Browsing by Author "Chivaghula, T. J."

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Effect of cooking on tannin and phytate content in different bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties grown in Tanzania
(Academic Journals, 2017) Mamiro, P. S.; Mwanri, A. W.; Mongi, R. J.; Chivaghula, T. J.; Nyagaya, M.; Ntwenya, J.
Phytates and tannins are present in varying proportions in legume based foods. Investigation on the effect of cooking on tannins and phytates was carried out on thirty eight raw and cooked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties. Tannins were assayed by vanillin-hydrochloric acid method, while phytates were determined by a method developed by Haugh and Lantzsch. There was a very high significant difference (P≤0.00001) in the tannin concentrations between the raw and cooked bean samples. The mean tannin content for the raw and cooked samples was 1.168±0.81 and 0.563±0.503%CE, respectively. Reduction of tannins after cooking ranged from 20%CE in M’mafutala to 81%CE in GLP 2 with an average reduction of 56.3%CE. Equally, there was a very high significant difference (P≤0.0001) in the phytate concentrations between the raw and cooked bean samples. The mean phytate content for the raw and cooked samples were 0.0219±002 and 0.0122±003 μg/mL, respectively. Cooking reduced the anti-nutritional factors significantly (p≤0.0001). The extent of antinutritional factors reduction varied between bean varieties. Cooking is therefore important for mineral absorption during digestion process in humans as it makes the minerals less bound and hence physiologically available.
Overweight and obesity among adults in Same District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Msollo, S. S.; Chivaghula, T. J.; Muhimbula, H. S.; Kinabo, J.; Krawinkel, M.
Overweight and obesity are malnutrition which needs great attention due to their health consequences. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 362 adults aged 25-55 years in 2012 to examine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and risk factors through; assessing nutritional status, dietary intake and physical activities in lowland and highland areas of Same District, Kilimanjaro Region. Demographic, dietary intake and physical activity were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were determined using standard WHO procedures. Data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 16, excels and NutriSurvey 2007 program. The prevalence of overweight was 23% and obesity 17%. Women were more than 4 times likely to be overweight and obese compared to men (OR 5.53, 95% CI: 3.11 – 9.82). Lowland had high prevalence of overweight and obesity compared to highland areas (OR 2.034, 95% CI: 1.138-2.952). About 33% of lowland subjects had excess energy intake compared to 23% of highland (p=0.050). Positive energy balance was significantly associated with overweight and obesity (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.66 – 1.91). The mean Physical Activity Level for highland was 2.2 compared to 1.87 of lowland areas (p<0.05). Overweight and obesity was significantly related to income, sex, residence, education, farming technology, carrying produce, occupation, employment, energy balance and age (P<0.005). The high prevalence of overweight and obesity especially in lowland may be due to physical activities and energy intake which are controllable. These findings will assist health stakeholders to allow design of appropriate interventions to reduce the problems.