Browsing by Author "Jiwa, S. F. H."

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Bovine tuberculosis in the lake Victoria zone of Tanzania and its possible consequences for human health in the HIV/AIDS era
(Veterinary Research Communications, 1997) Jiwa, S. F. H.; Kazwala, R. R.; Aboud, A. A. O.; Kalaye, A. J.
A total of 8190 cattle from 42 well-managed herds in the Lake Victoria zone of Tanzania were tested for bovine tuberculosis by a single comparative intradermal test (SCITT) using avian and bovine puri¢ed protein derivative (PPD) antigens. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in this area was found to be 0.2%. There was signi¢cant variation (p50.001) among the herds tested in the four regions in this zone (Kagera, Mara, Mwanza and Shinyanga). The highest prevalence (2.12%) was in a herd of 566 cattle which had recently arrived in Kagera region from Dar-es-Salaam. None of the 915 cattle tested in Shinyanga or of the 254 resident cattle in the Kagera region were positive by SCITT. This area, and particularly the Kagera region, has the highest human morbidity and mortality due to the acquired immunode¢ciency syndrome in Tanzania. Therefore, the presence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle necessitates further investigations on the role of animal-derived tuberculosis in human health.
Isolation of mycobacterium species from raw milk of pastoral cattle of the southern highlands of Tanzania
(Tropical Animal Health and Production, 1998) Kazwala, R. R.; Daborn, C. J.; Kusiluka, C. J.; Jiwa, S. F. H.; Sharp, J. M.; Kambarage, D. M.
A study to determine the secretion of Mycobacterium spp. in milk from indigenous cattle was carried out in pastoral cattle reared in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. The study was aimed at elucidating the dangers associated with milk-borne zoonoses in a society where milk is normally consumed raw. Out of 805 milk samples, 31 (3.9%) were positive for mycobacteria. There was a preponderance of atypical mycobacteria (87%) whereas only two isolates (6.5%) were con¢rmed as M. bovis. Atypical mycobacteria included: M. terrae (n=7), M. fortuitum (n=2), M. £avescens (n = 13), M. gordonae (n=1) and M. smegmatis (n = 4). Although the number of M. bovis positive samples was low, the habit of pooling milk may still pose great public health dangers to milk consumers in this part of the world. Moreover, isolation of atypical mycobacteria should also be considered to be a danger to human health in countries such as Tanzania, where the number of people with lowered immunity due to HIV infection is on the increase.
The role of management systems in the epidemiology of thermophilic campylobacters among poultry in eastern zone of Tanzania
(Epidemiology and infection, 1993) Kazwala, R. R.; Jiwa, S. F. H.; Nkya, A. E.
A total of 255 samnples of droppings collected from a total of 22 different poultry units were exainined for the presence of thermophilic campylobacters and the isolates biotyped using Skirrow's protocol. The organismTs were isolated from 90 (35*3 %) of all samples. Among the 22 units investigated, 13 (59 %) were found to have unsatisfactory management svstems, while 7 (32 %) and 2 (9 %) were found to have unsatisfactory and good systems respectively. Significantly large numbers of isolations, 68 of 147 (46 2 %), were made from samples collected from poultry units with poor management (P < 0 005). compared with 19 out of 84 (22 6%) samples which were collected from satisfactory units and 3 out of 24 (125%) samples collected from units exercising particularly good management. Nineteen of 72 (26-4%) samples collected from broilers, 32 out of 132 (24-2%) samples collected from layers and 39 out of 51 (76 49 %) samples collected from indigenous free range poultry were positive for campylobacters. Among the 90 strains isolated from various units, 64 (704 0 ) were Cnampylobacterjejuni, 25 (27-7 %) were C. coli, and only 1 (2 2 %) was C. laridis.