Browsing by Author "Chingonikaya, Emmanuel E."

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Perceived existence of farmer - pastoralist conflicts in relation to climate Change in Kilosa District, Tanzania
(AkiNik Publications, 2021) Chingonikaya, Emmanuel E.; Salehe, Farida
Farmer-pastoralist conflicts have been reported in many parts of Africa, often presented as being driven by resource scarcity. In Tanzania, the two groups of resource users have for a long time found themselves in deadly clashes, most of which resulted into loss of lives and destruction of properties. The main resources causing the conflicts are water, land and pasture. This study is therefore presenting an assessment of how the extent of climate change has induced farmer-pastoralist conflicts in Kilosa District, Tanzania. A cross- sectional research design was adopted for this study. A simple random sampling technique was used to select wards and villages which are home to farmers and pastoralists. A sample size of 120 respondents was drawn. Data were mainly collected using a household survey, focus group discussion (FGD) and interviews with key informants. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and excel program were used in analysing the data. The findings show that climate change, land and water resources were the major sources of conflicts between farmers and pastoralist’s conflict in Kilosa District. The study concludes that there is conflict between farmers and pastoralists due to scarce resources, particularly water, land and pasture, induced by climate change and variability. Based on the findings, various stakeholders including the government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and communities should identify new, and improve existing strategies for the wise use of the natural resources among the two groups.
Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Impact of Climate Change in Semi-arid Areas of Iringa District Tanzania
(International Institute for Science, Technology & Education (IISTE), 2015) Kihupi, Mary L; Mahonge, Christopher; Chingonikaya, Emmanuel E.
The current climate is already marginal with respect to precipitation in many parts of Africa, especially in semiarid areas. Impact of climate change will bring substantial losses especially to smallholder farmers whose main source of livelihood derives from agriculture. Such impacts can be significantly reduced through adaptation. Given the high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and prevailing drought condition of semi-arid areas of Iringa district, the area may be quite vulnerable to the current and future climatic changes. The frequency supply of food relief from the Tanzania government to smallholder farmers in Ismani, emphasizes its vulnerability to climate changes. Therefore, this study determined adaptation measures carried out in semi-arid areas of Iringa District Ismani and Pawaga Divisions in particular. The research design was cross sectional. A multistage sampling procedure was applied in selecting divisions, wards, villages and households. Ismani and Pawaga divisions were purposeful selected basing on their climatic condition. A total of 240 respondents were selected randomly from eight villages. Data were collected through household survey, key informant interview, observation and focus group discussion methods. Quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS whereby descriptive statistics were computed. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that smallholder farmers in Pawaga and Ismani divisions were adapting to impact of climate change through irrigation, crop diversification, planting early maturing maize varieties, planting drought resistant crops, changing of planting dates, and agriculture diversification and non-farm activities. It can be concluded that the smallholder farmers in both divisions used various adaption strategies against climate change impact. However, the farmers in the two divisions still face the impact of climate change in their livelihoods. Based on the conclusion made in this study, there are required efforts from various stakeholders including government to improve the adaptation strategies to be appropriate and effective.