Browsing by Author "Malimbwi, R. E."

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Allometric Biomass and Volume Models for Coconut Trees
(E&D Vision Publishing Ltd, 2018-05-12) Zahabu, E.; Mugasha, W. A.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Katani, J. Z.
Allometric Biomass and Volume Models for Tectona Grandis Plantations
(E&D Vision Publishing Ltd, 2018-05-12) Zahabu, E.; Mugasha, W. M.; Katani, J. Z.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Mwangi, J. R.; Chamshama, S. A. O.
Allometric models for prediction of above- and belowground biomass of trees in the miombo woodlands of Tanzania
(Elservier, 2013-08-02) Mugasha, W. A.; Mugasha, W. A.; Eid, T.; Bollandsås, O. M.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Chamshama, S. A. O.; Zahabu, E.; Katani, J. Z.
Miombo woodland is a significant forest type occupying about 9% of the African land area and forms a dominant vegetation type in many southeastern African countries including Tanzania. Quantification of the amount of carbon stored in forests presently is an important component in the implementation of the emerging carbon credit market mechanisms. This calls for appropriate allometric models predicting biomass which currently are scarce. The aim of this study was to develop above- and belowground allometric general and site-specific models for trees in miombo woodland. The data were collected from four sites in Tanzania and covers a wide range of conditions and tree sizes (diameters at breast height from 1.1 to 110 cm). Above- and belowground biomass models were developed from 167 and 80 sample trees, respectively. The model fitting showed that large parts of the variation (up to 97%) in biomass were explained by diameter at breast height and tree height. Since including tree height only marginally increased the explanation of the biomass variation (from 95% to 96–97% for aboveground biomass), the general recommendation is to apply the models with diameter at breast height only as an independent variable. The results also showed that the general models can be applied over a wide range of conditions in Tanzania. The comparison with previously developed models revealed that these models can probably also be applied for miombo woodland elsewhere in southeastern Africa if not used beyond the tree size range of the model data.
Allometric tree biomass and volume models in Tanzania
(Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Malimbwi, R. E.; Eid, T.; Chamshama, S. A. O.
The publication is one of outputs of the project on "Development of biomass estimation models for carbon monitoring in selected vegetation types of Tanzania” under the Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) programme at Sokoine University of Agriculture(SUA), The publication has multiple contributors who participated in different different specializations. The main objective of the project was to develop models and methods for assessing and monitoring carbon stocks in Tanzania required for implementation of REDD+ at local as well as national levels. Vegetation types/tree species covered were miombo woodlands, lowland and humid montane forests, mangrove forests, thicket, Acacia-Commiphora woodlands, forest plantations (Pinus patula and Tectona grandis), and coconut, cashewnut and baobab trees. For some vegetation types, both biomass and volume models were developed while for others only biomass models have been covered. For some vegetation types, both biomass and volume models were developed while for others only biomass models have been covered. The book may be useful for scholars who wish to engage in tree allometric modelling. The developed models may also be used in REDD+ estimations and other iicarbon trade mechanisms. It may also be useful to the practicing forester for determination of forest stocking levels needed for forest planning.
Biomass and volume models for different vegetation types of Tanzania
(E&D Vision Publishing Ltd, 2016) Malimbwi, R. E.; Mauya, E. W.; Zahabu, E.; Katani, J. Z.; Chamshama, S. A. O.; Eid, T.; Bollandsås, O. M.; Maliondo, S. M. S.; Mugasha, W. A.; Masota, A. M.; Njana, M.; Makero, J. S.; Mshana, J. S.; Luganga, H.; Mathias, A.; Msalika, P.; Mwangi, J.; Mlagalila, H. E.
Climate change and high rates of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have increased the attention paid to the need for high-quality monitoring systems to assess how much carbon (C) is present in terrestrial systems and how these change over time. The choice of a system to adopt relies heavily on the accuracy of the method for quantifying biomass and volume as important primary variables for computing C stock and changes over time. Methods based on ground forest inventory and remote sensing data have commonly been applied in the recent decade to estimate biomass and volume in the tropical forests. However, regardless of the method, accurate tree level biomass and volume models are needed to translate field or remotely sensed data into estimates of forest biomass and volume. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to develop biomass and volume models for the forests, woodlands, thickets, agroforestry systems and some selected tree species in Tanzania. Data from destructively sampled trees were used to develop volume and above- and below-ground biomass models. Different statistical criteria, including coefficient of determination (R2), relative root mean square error (RMSE %) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), were used to assess the quality of the model fits. The models selected showed good prediction accuracy and, therefore, are recommended not only to support the ongoing initiatives on forest C Measurement, Reporting and Verificatio (MRV) processes but also for general forest management in Tanzania.
Charcoal potential of Mombo woodlands at kitungalo, Tanzania
(Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 2005-04-01) Malimbwi, R. E.; Zahabu, E.; Monela, G. C.; Misana, S.; Jambiya, G. C.; Mchome, B.
A study was carried out to determine the charcoal potential of the miombo woodlands of Kitulangalo area, near Morogoro, Tanzania. Systematic sampling design used in an inventory in 1996 was repeated in 1999 in order to determine the general current stand parameters and forest change. A total of 46 sample plots were laid out in the forest reserve. In adjacent public lands stratified random sampling was applied where a total of 30 plots were laid out. The layout was meant to study how species richness and wood stocking vary in public lands and forest reserve. Preferred tree species for charcoal making had standing wood volume of 24.5 m 3 ha- 1 and 56.5 m 3 ha-' in public lands and reserved forest respectively with corresponding basal area of 3.7 m 2 ha-' and 7.2 m2 ha- 1 . Stem numbers were 909 stems ha- 1 in public lands and 354 stems ha-'in the reserved forest. These values indicated more regeneration in public lands following disturbance than in the forest reserve. The weight of charcoal that can be extracted from the woodland at the roadside was 56 kg, equivalent to only one bag of charcoal per hectare. Similarly 54 bags may be extracted at 5 km distance while 125 bags may be extracted from beyond 10 km from the highway. With the established stand growth rate of 2.3 m 3 ha- 1 year-1' for the regrowth of miombo woodland at Kitulangalo, it will take about 8 to 15 years for the degraded woodlands to recover for charcoal production. Therefore, for sustainable charcoal production in this area, felling cycles of 8 to 15 years are recommended, provided the minimum tree size of > 10 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) for charcoal making is observed.
Community perceptions on the impact of decentralised forest management on access to livelihood assets in the North Eastern And Central Tanzania
(Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management, 2014) Mwambo, L.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Kajembe, G. C.
Community perceptions on the impact of decentralised forest management on access to livelihoods assets were assessed in north eastern and central Tanzania. Seven villages were selected from the montane and semi-arid conditions. In the montane, three villages; Goka, Sagara and Mavumo adjacent to Shagayu, Sagara and Shume-Magamba forests under Joint Forest Management (JFM), Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) and Centralised Management (CM) respectively were studied. In contrast, four villages namely Kwabaya, Kwamatuku, Pohama and Kweditilibe adjacent to Handeni Hill (JFM), Kwakirunga (CBFM), Mgori (CBFM) and Kiva Hill (CM) forests respectively were studied in semi-arid. Data were collected using semistructured questionnaires and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 software was employed for data analysis. Decentralised management has to some extent facilitated and mediated access to forest related livelihood assets in the study villages. Presence of other projects and lack of baseline data however, made this study difficult to associate current access to livelihood assets with decentralised forest management. However, whether legally, or illegally people are using the forests to improve their livelihoods. Unapproved management plans and bylaws are a major governance problem facing implementation of decentralised forest management in Tanzania. Nevertheless, the two decentralised approaches (JFM and CBFM) have the potential to meet the general goals of improving forest resource condition, governance and livelihoods. Therefore further research to critically review strategies for improving forest governance and livelihoods is recommended.
Comparison of volume production, basic density and stem quality between acacia mangium and acacia Aubicuuformis grown in Zanzibar
(Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1997) Ali, M.S.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Iddi, S.
Comparison of volume production, basic density and stem quality between Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis grown in Zanzibar. Volume production, basic density and stem quality of 6-y-old Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis grown in Zanzibar were compared. Twenty-one plots (11 plots for Acacia mangium and 10 for A. auriculiformis ) were established and used for data collection. From each plot one to two trees free from obvious defects were selected for basic density determination. Cores were then extracted from the selected trees using an increment borer. Basic density of the cores was determined by the water displacement method. Height and diameter data were used for volume estimation. Stem quality was assessed using the scoring method, 4 being the best and 1 the worst. At age 6 y, diameter and height growth did not vary significantly (p = 0.05) between the two species. More than 50 m3 ha"1 volume production was achieved in both species. The average volume weighted basic density values for A. mangium and A. auriculiformis were 570 kgm"3 and 617 kgm"3 respectively. The basic density values for the two species differed significantly (p = 0.05). Stem quality was better in A. mangium than in A. auriculiformis. Based on density, A. auriculiformis can be recommended for fuelwood production whereas A. mangium should be recommended for transmission and building poles due to its good stem form.
Distribution, population structure and carbon storage of bamboo species in Tanzania
(INFORES project, 2019) Aloyce, E.; Manyanda, B. J.; Macrice, S. A.; Mugasha, W. A.; Malimbwi, R. E.
Sustainable management of forest resources requires information regarding quantities and quality of the resources. Despite this fact, the existing information for bamboo forest resources in Tanzania regarding abundance, distribution along altitudinal ranges, density, basal areas and carbon stocks is inadequate, site specific and fragmented. Based on 696 plots out of 30 773 plots surveyed by the National Forest Resources Assessment and Monitoring (NAFORMA), the present study assessed the distribution, abundance and carbon storage of bamboo species in Tanzania in R software. Results indicates that, 11 bamboo species from five genera and two tribes were recorded in Tanzania. They are dominated by Arundinaria alpina and Oxytenanthera abyssinica that constitutes 55.9% of the total bamboo population and are distributed in only 11 administrative regions of the country. They occur at altitude of 76 m.a.s.l to 2592 m.a.s.l, whereby about 85.2% of bamboo population are distributed below 1500 m.a.s.l. Moreover, bamboo occurs more abundantly in woodland (66%) and least in open land (0.1%). Similarly, most of the bamboo is in the production forests (44.7%) followed by Agriculture land (19.5%) while wetlands have the least (0.4%). Results further indicates that bamboo species have a mean stocking, basal area and carbon stocks of 2460 culms/ha, 2.391 m 2 /ha and 1.566 tC/ha respectively. Since most of the carbon is stored by Arundinaria alpina and Oxytenanthera abyssinica that contributes 58.2% of the total carbon stored by bamboo species in the country, efforts should be strengthened to manage these species. Likewise, for mitigating climate change bamboo species should be planted in altitude below 1500 m a.s.l. Due to lack of bamboo allometric biomass models in Tanzania, the models used in this study was borrowed from Kenya and Ethiopia, indicating the need to develop such models for Tanzanian bamboo.
Estimation of biomass and volume in Miombo Woodland at Kitulangalo Forest Reserve, Tanzania
(Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1994-12) Malimbwi, R. E.; Solberg, B.; Luoga, E.
Seventeen sample trees of different miombo species distributed in 1 0 sample plots were excavated and measured for volume and green weight. Samples from the roots and stems were taken and treated in the laboratory for biomass determination of the sample trees.Using these data biomass equations for roots and stems as functions of diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height were developed. Stem volume equations were also developed. These equations were used to estimate biomass and volume per hectare for different tree parts. Twenty per cent of the biomass in miombo woodlands was found to be in the roots and 80% was in the aerial parts. Fifty-one per cent was volume of stems > 15 cm diameter and forty-nine per cent was volume of stem < 15 cm diameter.
Extent of illegal harvesting on availability of timber species in Nyanganje Forest Reserve, Tanzania
(BioOne, 2012) Makero, J. S.; Malimbwi, R. E.
The study was conducted to determine the extent of illegal harvesting of timber species in Nyanganje Forest Reserve (NFR). Data on the extent of timber stocks harvested illegally in NFR were collected using both socio-economic and ecological surveys. Linear regression analysis showed that extraction of timber species in NFR mostly occurs at the roadside. The mean annual quantity of wood harvested illegally was estimated to be 6.2 m3 per ha. Although the NFR has high potential of timber species (standing stock of 119 m3 per ha), this is threatened by the high demand for timber species. Illegal harvesting of timber species is likely in NFR because the Government is providing few resources to safeguarding this reserve. Therefore, some arrangement from the Government is immediately needed to rescue this reserve and ensure its sustainability.
Farmer forums for improved food security: Experiences from TARP II SUA Project
(Institute of Continuing Education, 2005-01) Lyimo-Macha, J. G.; Batamuzi, E. K.; Tarimo, A. J. P.; Malimbwi, R. E.
Farmer forums under the TARP II SUA, project in Tanzania have demonstrated fruitful partnership between farmers, researchers and extension agents in communicating and disseminating innovations and technologies to a wider audience. Five forums have been held in each of the zones implementing the project. Some of the themes covered under the five forums include: identification of problems faced by smallholder farmers, marketing problems for agricultural produce, local chicken: production and demand, technology adoption from farmers ' perception and conflicts between crop producers and livestock keepers. During these forums, participating stakeholders identified and prioritized key issues and problems, proposed solutions and agreed on respective stakeholders' responsibilities. This paper provides an overview on the conduct, perceptions, outputs and the challenge ahead regarding this approach for the development offarmers.
Forest and forest change mapping with C- and L-Band Sar in Liwale, Tanzania
(The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,, 2015) Haarpaintner, J.; Davids, C.; Hindberg, H.; Zahabu, E.; Malimbwi, R. E.
As part of a Tanzanian-Norwegian cooperation project on Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) for REDD+, 2007-2011 Cand L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter data from Envisat ASAR and ALOS Palsar, respectively, have been processed, analysed and used for forest and forest change mapping over a study side in Liwale District in Lindi Region, Tanzania. Land cover observations from forest inventory plots of the National Forestry Resources Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) project have been used for training Gaussian Mixture Models and k-means classifier that have been combined in order to map the study region into forest, woodland and non-forest areas. Maximum forest and woodland extension masks have been extracted by classifying maximum backscatter mosaics in HH and HV polarizations from the 2007-2011 ALOS Palsar coverage and could be used to map efficiently inter-annual forest change by filtering out changes in non-forest areas. Envisat ASAR APS (alternate polarization mode) have also been analysed with the aim to improve the forest/woodland/non-forest classification based on ALOS Palsar. Clearly, the combination of C-band SAR and L-band SAR provides useful information in order to smooth the classification and especially increase the woodland class, but an overall improvement for the wall-to-wall land type classification has yet to be confirmed. The quality assessment and validation of the results is done with very high resolution optical data from WorldView, Ikonos and RapidEye, and NAFORMA field observations.
Forest cover changes, stocking and removals under different decentralized forest management regimes in Tanzania
(Forest Research Ins, 2013) Mongo, C.; Kashaigili, J. J.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Kajembe, G. C.; Katani, J.; Eid, T.
By the end of the last century many countries including Tanzania moved from centralised towards decentralised forest management but little empirical evidence exists on how such changes have influenced forest conditions. The objective of this study was to provide insights on how decentralised approaches might influence forest resource conditions. Forest cover analyses from satellite images (1993, 2000 and 2009) and systematic sample plot inventories (2009) in two state forest reserves under joint forest management (JFM) and two village forest reserves under community-based forest management (CBFM) in Babati District, Tanzania were carried out. Based on the results, it was not possible to claim that the decentralised management had been successful in improving forest conditions. Proportions of closed woodland decreased significantly over time (from over 80 to 50-60% under JFM and from around 70 to almost 0% under CBFM. In all forests, numbers of régénérants were high, but proportions of larger trees were low and levels of removals (legal and illegal) were relatively high. In general the situation under JFM was better than under CBFM. Results of this study can be used by policymakers to assess the influence of decentralised forest management in Tanzania.
Impact of charcoal extraction to the forest resources of Tanzania: The case of Kitulangalo area, Tanzania
(CHAPOSA, 2014) Malimbwi, R. E.; Misana, S.; Jambiya, G.; Zahabu, E.
Research is being undertaken to expand the knowledge about the biomass potential for supplying charcoal to urban centres and find workable policy tools that will enable sustainable production and use of charcoal in the medium term perspective. The project, CHAPOSA (Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa) focuses on the dynamics of charcoal production in supply areas (mainly woodlands) and its consumption in three major cities: Lusaka, Zambia, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Maputo, Mozambique. The three year research project is funded by European Union (EU) and co-ordinated by Stockhom Environmental Institute (SEI). In each of the three partner countries, socio-economic and ecological aspects of charcoal are being studied in the supply areas and charcoal consumption and market forces studies are being undertaken in the cities. Preliminary results on the supply side are presented for Tanzania in this paper. At Kitulangalo one of the charcoal supplying areas in Tanzania, an average charcoal making household produce 43 bags of charcoal per month, charcoal is sold at kiln site at Tshs. 1,000/= per bag. The household realizes an income of Tshs. 43,000/= per month. This income is above the minimum salary rates paid currently to government workers and hence attracts more people to join the business. There are 7 trees of about 10 cm dhb for every 22 bags of about 50 kg of charcoal produced from this area. The mean charcoal kiln efficiency of 23.5% was found. Preferred tree species for charcoal includes, Julbernadia globiflora, Brachystegia boehmii, Tamarindus indica, Acacia nigresces, Acacia gerrardii, Acacia nilotica, Combretum adenogonium, Combretum molle, Combretum zeyheri, Boscia salicifolia, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Terminanalia mollis, Pteleopsis myrtifolia,Combretum collinum, Diospyros kirkii, Xeroderris stuhrmanii, Mimusops kummel, Albizia harvey, Acacia goetzei subsp. Goetzei, Lonchocarpus capassa and Mhungilo. Standing wood volume and basal area of these species are lower in public lands compared to forest reserves while stem numbers shows a reversed trend suggesting regeneration of these species in public lands. The public lands at roadside are dominated by large trees of Acacia polyacantha, a pioneer tree species which is not preferred for charcoal making due to its hooked thorns and lighter charcoal which breaks easily during transportation. An average stand growth rate of 2.3 m3ha-1year-1 has been recorded for the re-growth miombo woodland at Kitulangalo.
Impact of decentralised forest management on forest resource conditions in Tanzania
(Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2012) Mbwambo, L.; Eid, T.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Zahabu, E.; Kajembe, G. C.; Luoga, E.
Impacts of decentralised forest management on forest resource changes were assessed. Six contrasting forest reserves regarding management regimes, that is, Joint Forest Management (JFM; in National Forest Reserves, owned by the State), Community Based Forest Management (CBFM; in village lands or general lands), and ordinary centralized state management, were selected. The forest resources were assessed by means of systematic sample plot inventories. Number of stems, basal area, volume, biomass, and carbon ha21 were compared with results from previous studies in the same reserves. Harvesting activities were also assessed as part of the sample plot inventories. In general, the results were somewhat ambiguous regarding the impacts of different management regimes. There was, however, some empirical evidence indicating that JFM and CBFM performed better than the ordinary state management, although uncontrolled exploitation of the forest has continued under decentralised forest management in the studied forests. The two regimes are promising forest decentralisation models for Tanzania, but more research is needed to understand the functions of different governance structures and how they may facilitate sustainability in both forest use and livelihoods.
A national forestry resources monitoring and assessment of Tanzania (NAFORMA)
(FAO, 2010) Vesa, L.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Tomppo, E.; Zahabu, E.; Maliondo, S.; Chamuya, N.; Maliondo, S.; Nsokko, E.; Otieno, J.; Dalsgaard, S.
In Tanzania, the state and trends of the forestry resources are largely unknown. The existing information is fragmented and outdated. Reliable information on Tanzanian forest resources is mainly constrained by the lack of institutional capacity. Under the National Forest Programme of Tanzania, the National Forestry Resources Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) was identified as a priority activity for the Forest and Beekeeping Division (FBD). The results of NAFORMA are needed to support the national policy processes for the enhancement of sustainable forest management (SFM) while at the same time addressing issues of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and Green House Gas (GHG) as international reporting obligations. Yet, the demand of the stakeholders in Tanzania for data and information on the state of the forestry resources is continuously expanding. This project is planned to develop complete and sound baseline information on the forest and tree resources, assist the FBD to set up a specialized structure and put in place a long term monitoring system of the forestry ecosystems. The inventory will eventually yield information about vegetation cover, forest resources, forest utilization, and importance of forests and forest product for communities in Tanzania. When the inventory exercise is based on statistically sound sampling design, careful field work, and advanced data analysis, the final inventory report will provide estimates for biomass and carbon in Tanzanian forest lands. This information will serve emerging demands when building up forest monitoring system and international carbon trade schemes. Proper planning is crucial for the project to meet its goals. This includes preparation of field manual to enable field crews to collect relevant data for the project. The purpose of this field manual is to provide the FBD inventory staff with structured information on the inventory techniques that will lead to the achievement of the intended output.
Prevalence and standing volume of Dalbergia Melanoxylon in Coastal and Inland sites of Southern Tanzania
(Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 2000) Malimbwi, R. E.; Luoga, E. J.; Hofstad, O.; Mugasha, A. G.; Valen, J. S.
In order to determine the prevalence and standing volume of Dalbergia melanoxylon( mpingo), 120 sample plots were laid out in each of two districts, Kilwa and Nachingwea, representing coastal and inland woodlands in Lindi Region, southern Tanzania. Using data from felled trees, volume equations for various utilisation classes were constructed. Also estimated were the basic density of mpingo, the percentage content Of heartwood, sapwood, and heartrot, and the thickness of bark and sapwood.The basic density values for mpingo were 1.14,0.76 and 1.06 g cm' for heartwood, sapwood, and both heartwood and sapwood. These are multiplier factors to obtain biomass values from volume. The heartwood content of mpingo is 83% of the total volume and the rest (17%) is sapwood and bark. Based on a few logs observed 13% of the total volume may be expected to have heartrot. The sapwood thickness is 1.1 cm with little variation irrespective of log diameter. The bark is thin (3.7 mm) and soft making the tree susceptible to damage by bruising and fire.The inland forests have twice as much overbark volume of mpingo as the coastal forests with 10 and 5 m3 ha"1 respectively. The merchantable volume to 20 cm top diameter overbark is 4.4 and 1.7 m3 ha"1 accounting for only 43 and 33% of the total volume per hectare respectively. Since regeneration of mpingo is easy, there is no immediate need to classify mpingo as an endangered species provided fire control is enhanced as an important conservation measure. It is, however, appropriate to regard the species as threatened.
Socio-economics of charcoal extraction in Tanzania: A case of eastern part of Tanzania.
(CHAPOSA, 2007) Monela, G. C.; Zahabu, E.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Jambiya, G.; Misana, S.
A socio-economic study was conducted in 1999 in the eastern part of Tanzania covering woodlands in charcoal potential areas of Kitulangalo,Mbwewe and Bana which lie in the miombo woodlands. The purpose of the study was to assess socio-economic factors related to charcoal extraction in the study area. Data were collected by a household survey using structured questionnaire, interviews, focussed discussions and participant observation. Results show that there have been substantial immigration of people into charcoal potential areas in search for employment by engaging in charcoal extraction. Most of these people are from distant ethnic groups who have been retrenched in urban centres and in consequence have decided to settle in these areas. Even indigenous inhabitants who have been stricken by poverty and thus have low income and limited access to alternative energy sources have been forced to find refuge in charcoal extraction for employment and income. Thus poverty seems to be the prominent factor compelling people to engage in charcoal extraction. Most of the charcoal is locally and extracted by traditional often inefficient earth-kilns using simple implements and household labour. Urban –based charcoal dealers are the main buyers and sometimes employ local people to produce charcoal for them for sale in urban centres. There is a lucrative charcoal trade between producers and urban traders rendering the often regarded minor forest product a source of livelihood and income to many people. The huge number of preferred species available in the area and many producers has made the price of charcoal relatively low to the disadvantage of producers. There is also an apparent undervaluation of charcoal hence its relative cheaper price, coupled with availability and reliable supply charcoal has been rendered a more affordable source of energy. It is concluded that with the burgeoning population, demand for charcoal will continue to rise under conditions of declining income. These factors will compel more people to extract more charcoal from dwindling woodlands. Thus as more people will engage in charcoal extraction for sale, strains on the woodlands will rise and result in further depletion of the resource base due to increasing deforestation. Intervention measures to improve efficiency in charcoal extraction are crucial. Also sustainable forest management practices involving communities need to be introduced. Furthermore affordable alternative energy sources need to be solicited.
Survival, growth and wood density of Pinus Kesiya provenances at Buhindi, Mwanza, Tanzania
(Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 1999) Chamshama, S. A. O.; Chingonikaya, E. E.; Iddi, S.; Mugasha, A. G.; Nshubemukiand, L.; Malimbwi, R. E.
he objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of 13 Pinus hesiya provenances at Buhindi, Mwanza, Tanzania. Periodic data were collected on survival, breast height diameter and height. A final assessment was carried out at 18.3 y for survival, breast height diameter, height, stem form and basic density. Except for wood basic density, all other variables differed significantly (p<0.05) between provenances. The following provenances with satisfactory performance are recommended for small-scale planting at Buhindi: Benguet Kabayan and Zambales