Browsing by Author "Mabiki, Faith Philemon"

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Bacteriostatic and haemolytic activities of extracts and compounds of commiphora swynnertonii
(Research Journal of Pharmacognosy, 2023) Msengwa, Zaituni; Credo, David; Mafuru, Magesa; Mwesongo, James; Mabiki, Faith Philemon; Mwang’onde, Beda John; Mtambo, Madundo Mkumbukwa; Kusiluka, Lughano Jeremy; Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon; Olsen, John Elmerdahl
Background and objective: Commiphora swynnertonii (Pax) is used in traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. Previous studies have reported antimicrobial activity of this plant; however, the activity of compounds that are present in extracts of this plant has not been thoroughly documented. Likewise, the primary mode of action (bactericidal or bacteriostatic) and the possible toxicity on red blood cells have not been reported. Methods: Extracts of leaves, whole root, root bark, root wood, whole stem, stem bark and stem wood, were produced using hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water. Cold and hot extraction methods were employed. Antibacterial activity of extracts was tested against selected medically important Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by growth inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentrations and time kill assays. Moreover, haemolytic activity against sheep red blood cells was determined in vitro. Results: The hexane extracts of whole root and root bark, methanol extracts of root wood, and dichloromethane extracts from the leaves of C. swynnertonii inhibited the growth of S. aureus. MIC values for the extracts and compounds, indicated moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci species and Enterococci species) while the activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species, Shigella sonnei and Yersinia enterocolitica) was weak. Time kill profiles showed the extracts have bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus, and low haemolytic effect, except for extracts of whole root and leaves at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL. Conclusion: Extracts of C. swynnertonii showed bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive bacteria with low toxicity on red blood cells.
Bioactivity potential of extracts from synadenium glaucescens pax (Euphorbiaceae)
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Mabiki, Faith Philemon
The bioactivity of Synadenium glaucescens (Pax) extracts was studied in order to advance the knowledge that would enhance the utilization and commercialization of the plant. Participatory and questionnaire survey methods were used to establish ethnobotanical uses of the plant. Extracts from leaves, roots and stem samples were obtained using cold and hot extraction techniques. Brine shrimp test was involved for cytotoxicity studies. Using an in ovo method, extracts were tested against three viruses of veterinary importance. The agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration were used to determine antibacterial and antifungal activity. Soxhlet extraction technique was used for optimization studies and GC-MS and HPLC for phytochemical screening. A total of 220 respondents were interviewed and majorities (94%) were aware of ethnomedical value of S. glaucescens. Twenty six uses were documented. Leaves and roots were the parts mostly used for ethnomedical purposes and grandparents were responsible for knowledge transfer. The cytoxicity test indicated LC50 values less than 30pg/ml for all extracts. More than 50% of the extracts prevented deaths, deformation and formation of pox lesions in embryos challenged with Infectious bursal disease virus and Fowl Pox virus at 0.2 mg/ml, without affecting the host cells. The extracts inhibited multiplication of Newcastle Disease virus at lowest concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Treatment with ethanolic extracts from the root bark resulted into higher antiviral activity against the three viral particles. Extracts from hot extraction showed higher antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to the extracts from cold extraction. Gram positive bacteria were more sensitive to extracts than the Gram negative bacteria. Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans were the most sensitive bacteria and fungus respectively. Ethanol extracts demonstrated higher antibacterial and antifungal activity than other solvent extracts. Higher extraction yields were obtained within 4 hours of extraction at 30°C for dichloromethane and 75°C for ethanol and particles size of 1 mm. Dichloromethane and ethanolic extracts were composed of triterpenoids and polyphenolic compounds respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential and the feasibility of using 5. glaucescens extracts for treatment of viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. Furthermore, it validates the ethnobotanical uses at community level.
Effect of changes in business environments on traded medicinal plants products in Tanzania: an explorative study
(Heliyon, 2022) Mpelangwa, Eziacka Mathew; Makindara, Jeremia Ramos; Sorensen, Olav Jull; Bengesi, Kenneth Michael Kitundu; Mabiki, Faith Philemon
In Tanzania, a complex rural to urban supply network for the medicinal plants' products trade has developed over time driven by changes in business environments at the macro level notably in the policy and regulatory frameworks and the micro level resulting from traders’ reactions and responses to those changes and pandemics. These changes in business environments and responses of traders have shaped the current trade practices. However, the response of traders to changes in business environments and the evolutionary paths over time are not well documented. Therefore, this paper aimed to synchronize changes in business environment over time and empirically determine how the trade has evolved concerning the responses of the medicinal plants' traders in Tanzania. The study applied economic evolution theory to describe the interactions of changes in business en- vironments and responses of traders to demarcate the evolutionary stages. Primary data were collected from traders, regulators, and researchers through ten focus group discussions and sixteen in-depth interviews from five regions of Tanzania. The results indicated that the traders of medicinal plant products responded by improving product appearance and modernizing both practices and business premises. The study findings have identified four evolutionary stages of trade in medicinal plant products in Tanzania: The first stage was the colonial era (1882–1961), the second is the government supremacy era (1961–1984), the third is the emergence of the private sector era (1985–2004), and the fourth is the market and regulation integration era (started in 2005). Moreover, because of the partial implementation of the regulatory framework, the fifth stage of trade evolution is also ex- pected. This stage is expected to be demarcated when the regulatory framework and market forces work together. Therefore, the study recommends that proper enforcement measures be put in place to ensure desired results whenever there are changes in business environments in traditional medicines practice. This is due to the expectation of the fifth stage whereby one of its characteristics is stiff competition among traders and which will require robust business models to survive in business.
In-vitro assessment of antibacterial effects of combined crude extracts of s. glaucescens and c. swynnertonii with antibiotics
(Academic Journals, 2023) Ochollah, Mary George; Mabiki, Faith Philemon; Kusiluka, Lughano Jeremy Moses; Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon; Olsen, John Elmerdahl
Currently, there is an upsurge of bacterial resistance in single-drug treatment regimens. This has stimulated a growing interest in research and development of new antibacterial agents containing several ingredients as one of the means to combat bacterial resistance. Herb-antibiotic combination therapy is one of the reported effective treatment regimens to combat antimicrobial resistance. This study was aimed to assess antibacterial effects of combined crude extracts of Synadenium glaucescens and Commiphora swynnertonii with antibiotics. In this study, three standard antibiotic drugs namely, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and erythromycin in combination with crude extracts from S. glaucescens and C. swynnertonii were screened for antibacterial effects against two Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and three Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Broth microdilution technique was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) while Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) indices were calculated from MIC values of combined extracts to determine the combination effects. Synergism was observed when ciprofloxacin was combined with all tested crude extracts against E. coli (ΣFIC of 0.02), combination of ciprofloxacin with extract from root barks of C. swynnertonii (ΣFIC of 0.5) against S. aureus, root barks of Synadenium glaucescens (ΣFIC of 0.1) against S. aureus and combination of ampicillin with all tested crude extracts (ΣFIC of 0.03-0.1) against E. faecalis. Moreover, antagonism was observed between the combinations of ampicillin and erythromycin with all tested crude extracts against Gram-negative bacteria (ΣFIC of 4-8). Therefore, the combinations which demonstrated synergism may be promising alternatives for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis. However, in the future, toxicity studies for combinations which demonstrated synergism are recommended.
Pre-sowing treatments to improve seed germination And seedling growth of commiphora swynnertonii (burrt.) and synadenium glaucescens (pax.)
(Academic Journals, 2023) Madege Richard, Raphael; Babu, Saidi; Mabiki, Faith Philemon; Mtui, Hosea; Kudra, Abdul
Medicinal and pesticidal plant propagation is hampered by poor seed germination due to seed dormancy. This study aimed to enhance seed germination and seedling growth using various pre- sowing treatments. A triplicated two-factor experiment in a Randomized Complete Block design was used. Soaking in water at 25°C for 24 h (T1), soaking in 60°C hot water for 10 min (T2), 10 ppm Potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) treatment for 24 h (T3), 20 ppm Potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) treatment for 24 h (T4), Treating seeds with Gibberellin (GA 3 ) solution at 250 ppm (T5), GA 3 Treating seeds with Gibberellin (GA 3 ) solution at 500 ppm for 72 (T6), Treating seeds with Gibberellin (GA 3 ) solution at 1000 ppm for 72 h (T7), and seeds without any pre-treatment were sown and used as control (T o ) on seed germination and seedling growth of two MPP species. The ability of a pre-sowing treatment to break seed dormancy was significantly dependent (p = 0.002) on the plant species. The effects due to interaction between pre- sowing seed treatment and plant species on seedling growth parameters (height, branches/shoot, leaves/shoot/, leaf area, fresh and dry weight) were significant (p < 0.05). These results provide the basis for the sustainable use of MPPs through propagation and conservation.
Structural elucidation and toxicity evaluation of bioactive compounds from the leaves and stem woods of synadenium glaucescens pax.
(Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2022-07) Credo, David; Mabiki, Faith Philemon; Machumi, Francis; Cornett, Claus
The leaves and stem woods of Synadenium glaucescens Pax. are traditionally used for treatment of various human diseases in Tanzania. However, there is limited information on the structural elucidation and toxicity properties of bioactive compounds responsible for their pharmacological properties. Thus, this study was aimed to elucidate and evaluate toxicity properties of bioactive compounds from these parts. Separation of bioactive compounds was achieved by using column chromatographic method, whereas their structures were determined by GC-MS and NMR data and by comparing with literature spectroscopic data. Toxicity properties of isolated compounds was done by brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. In this study, column chromatographic separation led to isolation of tetracosane (1), hexadecyl palmitate (2), octacosane (3), tetracosanol (4) and β-sitosterol (5) from the leaves and 1-hexacosene (6), campesterol (7), octadecanoic acid (8) and tetracosanoic acid (9) from the stem woods. BSLT of compounds isolated in sufficient amount (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7) were revealed to be non-toxic to brine shrimp larvae (LC 50 >100 μg/ml). Except compound 5, this study reports the isolation of other eight (8) compounds for the first time from this plant. Therefore, it can be reasonably concluded that S. glaucescens is a good source of bioactive compounds which justify its traditional uses in treatment of various ailments. Additionally, observed non-toxic effect of the tested compounds indicates safety and it is expected that its traditional use has no toxicity effect.
Thin layer chromatographic method for detection of conventional drug adulterants in herbal products
(MDPI, 2022) Mwankuna, Christopher Johnson; Mariki, Eliapenda Elisante; Mabiki, Faith Philemon; Malebo, Hamisi Masanja; Styrishave, Bjarne; Mdegela, Robinson Hammerton
Commercially available conventional drugs have been used to adulterate herbal products. Considering the rapid growth of herbal products’ market, it is essential to screen herbal products for the presence of conventional drugs. Simple analytical methods are needed for the rapid screening of conventional drugs that are likely to be adulterated in herbal products. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods for screening twelve conventional drugs in herbal products have been developed and applied. The analytes were extracted from herbal products using acetonitrile:methanol:acetic acid:water (4:4:1:1, v/v). Solvent mixture of dichloromethane:ethyl acetate:methanol (75:15:10, v/v) separated well trimethoprim, sildenafil, paracetamol, and sulfamethoxazole while pyrimethamine, metronidazole, and sulfadoxine were well separated by dichloromethane:ethyl acetate:methanol (77.5:12.5:10, v/v). In addition, acetyl salicylic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac, quinine, and lumefantrine were well separated by ethyl acetate:methanol:30% ammonia (75:22.5:2.5, v/v). Chromatographic separations were found to be highly reproducible, and more than 10 samples can be analysed in one run. The method was applied in the screening of 229 herbal products. Consequently, 24.0% of the samples contained one adulterant, while 21.4% contained at least two adulterants. All conventional drugs detected in herbal products were not mentioned on the labels and therefore the consumers are kept unaware of their side effects and health problems. Further studies for confirming and quantitatively determining the adulterants in a wide range of products as well as a systematic toxicological analysis of the adulterants in herbal products are recommended.
Trade evolution of medicinal plants’ products in Tanzania: an explorative study
(Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, 2022) Mpelangwa, Eziacka Mathew; Makindara, Jeremia Ramos; Kenneth, Olav Jull Sorensen; Bengesi, Michael-Kitundu; Mabiki, Faith Philemon
In Tanzania, a complex rural to urban supply network for the medicinal plants' products trade has developed over time driven by environmental changes and the response of traders. The environment changes include policy, regulatory frameworks, and pandemics. These environmental changes and responses of traders shaped the current trade practices. However, the response of traders to environment dynamics and the evolution paths over time to the current status is not well documented. Therefore, this paper aimed to synchronize environment dynamics incidences for a period of time and empirically determine the respective responses of the medicinal plants' traders in Tanzania with respective evolution paths. The study applied economic evolution theory to describe the interactions of environmental changes and responses of traders and to determine the evolution stages. Primary data were collected from traders, regulators, and researchers through 10 focus group discussions and 16 in-depth interviews from five regions of Tanzania. The traders followed the market in urban areas and establish supply chains to meet market demand. While environment changes caused de-coordination, the traders responded by re-coordination to explore market opportunities. Four evolution stages of trade in medicinal plants products were identified in Tanzania: Colonial era (1882 -1961), government supremacy era (1961 - 1984), emergency of private sector era (1985- 2004), and the market and regulation integration era (started in 2005). As a result of the partial implementation of the regulatory framework, the fifth stage of trade evolution is expected. The fifth stage is when the regulatory framework and market forces will work together. The study recommends proper enforcements measures to be put in place to ensure desired results whenever there are environmental changes in traditional medicines. Because the fifth stage is expected, potential business models to be adopted can be studied to ensure firms' survival during stiff competition.