Browsing by Author "Malisa, Emmanuel Timothy"

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Implications of institutional interplay on land management: A case of traditional land tenure and formal laws in the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2023-03) Malisa, Emmanuel Timothy; Mahonge, Christopher Paul
Despite land management efforts since colonial times in the Uluguru Mountains, land degradation persists. Formal land laws and traditional land tenure system were examined to show the implications of formal and informal institutional interplay on land management. Participatory rural appraisal and interviews were employed to collect data. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used for qualitative and quantitative data respectively. The study brings to light multi-faceted institutional interactions demonstrated by interplay between formal land laws and the traditional land tenure system, with each type of institutions influencing the other. Predominant form of land tenure regime in the Uluguru Mountains is individual land property. In precolonial, colonial and the immediate post-independence eras, clan-based land tenure regime and interinstitutional conflict dominated. Individual land property can enhance land management as it can enhance land security. However, it does not guarantee conservation of farmland water sources. Arguably, the implications of land tenure regimes on land management are not adequately explained by the property rights theory as the theory rejects rationalities other than that of maximizing individual utility, which is contrary to the study findings. There is a need for forming/strengthening institutions for regulating water sources in individually owned farmland.
Interplay of formal and informal grassroots institutions for land management in the Uluguru Mountains, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Malisa, Emmanuel Timothy
Despite various interventions geared at countering land degradation in the Uluguru Mountains, the problem has persisted.Institutions have an instrumental role in land management. However, the question of compatibility between formal and informal institutions and hence the effectiveness of the institutions in governing land management is yet to be adequately addressed. This study assessed how the interplay of formal and informal grassroots institutions determines their effectiveness in governing land management in the Uluguru Mountains.Data collection involved administering an interview schedule at a single point in time and conducting in-depth interviews as repeatedly as deemed necessary. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis.Institutional effectivenesswas measured on a five-point Likert scale and conditions for institutional effectiveness evaluated using multinomial logistic regression.Inclusively, the formal and informal grassroots land management institutions were effective in that their ultimate effect was more of fostering actors' land management behaviour. The outcome of formal and informal institutional interactions was largely one of inter-institutional conflict which, the study argues, is not necessarily undesirable. The study also uncovered that,besides sanctionsagainst non-compliance and individual benefits,ecological concerns motivatedadherence to land management prescriptions.Thus, land management actions are not guided by individual rationality alone; they are also guided by social rationality. Therefore, the influence of institutions on land management in the Uluguru Mountains is not adequately explained by the property rights theory since the theory rejects rationalities for actions other than that of maximizing individual utility.It was evident that actors' propensity to apply a particular practice is institutionally dependent and hence the social constructivist perspective of the theory of human actionsupported.Land ownership security, awareness of institutions and market access were significantly important conditions for institutional effectiveness and hence ought to be policy priorities.The study advocates for individual land property regime and establishment of institution(s) to regulate opportunistic behaviours on farmland water sources. Formulation of land management institutions should be location specific and informed by existing institutions because people's perceptions, preferences, motivations and land resource problems are location specific. It is important to promote land management enhancing informal institutions.
The role of development projects in strengthening community-based adaptation strategies: the case of Uluguru mountains Agricultural development project (UMADEP)-Morogoro-Tanzania
(International Scholars Journals, 2012) Mussa, Kassim Ramadhani; Mjemah, Ibrahimu Chikira; Malisa, Emmanuel Timothy
This study was trying to find out whether the designing and implementation of the Uluguru Mountain Agricultural Development Project (UMADEP) has taken into account the hazards, impacts and risks associated with climate change and the local coping strategies of their project beneficiaries, since its inception, 17 years ago . Data were gathered using the Community-based Risk Screening–Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) tool, complemented with a series of semi-structured and structured interviews containing both close and open-ended questions. The Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) method was also used in identifying resources, capacities and vulnerabilities which pertained to different livelihood settings in the study area. The study found out that coping strategies applied by affected people in the study area vary from one community to the other, depending on level of education, income, household size and agro-ecological zone. Ranking of the identified livelihood resources revealed that natural resources are very crucial in adapting to climate change. Generally, the results indicate a moderate influence of project activities towards enhancing adaptive capacities of the surrounding communities, with the observed positivity of the project activities towards community-based adaptation being more of a coincidence than a planned state-of-affairs. Lack of training to development project officers, managers and planners on the importance of integrating climate change management during the early stages of project development was clearly depicted as a key hindrance to mainstreaming climate change into development planning.
The role of development projects in strengthening community-based adaptation strategies: the case of Uluguru mountains agricultural development project (umadep)-Morogoro-Tanzania.
(International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012) Mussa, Kassim Ramadhani; Mjemah, Ibrahimu Chikira; Malisa, Emmanuel Timothy
This study was trying to find out whether the designing and implementation of the Uluguru Mountain Agricultural Development Project (UMADEP) has taken into account the hazards, impacts and risks associated with climate change and the local coping strategies of their project beneficiaries, since its inception, 17 years ago . Data were gathered using the Community-based Risk Screening– Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) tool, complemented with a series of semi-structured and structured interviews containing both close and open-ended questions. The Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) method was also used in identifying resources, capacities and vulnerabilities which pertained to different livelihood settings in the study area. The study found out that coping strategies applied by affected people in the study area vary from one community to the other, depending on level of education, income, household size and agro-ecological zone. Ranking of the identified livelihood resources revealed that natural resources are very crucial in adapting to climate change. Generally, the results indicate a moderate influence of project activities towards enhancing adaptive capacities of the surrounding communities, with the observed positivity of the project activities towards community-based adaptation being more of a coincidence than a planned state-of-affairs. Lack of training to development project officers, managers and planners on the importance of integrating climate change management during the early stages of project development was clearly depicted as a key hindrance to mainstreaming climate change into development planning
The role of formal and informal institutions in land management in the Uluguru Mountains, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Springer, 2023) Malisa, Emmanuel Timothy; Mattee, Amon Z.; Mahonge, Christopher P.
Land degradation has remained a challenge in the Uluguru Mountains in spite of efforts by various actors to address the problem. Cognizant of the role institutions can play in land management, the paper analysed formal and informal institu- tions for land management with a focus on their role in governing land management in the Uluguru Mountains. Data were collected through participatory rural appraisal, focus group discussions and structured interviews. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. The primary education system, village environmental management committees and village extension system, as well as knowledge transfer from elders to the younger generation, labour pooling (ubava), traditional dances and farmer groups’ networks enhance land manage- ment. Blood sucking belief (umachinja) and a tendency to envy a person making good progress (katsopata) constrained land management. Land tenure system, belief in supernatural powers and religious institutions played both enhancing and constraining roles. The study affirms that institutions influence perceptions, preferences, behaviours and action. It contrasts with the rational choice thinking, which sees behaviour as only following an individualistic rational calculus independent of institutional setting. Through designed and spontaneous change, some institutions have become more relevant for land management. It is crucial that land management interventions take into consideration the existing institutional landscape.
Soil and water conservation practices in the Uluguru mountains: the influence of high value crops promotion
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2009) Malisa, Emmanuel Timothy
In western Uluguru Mountains, professionals have introduced soil and water conservation (SWC) practices which, if properly followed, would conserve the soil and promote agriculture. Various high value crops (HVC) promotion interventions and others which could serve as incentives were executed to aid attainment of this objective. Despite these efforts, today, in most fields we see more of annual ridges, the conventional farming practice which is not effective in SWC and other forms of unsustainable agriculture practices. This study sought to determine the influence of HVC promotion interventions on investment in SWC in Mgeta. It also investigated whether or not appropriate incentives for overcoming adoption barriers have been used. Data were collected through unstructured interviews, observations and interview schedules. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were the main methods of analysis. Results were as follows: Age, education and income; farm size and slope have significant influence on investment in SWC. Household size, labour force and occupation were not significant. Land security was the number one incentive followed by agricultural sustainability, farm implements, extension services, irrigation improvement, labour sharing and suitability for growing HVC. The four lowest incentives were rewards and prizes, market development, food-forwork and credit. From regression analysis introduction of HVC had the highest predictive effect on investment in SWC followed by irrigation improvement. Slope and income were also significant. Recommendations are as follows: Promote SWC measures which are cost-effective and can be integrated into existing farming system and promote HVC for cultivating on terraces. In this respect, contour strip cropping,