveness of nine botanical extracts in controlling the two bruchid species. The study
included plant species from Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya and Morogoro Regions. The
insecticidal materials were extracted from Eucalyptus citriodora, Vernonia amygdalina,
Telfairia
pedata,
Chenopodium
ambrosioides.
Neorautanenia
mitis.
Dolichos
kilimandscharicus. Gnidia kraussiana, Zanha africana and Schinus mode. Powders of
these plants were tested under the laboratory conditions, where doses commonly used by
farmers were tested to identify plant species with superior characteristics. The experiment
was set in a Completely Randomised Design to determine the optimum doses of five
selected pesticidal plant formulations that can be recommended for protecting beans
against bruchids. The effectiveness of the extracts was compared with Actellic Super Dust,
a synthetic chemical commonly used for control of bean bruchids. The results show that,
all plant species were potential in controlling A. obtectus. Two plant species namely N.
mitis and C. ambrosioides, performed similar to synthetic Actellic Super Dust followed by
Z. africana at the highest tested concentration (600 g/100 kg) to A. obtectus and Z.
subfasciatus. Out of nine plant formulations evaluated on Z. subfasciatus only three were
statistically different in their effectiveness compared to untreated beans. The study shows
that C. ambrosioides and N. mitis have higher efficacy comparable to Actellic Super Dust
followed by Z. africana. Hence, the plants can be used efficiently as the recommended
insecticidal plants. However, further study is recommended to assess the insecticidal
plants role in seed deterioration during storage, shelflife, pesticidal plant combination and
toxicity to mammals.
Population structure of pyricularia grisea and reaction of rice cultivars in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Maganga, Reinfrid Martin
The study was designed to investigate the diversity of Pyricularia grisea (Coke)
Sacc, population structure and reaction of rice cultivars in Southern highlands of
Tanzania.
Screen house experiments and a field trapping nursery were used to
determine prevalent pathogenic races, effective host resistant genes and reaction of
rice cultivars against identified pathogenic races. A total of six pathogenic races
Ull-i2-kl41-zl3-tal03, U51-i4-kl00-zl 3-tal 03, U11-i4-k041-zl 1-tai03, Ull-i5-
k000-z03-ta000, U11-iO-kl01-zl3-tal00 and U11 -il-k!20-zl l-tal02 were identified
on the basis of the infection type of LIJIANGX1NTUAN HEIGU (LTH) monogenic
lines. Pathogenic race U1 l-i2-k 141-zl3-tal03 was the most virulent strain infecting
44.4 % of the tested varieties, followed by U51-i4-kl00-zl3-tal03; Ull-i4-k041-
zll-tal03; U1 l-il-kl20-zl I-tal02; U1 l-i0-kl01-zl3-tal00 and U1 l-i5-kOOO-zO3-
taOOO infecting 40.7, 37, 37, 33.3 and 14.8 % of the tested varieties, respectively.
Host resistance genes PH2, Piz-t, Pill, Pik-rn, Pi 12, Pia, and Pik-p were found
effective against the available pathogen races. All local varieties tested were
susceptible to all races identified differing only on the levels of susceptibility. Uyole
inbred lines (UR 319 and UR 400) were susceptible to all races except race U1 1 -i5-
kOOO-zO3-taOOO and race U1 l-i4-k041-zl1-tai 03. The races identified provide an
insight of blast population diversity prevalent in Southern highlands that should be
considered when breeding for blast resistance. Effective resistant genes identified
can be pyramided to Uyole inbred lines and in commonly grown local susceptible
rice varieties to improve blast resistant against prevalent races in Southern highlands.
Infestation densities of the pine woolly aphid (pineus pini) on pinus patula as related to site productivity at Sao hill forest plantation
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1990) Madoffe, Seif S.
Between September
carried out
Sao
at
Hill
1989
March,
and
1988
a
plantation
forest
study was
with the
following major objectives
- to examine the relationship between Pinus patula stand
productivity and abundance of the Pineus pini.
- to elucidate the impact of P. pini on tree growth.
Based
on
a
preliminary
main
the
sampling,
sampling
intensity was determined for a fixed degree of precision. In the
main sampling, the two site classes I and III and
the young
class
age
compartments
100 infested
sampled
were
classes. In each
(<10
years)
in
compartment,
trees had
sampled. Three
were
each
the
of
two
site
continued until
sampling
been recorded. For each infested
tree, a 10 cm long twig was pruned from the
middle crown
crawlers and adult aphids were observed and
whorl. Eggs,
counts made under a dissecting microscope. In the
main sampling, the two site classes I and III and
the young
class
age
compartments
100 infested
sampled
were
classes. In each
(<10
years)
in
compartment,
trees had
sampled. Three
were
each
the
of
two
site
continued until
sampling
been recorded. For each infested
tree, a 10 cm long twig was pruned from the
middle crown
crawlers and adult aphids were observed and
whorl. Eggs,
counts made under a dissecting microscope.
An infestation experiment
growth impact
of P.
was
established
to elucidate
pini infestation on young P. patula
seedlings after 24 weeks of growth.
The main findings of the study were that:Population densities were higher in trees of poor sites
compared to trees of
infested
trees
were
good sites.
equally
The percentages
high
of
at both good-
Efficacy of pesticides used on cotton in the Western cotton growing areas of Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Kabissa, Jeremiah Joe
omplaints against the ineffectiveness of pesticides currently distributed by the Tanzania
Cotton Board (TCB) and private dealers in the Western Cotton Growing Areas (WCGA)
have persisted for nearly a decade which has rendered some famers abandoning the crop.
Technically, the reasons for the low efficacy could be associated with insecticides or poor
application techniques. A series of studies were conducted between September 2014 and
September, 2015 in the WCGA to document the commonly used pesticides on cotton,
examine their authenticity with reference to the registrar’s article and evaluate their
effectiveness. Documentation of the commonly used insecticides, accessibility and
perceived efficacy were studied through a survey conducted using structured
questionnaires in five districts in Mwanza and Simiyu Regions. A total of 175
respondents were interviewed. Authenticity of the commonly used pesticides was
examined through sampling among the commonly used pesticides, obtaining small
volumes in screw-capped bottles, re-packaging and labelling by numbers to disguise the
identity, after which they were sent to the Tropical Pesticide Research Institute (TPRI)
laboratories for determination of active ingredients. The effectiveness of the commonly
used pesticides was determined through a field experiment set at Ukiriguru Agricultural
Research Institute. Cotton insect pests against which the pesticides were tested included;
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), Aphis gossypii (Glover), Pectinophora gossypiella
•(Sound), Dysdercus sp (Herrich- Schaeffer) and Earias sp (Walker/Boisduval).
The results indicated that most of the approved and few of unapproved insecticides are
used in controlling cotton pests in the WCGA. About 70% of insecticides used by farmers
in all five Districts surveyed were supplied through CDTF and the remaining 30% were
sourced from private agro-shops and open markets. About 40% of the insecticides sold in
agro-shops and local market centres had expired but cotton farmers being unawareiii
purchased them for use. About, 85% of agro-shop owners employed unskilled shopkeepers to sell pesticides. The confirmatory test at TPRI laboratories proved the
collected insecticides to conform to the registrar’s records in terms of contents and active
ingredients. The field tests showed that all insecticides were effective against target insect
pests provided the proper dosage was applied at the right time and appropriate pests
threshold. Pyrethyroids such as lambdacyhalothrin and cypermethrin when used in
combination with organophosphates controlled both endocarpic and exocarpic boll worms
and other insect pests very effectively but when lambdacyhalothrin was used singly, the
effectiveness was compromised particularly on aphids. Likewise the endocarpic and
exocarpic boll worms could not be effectively controlled using cypermethrin alone.
The findings from this study resolved the long-standing doubt on efficacy of insecticides
distributed to cotton growers through the CDTF. Ineffectiveness reported by farmers are
mostly caused by use of inadequate amounts of insecticides (low dosages), mixing
insecticides with poor quality waler (dirty water) and poor coverage of the crop canopy
during spray. Wrong timing of the day to first spray and poor knowledge of pest threshold
also contribute to the limited efficacy of the insecticides in small farmers’ setting.
Therefore, the Tanzania cotton sector should take concrete steps to educate growers on
proper use of insecticides and avoid the risks of insect pests developing resistance to the
used insecticides particularly the Pyrethroids.
The effect of extracts of neem seed on survival and infestation of thrips tabaci on onions
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2003) Haule, John Bosco
Field and laboratory studies were conducted at Madiira Research Farm, Arusha to
investigate the effectiveness of extracts of neem seeds for management of onion thrips,
Thrips tabaci on onions. The efficacy and performance of extracts from N eem seeds,
Azadirachta indica was compared with that of Fenitrothion, a commonly used standard
insecticide. Neem extracts at concentrations of 0.8% and 1.0% AZ gave good protection
against T. tabaci under field condition. A significant decline in population density (P =
0.05) o f o nion t hrips w as o bserved a mong t reatments. F ewer t hrips 1 arvae a nd adults
were recorded on treated plants than on control. However, the effectiveness and
performance of extracts of neem seed varied with concentration and method of
application. Alcohol extracts (0.8%) and aqueous extracts (1.0%) were more effective in
lowering the number of T. tabaci. These levels of concentration compared favourably
with fenitrothion. Significant differences (P=0.05) in onion yields were generally
observed among treatments. Onions treated with extracts of neem seed gave higher yield
than the control. The yields were not significantly different from fenitrothion treated
crop. Neem seed extracts, even at the low concentration of 0.4 and 0.5%, resulted into
significant mortality and ovipositional deterrence of thrips, but were less effective as
repellents. Mortality and repellence increased with time and concentrations. At
concentrations of 0.4 and 0.5% more thrips were found dead and strayed off from treated
leaves. No mortality and repellence occurred in the control leaves. Onion leaves treated
with the standard insecticide, fenitrothion, resulted to high death and repellence of thrips
at 24 and 48 hours post treatment. The use of neem extracts proved to be effective in providing good protection of onions against T. tabaci. Neem seed extracts have shown
good potential for management of onion thrips on onions due to low cost, effectiveness,
safety, availability and their easiness to prepare and use.