Browsing by Author "Kadigi, Michael"

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Adoption intensity of bundled sustainable agricultural practices among small-scale maize growers in Morogoro region, Tanzania
(East African Journal of Management and Business Studies, 2023) Mugula, Joseph J.; Kyaruzi, Athman A.; Msinde, John; Kadigi, Michael
The study examined the adoption rate and intensity of bundled sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) among smallholder maize farmers in Tanzania. The SAPs considered include crop rotation, intercropping, manure, improved seeds and crop residual. Using descriptive techniques and ordered probit model, data was collected from 470 farming households from Kilosa and Mvomero Districts through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The results show that education level, occupation, farming experience, sex of the household head, farm size, plot ownership, geographical location, membership in farmers’ organization and production diversity had significant impacts on the adoption intensity of multiple SAPs. In addition, there were greater disparities in the adoption intensity than in the adoption rates; the awareness and recognition of SAPs did not necessarily translate into increased usage. The study recommends that the interdependence nature of agricultural innovations should be considered in designing strategies dissemination of SAPs to provide farmers with a choice among different sets of practices that possess desirable traits. Given that diverse factors influence the usage of different combinations of SAPs, it is important that policymakers should take into consideration the significant factors to ensure that farmers can maximize the benefits of SAPs through provision of training programs to enlighten farmers on the benefits of SAPs.
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community health workers on household sanitation and hygiene in rural Tanzania
(International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2025-03-22) Samani, Lina Patrice; Mwanga, Joseph; Basinda, Namanya; Msaki, Evarist; Kadigi, Michael
Background: Access to improved sanitation, adherence to good hygienic practices, and adequate supply of safe water are very crucial factors for the health and well-being of people within the household and the entire community. Household sanitation and hygiene promotion has largely been done by community health workers in most places in Tanzania and worldwide, especially in rural and marginalized areas. Despite the presence of community health workers in Tanzania as primary health providers, WASH-sensitive indicators such as diarrhea, stunted growth, and typhoid are still high. However, little has been done to assess their knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding household sanitation and hygiene. Aim: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices among community health workers on household sanitation and hygiene at Mbarali and Mbeya rural districts in Mbeya region, south-west highlands of Tanzania. Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The sample size was estimated by using Yamane formula for calculating sample size. Data for the study were collected for one month, questionnaire guide and observation checklist were used as data collection methods. Data were entered in STATA version 15 databases by two research assistants, and then data were cleaned, validated and analyzed. Descriptive analyses included frequencies and percentages of socio- demographic characteristics such as age, sex, education, knowledge, attitude, and practice of hygiene and sanitation. To determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and respondents 'KAP, a bivariate chi-square test was conducted. A threshold of 0.05 p-values was used for statistical significance. Results: A total of 391CHWs were recruited. Out of 391CHWs, 184 (47.1%) had adequate knowledge regarding household sanitation and hygiene, while 207(52.9%) CHWs had inadequate knowledge. 74.4% of the CHWs had a positive attitude towards, whilst 25.6% of the participants had a negative attitude regarding household sanitation and hygiene. A total of 128 (33.0%) had good practices, while (67.1%) of the participants had poor practices regarding household sanitation and hygiene. High education level and the short period from the last training on sanitation and hygiene were found to be associated with adequate knowledge (p=0012) and (p=0.008) respectively. Female participants were found to have good practices (p=0.015) than their counterparts. The observation checklist revealed that, of the total 391CHWs, 206(52.7%) CHWs didn’t receive the needed cooperation from the community members, though they had all the necessary equipment for home visits. On house-to-house visits, only 28 CHWs had all the necessary equipment. None of the CHWs had allowance at the end of the visit. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the need to check CHW programs to match their needs as per their roles to strengthen the knowledge, attitude, and practices hence ensuring efficiency in their provision of primary health services and promotion of improvement in household sanitation and hygiene particularly in household sanitation and hygiene.
Contribution of revenue enhancement plans to fiscal performance: A study of Local Government Authorities in Tanzania
(International Journal Of Research In Business And Social Science, 2025-05-01) Hyera, Dennis Werner; Kadigi, Michael; Ndyetabula, Daniel Wilson
This study investigates the impact of Revenue Enhancement Plans (REPs) on fiscal performance— primarily revenue collection—within Tanzanian Local Government Authorities (LGAs), focusing on three representative councils: Mwanza City Council, Manyara Urban Council, and Mbeya City Council. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates quantitative and qualitative data collected from 400 respondents using a multistage sampling technique. Quantitative data were analyzed using a Multivariate Ordered Probit model, which enabled the assessment of four key revenue performance dimensions: effectiveness, increment, reliability, and efficiency. Findings indicate that reducing revenue leakage and improving revenue forecasting accuracy significantly enhance revenue performance. Revenue leakage exhibited a strong negative association with effectiveness (coefficient: -1.221, p<0.01) and increment (-1.59, p<0.01), while accurate forecasting had a positive impact on effectiveness (1.390, p<0.01) and increment (0.516, p<0.01). High implementation costs were negatively associated with revenue growth (-1.634, p<0.05). In contrast, compliance positively influenced reliability (1.533, p<0.01) and efficiency (1.029, p<0.01), reinforcing the importance of regulatory adherence. These findings reflect persistent fiscal decentralization challenges in LGAs, such as weak systems, limited institutional capacity, and inadequate planning. Policy recommendations include implementing digital revenue management systems to curb leakages, strengthening forecasting capabilities through staff training and data analytics, and promoting compliance through awareness programs and enforcement mechanisms. Addressing these areas can improve fiscal performance, enhance financial sustainability, and strengthen service delivery at the local level.
Determinants of adoption of bundled sustainable agriculture practices among small-scale maize farmers in Mvomero and Kilosa districts, Tanzania
(African Journal of Economic Review, 2023) Mugula, Joseph J; Ahmad, Athman Kyaruzi; Msinde, John; Kadigi, Michael
The study, using data set from the adoption pathway survey and utility maximization theory examined the determinants of adoption of bundled sustainable agriculture practices (SAPs) among smallholder maize farmers in Tanzania. The SAPs considered include crop rotation, intercropping, manure, improved seeds, and crop residual. Using the Multivariate probit model, data collected from 470 farming households from Kilosa and Mvomero districts through a multi-stage sampling procedure were analyzed. Before data analysis, validity and reliability tests were performed and deemed satisfactory. The empirical results show that age, gender, family size, education level, farm size, livestock ownership, access to extension services, production shocks, and distance from the market had a significant impact on the adoption of multiple SAPs. In addition, the results show that six pairwise correlation coefficients among SAPs were statistically significant, implying that smallholder maize farmers adopt SAPs concurrently. These findings implore policymakers and agricultural development organizations to take these significant factors into account when planning, advocating for, and supporting the adoption of multiple SAPs. Furthermore, the simultaneous adoption of SAPs necessitates that each of the practices be viewed as a package that contributes to the expansion of farmer’s options and the maximization of synergistic effects between them. Thus, agricultural policymakers should focus on enhancing smallholder farmers’ household characteristics by reviewing agriculture policies with the inclusion of extension services to come up with a package that is tailored to the perceived actual needs of farming households and designing farm management usage programme based on the farmer’s household characteristics.
Effect of training on knowledge, attitude, and practice on the use of hermetic storage technologies among smallholder farmers in Tanzania
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024) Mbesa, Baraka; Makindara, Jeremia; Kadigi, Michael; Majubwa, Ramadhani; Madege, Richard
Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of farmers in post-harvest management (PHM) are essential for reducing food waste. However, their enhancement also depends on the training programs. Previous studies on the linkage between training programs and farmers’ KAP have been conducted with less emphasis on hermetic storage technology (HST) for PHM. This study aimed to assess the effect of training on KAP and, hence, the adoption of HSTs among smallholder farmers. The underlying theory of change of the study assumes that awareness and access to post-harvest technologies have effects on adoption rates, hence improving food security and income. A quasi-experimental matched-pair cluster randomization design was used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable. Maize farmer groups totalling 637 farmers were randomly selected and followed the experimental design of the “Evidence-based Scaling of Improved On-Farm Storage among Smallholders in Tanzania” intervention from Kilosa and Kondoa districts of Tanzania, whereas the treatment group farmers received training and free five hermetic storage bags each, while the control group farmers did not. However, this study documented the demographic profiles of farmers in association with KAP on HST using a pre-designed structured questionnaire and used ordinary least squares regression to explore this relationship. We find evidence consistent with a positive and significant relationship between training, KAP, and adoption. The results suggest that the KAP score and adoption were high for farmers who received training as an intervention for PHM using hermetic bags. Overall, the results are consistent with the theory that there is an effect between training and KAP and, thus, the adoption of HST. The study recommends placing emphasis on farmer’s training programs regarding PHM, thus increasing their knowledge, attitude, and practices, and hence their adoption, to enhance food loss control.
Farmers’ awareness of and attitude towards diversified legumes production in Singida region, Tanzania
(European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2024-01-11) Lema, Caroline Fredy; Kadigi, Michael; Kayunze, Kim Abel
For an extended period, legumes have served as nutritional sources in the diets of both humans and animals. Efforts have been made to increase the yield of the legume crops in Tanzania, but there is still low awareness of and unfavourable attitudes towards legume crop diversification among farmers. The study, on which this paper is based, aimed at investigating farmers’ awareness of and attitude towards diversified legumes, specifically to analyze socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, assess awareness of and attitude towards diversified legumes production, and determine effects of awareness of and attitude towards diversified legumes production on management practices of diversified legumes production. A cross-sectional survey was employed whereby primary data were collected from 204 legume farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Content analysis was conducted using Nvivo software to analyze qualitative data. For quantitative data, Likert scale analysis was employed as a method for descriptive statistics, and Principal Component Analysis was used as a method for inferential analysis. These analyses were performed using Smart PLS software. The findings of the study revealed that several factors significantly influenced smallholder farmers' awareness and perception of diversified legumes. These factors included ease of cultivation, fair distribution of seeds, food availability, increase in income level, high legume harvest, and higher profitability of legumes (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the statement "enough of information" did not show statistical significance (p > 0.05). However, it exhibited a positive association. Conclusively, criteria like "easy cultivation" and "fair seed distribution" had a big impact on how smallholder farmers perceived and knew about diverse legumes. However, "enough information" did not appear to have a major significance. In addition, it was found that major influences on farmers' attitudes and understanding of diversified legumes included the availability of food, rising income levels, high yields of legumes, and perceived profitability. The paper recommends for the improvement of farmers' awareness and perception of diversified legumes, fair seed distribution methods must be established that provide equal access to high-quality seeds with the help of government organizations, non-profit organizations, and seed businesses.
Farmers’ willingness to pay for hermetic storage bags: The effects of training and free trial
(Journal of Stored Products Research, 2025) Mbesa, Baraka; Makindara, Jeremia; Kadigi, Michael; Majubwa, Ramadhani; Madege, Richard; Brander, Michael; Huss, Matthias
Maize is a staple food for smallholder farmers in Africa, but poor postharvest management leads to high grain losses, contributing to food insecurity. Improved on-farm storage such as hermetic storage bags can reduce these losses, yet their adoption remains low. Full one-off subsidies can be an effective development policy to enhance technology adoption. However, policymakers are often opposed to such subsidies, arguing that it lowers will ingness to pay (WTP) once the subsidy ends and thereby constrains the future market. Using the Becker-DeGroot- Marschak (BDM) mechanism to investigate WTP and building on a prior randomized control trial among smallholders in Tanzania, this study analyzes how prior free distribution influences long-term WTP for hermetic storage bags (six years later). Additionally, we analyze how offering a deferred payment option influences farmers’ WTP for hermetic storage bags. We find that the prior provision of free hermetic storage bags had decreased WTP. As an alternative intervention, we show that providing the opportunity to pay later increases WTP as compared to immediate payment. The study highlights that free technology provision may reduce future market engagement but a pay later option can be considered as a valuable policy tool for quick technology dissemination.
Impacts of sustainable agricultural practices on food security, nutrition, and poverty among Smallholder maize farmers in Morogoro region, Tanzania
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2023) Mugula, Joseph J.; Ahmad, Athman K.; Msinde, John; Kadigi, Michael
The study utilized data from adoption pathway survey and utility maximization theory to examine the impacts of adopting sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) on food security, nutrition, and poverty among smallholder maize farmers in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. The SAPs considered include manure, crop rotation, intercropping, crop residuals, and improved maize varieties. Using the endogenous treatment effect model, data collected from 470 farming households in Kilosa and Mvomero districts through a multi-stage sampling procedure were analyzed. Prior to data analysis, weak instrument and zero first-stage tests were employed to test the robustness and validity of the selected instruments, with results deemed satisfactory. The empirical findings indicate that the application of improved maize varieties, crop residual, and crop rotation practices had positive and significant impacts on the household’s food security and nutrition. Notably, the usage of improved maize varieties alone demonstrated positive and significant impacts on poverty indicators, suggesting its potential to alleviate poverty among smallholder farmers. The study recommends the development of agricultural productivity enhancement programmes. These programmes should feature a precise targeting strategy aimed at food-insecure households and poor farming households, with the goal of eradicating hunger and nutrition deficiencies within these vulnerable groups. Furthermore, the poverty-alleviating impacts of SAPs, such as improved maize varieties, are expected to grow with increased adoption. Consequently, it is crucial to prioritize significant investments in agriculture. Strengthening and improving maize seed systems becomes imperative, aiming to guarantee the availability and affordability of enhanced maize varieties for smallholder farmers in Tanzania. This step will facilitate wider adoption and contribute to poverty reduction among farming communities.
Motivational factors for participation in domestic marine tourism: the case of marine protected areas of Dar es salaam coast, Tanzania
(European Journal of Development Studies, 2024-05-09) Bright, Neema; Mkiramweni, Nickson; Kadigi, Michael
Domestic tourism has rapidly become one of the better options for enhancing social, economic, and environmental development in many countries. For a country to benefit from this option, the participation of citizens in tourism activities is highly encouraged. Several efforts have been made by the government of Tanzania to encourage its citizens to participate in tourism. Despite these efforts, there is still an absence of knowledge of what motivates citizens to visit Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The study was conducted in marine park reserves, namely Bongoyo, Mbudya, and Fungu Yasini-all located in the Indian Ocean in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania (Marine Park & Reserves, n.d.). The study adopted an exploratory research design to explore the factors that visitors consider important for participating in marine tourism. The study used a sample size of 60 respondents. The respondents were gathered using the convenience sampling technique. Data has been collected using questionnaires and telephone interviews and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) v26. The partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was used to explore the statistical relationships between destination attributes and visitors’ psychological needs for their satisfaction. Findings indicate that psychological needs have a strong relationship with destination attributes. The destination attributes have a significant impact on satisfaction. The study revealed that resting and relaxation, pride, and novelty are the psychological needs that significantly influence satisfaction. Likewise, destination attributes that were mentioned by respondents as important were scenic beauty, clean water, cruising environment, and staff hospitality. It is recommended that service providers understand and match visitors’ psychological needs with destination attributes for their target markets and accordingly design the provision of products and services at affordable rates.
Participation in village savings and lending associations and rice profitability in Tanzania: application of propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression
(Sustainable Futures, 2024-02-13) Mtenga, Rozalia P.; Funga, Anthony; Kadigi, Michael
We assess the contribution of participation in bundled service-bundled VSLAs on rice productivity and profit among smallholder rice farmers in Mvomero District, Tanzania. The study propensity score matching (PSM) and endogenous switching regression (ESR) models, and found that participation in VSLA has a positive and sig nificant contribution to rice productivity and profit for smallholder rice farmers. Participation in VSLAs increases farmers’ ability to regenerate income for investing in improving productivity and profitability and enhancing rice sector development. VSLAs prove as a tool for building financial capital through savings and easy access to credit in rural areas. This study improves on existing research and offers new insights into the effects of VSLA as one of the financial inclusion tools on the economic activities of agricultural households in Tanzania.
Social security policy in Tanzania: a review of benefits, challenges and effectiveness
(Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 2024-11-29) Nyamwero, Nyamsabhi M.; Kadigi, Michael
Social security systems provide financial support during unemployment, illness, disability, and old age, evolving from informal, community-based support to structured, state-regulated schemes. A review was utilized in methodology covering publications from 2013 to 2023 aimed at identifying current social security schemes, challenges, and policy effectiveness and is guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Different search engines and databases including JSTOR, Google Scholar, and the Social Science Research Network (SSRN). The search involves the use of key search strings such as social security, social policy, health insurance, social protection, policy formulation, and implementation. A total of 114 publications were obtained, and due to selection criteria, a total of 25 relevant articles remained and were included in the study. The findings reveal that Tanzania's social security system comprises various schemes like the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) and the Public Service Social Security Fund (PSSSF) which offer diverse benefits. However, challenges such as limited coverage, particularly in the informal sector, governance issues, and financial sustainability hinder their effectiveness. Despite these challenges, social security policies have positively impacted society in different ways such as poverty alleviation and healthcare access. Recommendations include expanding coverage, enhancing governance, increasing public awareness, leveraging technology, strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring financial sustainability, and fostering international partnerships. The study highlights the need for comprehensive reforms in Tanzania’s social security system to enhance coverage, governance, and sustainability, thereby ensuring greater social protection for all citizens particularly those in the informal sector, rural and remote areas.
Stochastic frontier analysis of technical efficiency of smallholder maize farmers in Morogoro municipality: a reflection from RIPAT program
(East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2025) Aman, Raphael; Nyanda, Suzana; Massawe, Goodluck; Kadigi, Michael
This study looks into the elements that influence maize production and technical efficiency among households participating in the RIPAT SUA Project in Morogoro Municipality, using stochastic frontier analysis for the 2022 – 2023 season. The focus was on socio-economic characteristics, land size, seed usage, use of fertilizer extension services, training from the project, and education. The primaryobjective was to examine the factors influencing maize production and Stochastic Frontier, efficiency by evaluating socioeconomic aspects and specific Technical Efficiency, agricultural techniques. A total of 110 households were surveyed with standardized questionnaires. Socioeconomic data was collected, key variables were evaluated and key variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis. The results reveal that land size harms productivity (β = -0.436, p < 0.001), whereas improved seed usage has a positive impact (β = 0.401, p = 0.016). Education level (β = -1.168, p = 0.002) and agriculture experience (β = -0.016, p = 0.049) considerably reduce insisting on the importance of education interventions. Additionally, 40% of households have access to VSLA, revealing financial problems. While 94.55% of households got training, only 18.18% received extension services which could hamper the best productivity. Every household reported owning land and using seeds highlighting that they had the necessary materials for maize production. Regarding technical efficiency, Magadu ward high score of 5%, while Kauzeni has the lowest at 1.9% suggesting significant disproportions in productivity among wards. These findings emphasize the importance of focused initiatives to improve agriculture productivity through enhancing farmer education and training, experience, and increased access to finance. These strategies are critical for improving maize productivity and addressing food security issues among households participating in programs like the RIPAT SUA initiative hence will increase agricultural efficiency and contribute to more farmer-sustainable farming methods throughout the region .
The nexus between school environment and pupils’ learning outcomes within the framework of the unlock literacy program in Handeni district, Tanzania
(Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education, 2025) Kasilima, Joan; Kadigi, Michael
This study employs a quasi-experimental design to examine the influence of the school environment on pupils' learning outcomes within the Unlock Literacy Program in Handeni District. Data from 200 pupil respondents were collected through surveys and key informant interviews with teachers. The analysis utilized STATA 17 software for descriptive statistics to assess educational infrastructure and resources and ordinal regression to evaluate the school environment's impact on pupil learning outcomes. The findings indicate significant disparities in access to infrastructure and resources between treatment and control groups. Treatment schools had superior access to toilet facilities, classroom conditions, books, and libraries, with 37.5% having good classroom environments and similar percentages reflecting adequate book and library access. In contrast, control schools exhibited deficiencies, with 50% reporting inadequate books and 37.5% lacking library facilities. Ordinal regression revealed that factors like teacher encouragement, peer interaction, homework management, borrowing books, and engaging in fun activities significantly improved learning outcomes when integrated into a structured program. Conversely, the absence of such support led to less effective or negative impacts on pupils’ learning. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting structured educational programs integrating supportive activities like teacher encouragement and peer interactions to enhance learning. Emphasizing positive teacher-pupil relationships through targeted training, improving access to essential resources, and regularly evaluating educational programs are crucial for fostering effective educational environments and improving pupil success.