Browsing by Author "Katakweba, Abdul Ahmed Selemani"

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Development of weaner meal for dairy calves using fish wastes from Nile perch (lates niloticus) and cassava (manihot Esculenta) root meal
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Katakweba, Abdul Ahmed Selemani
Growth, blood parameters and in sacco degradability studies were 11m concurrently to evaluate the effects of cassava root meal (CRM) and fish waste (FW) as energy and protein substitutes for respectively hominy meal (HM) and cotton seed cake (CSC) in formulation of weaner meals for dairy calves. The FW were derived from processing of Nile perch (Leites niloticus) while CRM (Manihot esculenta) was purchased in fresh form and dried for compounding. In experiment I the effects of CRM and FW as substitutes for HM and CSC were evaluated in growth, blood parameters and intake trials lasting for 56 days using 20 Ayrshire weanner heifers ranging in weight from 88-194 kg. The heifers were allotted at random in four treatments rations (TR| - TR4) of 5 animals each. The four treatments were: TRi 66.5 % HM and 31.5 % CSC; TR2 = 50 % CRM and 48 % CSC; TR3 67.5 % HM and 30.5% FW and TR4 = 51.5 % CRM and 46.5 % FW. Data was collected on daily DM1 and weight changes were recorded fortnightly. In Experiment II in sacco degradability studies were made to assess the degradability characteristics of the individual feed ingredients as well as the compounded rations used in Experiment I. Four fistulated cows with an average weight of 314.25 kg were used. Rumen pH and NH3-N were also measured. No (P > 0.05) differences in weight gain were observed between heifers on TRi and TR3. Heifers on TR 2 gained (P < 0.05) faster than those on TRi, TR3 and TR4 (620 vs 490, 460 and 420 g respectively). TR2 had (P < 0.05) superior feed efficiency (0.129) followed in a descending order by TR15 TR3 and TR4 (0.116, 0.113 and 0.106 kg gain /kg feed respectively). Feed costs per kg gained for TRi — TR4 were $ 0.338, 0.418, 0.332 and 0.496 respectively. Blood parameters were (P < 0.05) influenced by protein and energy sources as well as their interactions. Fishiii wastes supplementation to heifers increased (P<0.05) blood plasma minerals compared to CSC for TRj. TR4 Heifers on CRM and CSC combination had (P < 0.05) higher levels of total plasma protein and plasma glucose (97.07g/l and 3.3 mmol/1) compared to those of CRM and FW (94.86 g/1 and 3.0 mmol/l) respectively. DM degradability at 48h for CRM was (P < 0.05) higher than HM (920 vs 835 g/kg) while CP for HM was (P 0.05) higher than that of CRM (946 vs 837 g/kg) respectively. Both DM and CP for CSC were (P < 0.05) higher than that of FW (739 and 887 vs 367 and 598 g/kg). Hay had DM and CP of 322 and 749 g/kg respectively. The degradability of DM and CP at 48h in TRi and TR2 were (P 0.05) higher than in TR3 and TR4 (80land 799 vs 727 and 616 g/kg DM and CP of 828 and 825 vs 667 and 605 g/kg) TR2 having apparently higher rates of DM and CP degradability. The pH and NH3-N ruminal values were (P < 0.05) different between treatment rations and treatments with FW component had (P 0.05) higher NH3-N than that of CSC (284.7 and 203.7 vs 135.8,and 183.9 mg/1). It was concluded that CRM and FW could be used cost effectively in weaners rations, but best results are obtainable where CRM is combined with CSC.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices on rift valley fever among pastoral and agropastoral communities of Ngorongoro in the rift valley ecosystem, Tanzania, conducted in 2021/2022
(PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2023) Issae, Amina Ramadhani; Katakweba, Abdul Ahmed Selemani; Kicheleri, Rose Peter; Chengula, Augustino Alfred; Kasanga, Christopher Jacob
Epidemics of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease caused by RVF virus, have been linked to exceptionally heavy rainfall and widespread flooding. The disease is endemic in most African countries and pose a major global health risk. Given that the dis- ease was reported in various districts of Tanzania, we hypothesized a lack of knowledge about RVF epidemiology among agropastoral and pastoral communities. The research took place in a period of 7 months, from July, 2021 to January, 2022. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among the agropastoral and pastoral communities of Ngorongoro district towards RVF. The survey employed a mixed method system, which included 3 focus groups (each comprised 12 individuals), 20 key informant interviews and administration of questionnaire (N = 352) in agropastoral and pastoral com- munity members of Ngorongoro district. The relationship between demographic characteris- tics and communities’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding RVF was observed using a multiple logistic regression model. A total of 352 participants were interviewed, with the majority (67.61%) being male and 32.39% being female, majority (39.5%) attending pri- mary school, and majority (58.2%) being pastoralists. The findings showed that only 36.1%, 38.64% and 16.19% of participants had good knowledge, positive attitude and good prac- tices regarding RVF respectively. Significant demographic factors related with knowledge included: gender (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.03–3.56, P = 0.041), education levels (primary: OR = 3.97, CI = 2–8.16, P = 0.000; secondary: OR = 15.27, CI = 5.5–46.23, P = 0.000 and college: OR = 34. 23, CI = 5.4–67.22, P = 0.000), and locality (Pinyinyi: OR = 0.14, CI = 0.05–0.38, P = 0.000 and Sale: OR = 0.14, CI = 0.04–0.44, P = 0.001). Male participants showed signifi- cant positive attitude towards RVF compared to female (OR = 2.37, CI = 1.35–4.17, P = 0.003). Individuals with formal education showed a significant positive attitude toward RVF compared to informal (OR>1, P<0.05). Agropastoral members showed a significant nega- tive attitude toward RVF compared to pastoralists (OR = 0.51, CI = 0.26–0.99, P = 0.048).The calculated RVF prevention practices values were insignificantly (P = 0.853) correlated with knowledge values. The significant correlation between knowledge and attitude, as well as attitude and practice were found (P<0.05). In general, the study revealed poor knowl- edge, negative attitude and poor practices of communities towards RVF. The lack of regular education programs to make the communities aware of the disease was implicated for these findings. This recommends that provision of health education should be a long-term practice among agropastoral and pastoral communities in order to prevent further RVF out- breaks in Tanzania.
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and characterization of fecal indicator bacteria and staphylococcus aureus from farm animals, wildlife, pets and humans in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Katakweba, Abdul Ahmed Selemani
This thesis is prepared according to “Publishable manuscript” format of the Sokoine University of Agriculture. It is divided into four sections; the first section presents introduction, problem statement, objectives, rationale of the study and hypothesis while the second section is a review of literature in relation to the work performed. The third section contains four manuscripts which cover the research work done, whereas the last section details overall conclusions of the study. The first manuscript is about the findings on the awareness of risks associated with antimicrobials use and practices that contribute to selection for antimicrobial resistance in livestock. The second and the third Manuscripts present the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in indicator bacteria namely S. aureus from nostrils, E. coli and Enterococci spp from faecal samples obtained from livestock, dogs and contact human beings, and the last manuscript presents findings on antimicrobial resistance in faecal indicator organisms from buffalo, wildebeest, zebra and cattle grazing with wild ungulates. The studies involved testing resistance using antibiotic discs, inclusion of antibiotics in the media and evaluating bacterial DNA for resistance genes against commonly used antibiotics in livestock. In response to the first objective presented in manuscript 1, awareness of human health risks due to use of antibiotics among livestock keepers and factors that contribute to selection of antibiotic resistance bacteria within livestock in Tanzania were determined. Looking at awareness on health risks among the livestock keepers surveyed, one hundred and sixty randomly selected Tanzanian small-scale livestock keepers were involved in the questionnaire-based survey. The results showed that 30% of the respondents were not aware of the concept of antibiotic resistance whereas 52% were not aware of the types of diseases that can be treated with antibiotics, 22% did not know the essence of withdrawal period after treatment of animals with antibiotics and 40% did not know if antibiotics used in livestock pose risk to human health. Side effects of antibiotics to human beings known by the respondents include drug resistance, allergy, poisoning, skin rashes and cancer. Further, it was found that the most commonly used antibiotics were oxytetracyline (TE) (62.9 %) followed by sulphadimidine/ trimethoprim / (STX) (23.2 %), penicillin-streptomycin (13.4 %) and gentamycin (CN) (0.5 %).Only 54% of the respondents obtained their antibiotics through prescription by veterinarians. Potential risk factors were identified to be the sources of development of antimicrobials resistance. These included livestock management systems, antibiotics handling and types of antibiotics used in the study areas. Points of selling antibiotics and their prescriptions were found to be handled by agriculture and veterinary input shops, veterinarians, livestock markets and exhibition areas. The study concludes that there is a gross lack of awareness on health threats associated with antibiotics resistance among the farming communities thus posing serious public health threats in Tanzania.