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Sokoine University of Agriculture  Institutional Repository (SUA IR). This repository was built and is maintained by the university library  (Sokoine National Agricultural Library-SNAL) , in order to collect, preserve and disseminate scholarly output generated by University research community (staff and students) members.

This repository hosts a variety of openly accessible materials including: scholarly articles and books, theses and dissertations, conference proceedings and technical reports. For assistance about depositing your research output in the repository click here. SUA IR Policy  click here or any queries contact us at snal@sua.ac.tz.

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Technical and economic comparison of performance between farmer and government managed irrigation schemes in Tanzania: a case study of Kapunga irrigation project
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Chemka, David Nyakamwe
This study compares the performance of government-managed irrigation schemes (GMIS) to farmer-managed irrigation schemes (FMIS) at Kapunga rice irrigation project in Mbeya region in Tanzania. The specific objectives were to evaluate: (i) organisational structure of the two systems; (ii) water management aspects of the two systems; productivity and Appropriate (iii) economic performance of the two systems. Indicators been have used to quantify performance of the two types of management of irrigation. Results of the study show that the farmer-managed scheme, performed better than the government-managed scheme in attaining scheme irrigation efficiency, productivity,economic, and productivity, irrigation scheme financial in profitability. Applicable indicators for the farmer-managed irrigation schemes are quantified as shown below. Those of the government-managed scheme are indicated in brackets. efficiency was 61% (29%) ;Its overall irrigation average productivity was 3.2 ton/ha (2.2 ton/ha); economic profitability: internal rate of return was 3.2% (5%), benefit/cost ratio 0.6 (0.14); while its financial profitability: internal rate of return was 3.9% (5.1%), benefit/cost ratio 0.6 (0.13). The organisation of both the government and farmer-managed irrigation schemes were appropriate, however, both schemes were weak in irrigation management as the essential operation and maintenance activities were not carried out effectively. Schemes Both the government and the farmer-managed had canal maintenance problem. There was corresponding big error in water adequacy of 86% and 98% respectively arising from improper water control at the secondary canals offtake.Paddy nurseries in the government-managed scheme had undesirable water stress. However, both schemes were able to distribute water equitably, reliably, as well as maintaining a correct field water depth from tillering to flowering and grain formation stages.
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Choice of green manure technology on smallholder maize production systems in Tanzania: a case of Mkinga district, Tanga region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2009) George, William Juma
In Mkinga maize-based farming systems, intercropping of maize with green manure have been increasingly been one of the strategies to revive the declining maize production caused by increasing pests infestations and low soil fertility. This study was conducted to evaluate economic viability of green manure utilization on farmers’ livelihoods. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) to measure the accrued costs and benefits of green manure in maize production systems on farmers’ livelihood; (ii) to undertake investment analysis in maize cropping with green manures systems: (iii) to establish farmers' own perceptions on the use of green manures in soil fertility improvement for maize production: and (iv) to propose the best alternative options for green manure utilization for sustainable maize production. Data for the study were collected using household survey from a total of 120 households randomly selected from two villages found in similar agro-ecological zone. Descriptive analysis, gross margin analysis, partial budgeting and benefit-cost analysis were used as analytical tools.Results show that fanners adopted two planting options of green manures that is (Mucuna/maize intercrop or Mucuna/maize staggered). The average maize grain yield over the five years was 906Kg/acre, 374Kg/acre and 304.2Kg/acre in Mucuna/maize intercrop and Mucuna/maize staggered and with no green manure respectively. The gross margin in maize./Mucuna intercrop, Mucuna!maize staggered and without green manures was Tsh 215 920 per acre, Tsh 58 620 per acre and -3 945.6 per acre respectively. Mucuna/maize intercrop yields a high NPV of Tsh 612 807 and BCR of 2.43 at 20% interest rate. The shift from sole crop to maize cropping with green manure is profitable by Tsh 231 833. Future research in pursuit of improving availability of green manure seeds, produce outlets and integrated nutrient management strategics tapping on farmer innovations is required to ensure sustainability of the production system.
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Economic valuation of irrigation water and riverside wetland services: the case of lower Moshi irrigation scheme in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) January, Abiud
This study was carried out to determine the economic value of irrigation water and riverside wetland services in the Lower Moshi Irrigation scheme. The specific objectives were to assess the economic value of water for irrigation, investigate the willingness to pay among smallholder farmers for riverside wetland services conservation in the Rau River and to assess factors that determine WTP for riverside wetland services conservation by water flows in the Rau River. The study counted on the data collected from 105 respondents from four villages of Lower Moshi in Kilimanjaro region which are Rau, Mabogini, Chekereni, and Oria. Data were analyzed using descriptive and quantitative methods. The Residual Computation Method was used to compute the economic values of irrigation water for paddy, maize and sunflowers. The Contingent Valuation Method was employed to elicit the willingness to pay for the riverside wetland services conservation, while the logit and linear regression models were used to assess the factors that determine willingness to pay for the riverside wetlands. The findings showed that, the economic value of water for irrigation for paddy was Tshs 366/m3, sunflower Tshs 448/m3 and maize Tshs 329/m3. The economic value for sunflower is high compared to that of maize and Paddy as compared to their profit margin. This is due to the fact that, sunflower use less water compared to other crops and mature early than paddy and maize. The results from CVM indicated that, the respondents were willing to pay an average of Tshs 27 860 per Ha per annum to conserve wetland services in the Rau River. The information on water's economic value enables decision makers to make informed choices on water development, conservation,allocation, and use when growing demands for all uses are made in the face of increased scarcity.
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Factors influencing the adoption of soil conservation measures: a case study in Gairo, Kilosa district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2000) Kalineza,Haruni Mussa Makosi
Gairo division is a semi-rid area and like other semi-arid areas it faces the problem of land degradation. Because of this, Gairo Agroforestry and Land Use Project (GALUP) has been carrying out activities that aim at reversing the trend through recommending various soil conservation measures. The overall objective of the study was to examine factors that influence adoption of the recommended soil conservation measures in the division. The specific objectives were: (i) To determine the extent to which the smallholder farmers are aware of the problem of land degradation; (ii) To determine the extent to which smallholder farmer have adopted the different soil conservation measures; and (iii) To identify factors that influence the adoption of the soil conservation measures. Data were collected from 114 randomly selected households in purposively selected villages using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses using Statistical Package for Social Sciences were employed as major tools of analysis to determine the major factors influencing adoption of soil conservation practices. Results of the descriptive analysis suggest that adoption of the recommended soil conservation practices is influenced by education level, awareness of the land degradation problem, ownership of livestock, ownership of land, farm size and gender of the household head. Results of the logistic regression model show that adoption of the recommended practices is influenced by awareness of the land degradation problems implying that extension education has an important role in this regard. The logistic regression model also show that ownership of land is an important factor influencing the adoption of contour ridges and farm yard manure. Existence of by-laws that restrict activities that degrade the environment and to have clear land use plans appear to be issues to be considered in enhancing the adoption of soil conservation practices. It is recommended that efforts be increased in the area of extension education about soil conservation practices to both women and men. Also,there be emphasis on soil conservation practices that have broader benefits to the smallholder farmers to enhance widespread adoption.
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Serological and molecular characterization of begomoviruses infecting cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Africa
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Karakacha, Hassan Were
The outbreak of an extremely severe form of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) that is sweeping across East and Central Africa and causing food shortages and consequently famine related deaths provided the incentive for this study. A diagnostic survey of the disease was conducted in cassava growing areas of Kenya, to identify the viruses associated with the disease and to study the presence of whitefly transmitted begomoviruses namely, African cassava mosaic virus(ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) and the recombinant Uganda variant virus (UgV). This “new" UgV virus was of particular interest, since it was this virus type which was found persistently associated with the severe form of CMD. In addition, cassava samples were obtained from many other cassava growing regions in sub-Sahara Africa, to gain an overview of the identities and distribution of viruses causing CMD in Africa.A total cf 230 leaf samples and 185 hardwood stem cuttings were collected and analyzed. Disease severity data were collected and viruses were typed and characterized using ELISA and PCR. In Kenya, the disease incidence was highest (80-100%) in the western regions neighbouring Uganda and lowest (25-50%) at the coastal region of the country. In Western and Nyanza provinces, 52.2% of the samples tested were infected with UgV, 21.7% with ACMV and 17.4% with mixed infections of ACMV and UgV. All samples from the coast province were infected with EACMV only and no other begomovirus was found in this cassava growing region. However, in about 15% of the cassava samples, filamentous viruses were found, which were not detected in samples from other regions. When cassava samples obtained from other major cassava cultivating regions of Africa were analyzed, ACMV was the only virus found in West Africa, with very few exceptions of EACMV that was detected in samples from Nigeria and Guinea. Outside Kenya, UgV was detected in samples from Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, D.R.C. This indicates that UgV is rapidly spreading into western regions of the continent thereby endangering the cassava production in West Africa. Symptoms of begomovirus diseases in cassava were indistinguishable, however,the most distinct and outstanding feature of UgV infections was the almost complete reduction of tuber formation and often very severe fol'ar symptoms which were also induced by double infections with both ACMV and UgV. Symptoms in Nif-C'Hana bentham'ana plants infected with an ACMV isolate Corn Kenya, ACMV-KE, could be distinguished from an ACMV isolate from Nigeria, ACMV-NG, by the bright yellow blotches which are typically induced by ACMV-KE on the inoculated leaves. Symptoms induced by EACMV in N. benthamiana were similar to those induced by UgV and considerably milder than those induced by either ACMV-KE or ACMV-NG. Severely affected N. benthamiana plants were mostly doubly infected with ACMV and UgV. The complete nucleotide (nt) sequences of DNA-A (2781 - 2801 nt) and DNA-B (2724 - 2726 nt) genomic components of selected virus types were obtained. The • sequences of DNA-A genomic components shared a high identity with those of either ACMV, EACMV, or UgV already described, implying that DNA-A was highly conserved among the different cassava begomoviruses. The “new", recombinant UgV was verified by the characteristic and almost invariable recombination sequences present in the coat protein genes of all isolates sequenced. This sequence originates from ACMV, while all other DNA-A regions reflect typical sequences of EACMV. Since the recombination comprised only a short segment of the coat protein, the virus was verified as a strain of EACMV and hence named EACMV-UgV, which is used synonymously with UgV. Analysis of the DNA-B sequence of a Kenyan isolate of EACMV-UgV revealed a DNA-B component identical to those of ACMV isolates described. Furthermore, for all virus isolates with characteristic EACMV-UgV-like DNA-A genomic components, only ACMV-like DNA-B genomic components were amplified. Full-length clones of DNA-A and DNA-B genomic components were constructed and attempts were made to introduce homologous(ACMV/ACMV) and heterologous (EACMV/ACMV; EACMV-UgV/ACMV) combinations of DNA-A and DNA-B genomic components into N. benthamiana plants. Inoculation of linearized constructs containing full-length clones or of partial head-to-tail dimers of DNA-A and DNA-B genomic components resulted in the introduction of DNA-A genomic components into the host plant. However, in heterologous combinations, only DNA- A genomic component was detected in inoculated plants which showed weak