Browsing by Author "Mbwambo, L."

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Forestland tenure systems in Tanzania: an overview of policy changes in relation to forest management
(Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 2009) Zahabu, Eliakimu; Eid, Tron; Kajembe, George; Mbwambo, L.; Mongo, Cellina; Sangeda, Anthony; Malimbwi, Rogers; Katan, Josiah; Kashaigili, Japhet; Luoga, Emmanuel
ummary Zahabu, E., Eid, T., Kajembe, G. C., Mbwambo, L., Mongo, C., Sangeda, A.Z., Malimbwi, R. E., Katani, J.Z., Kashaigili, J.J. and Luoga, E.J. 2009. Forestland tenure systems in Tanzania: an overview of policy changes in relation to forest management [Eiendomsforholdene for skogarealer i Tanzania: en oversikt over policyendringer i skogforvaltningen]. INA-fagrapport no. 14, 24 pp. A review of the role of forestland tenure systems in Tanzania, and how different forestland tenure approaches and reforms have influenced forest management is presented. The complexity of land reforms and processes that have taken place in Tanzania during the pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence periods is discussed. The pre-colonial period, though not much is written, was characterised by forest management through traditional institutions, low population and low forest resources exploitation. Colonial governments undermined the role of local traditions in managing the forests related to for example burial areas and springs. They also established forest reserves and in some areas cleared indigenous forests to establish tea, coffee and exotic fruit and timber plantations. Different land reforms that were geared towards sustainable development occurred after independence, forests depletion continued, however. Currently, it is observed that there coexists state, village, private and collective rights on forests without clear ownership. This is greatly linked to the ongoing deforestation and forest degradation in the country. In this situation, sustainable forestland use may be attained through establishing an enabling environment that allows effective local communities’ participation in forest management. Sustainable management, however, always presupposes effective control of harvesting and other activities to secure the carrying capacity of forests and woodlands, whether it is undertaken by central authorities or local people. Studies on forestland tenures and rights, and the impact of changes in tenures and rights on forest resources and rural livelihoods are therefore important. Such studies are required for the provision of facts for the establishment of proper future policy means that aim at reducing forest degradation and improving livelihoods in Tanzania.
Impact of decentralised forest management on forest resource conditions in Tanzania
(Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2012) Mbwambo, L.; Eid, T.; Malimbwi, R. E.; Zahabu, E.; Kajembe, G. C.; Luoga, E.
Impacts of decentralised forest management on forest resource changes were assessed. Six contrasting forest reserves regarding management regimes, that is, Joint Forest Management (JFM; in National Forest Reserves, owned by the State), Community Based Forest Management (CBFM; in village lands or general lands), and ordinary centralized state management, were selected. The forest resources were assessed by means of systematic sample plot inventories. Number of stems, basal area, volume, biomass, and carbon ha21 were compared with results from previous studies in the same reserves. Harvesting activities were also assessed as part of the sample plot inventories. In general, the results were somewhat ambiguous regarding the impacts of different management regimes. There was, however, some empirical evidence indicating that JFM and CBFM performed better than the ordinary state management, although uncontrolled exploitation of the forest has continued under decentralised forest management in the studied forests. The two regimes are promising forest decentralisation models for Tanzania, but more research is needed to understand the functions of different governance structures and how they may facilitate sustainability in both forest use and livelihoods.
Modelling diameter growth, mortality and recruitment of trees in miombo woodlands of Tanzania
(Southern Forests, 2016-11-24) Tron, E.; Mugasha, W. A.; Bollandsås, O. M.; Mbwambo, L.
Miombo woodlands cover large areas in Tanzania but very little reliable data on forest dynamics for the woodlands exist. The main objective of this study was to develop a model system describing such dynamics based on easily measurable tree variables. Individual tree diameter growth and mortality models and area-based recruitment models were developed. The modelling was based on data from 117 permanent sample plots established between 1997 and 2009 on seven sites in the Iringa and Manyara regions. The data set comprised 2 314 trees at establishment and 4 758 observations of individual tree growth, and covered a large number of species (141). Based on diameter growth and by using a model-based clustering procedure, three tree species groups were developed. Several model forms with different independent variables were tested. Simple and robust models with few independent variables, which agreed with expected biological behaviour, were finally selected. Although biological behaviour was the principal model selection criterion, the models also performed well statistically. The developed model system, which is the first of its kind for miombo woodlands in Africa, may be used to develop a decision-support tool for practical forest management planning in the country.
Nicotine contents in honey from tobacco and non tobacco growing areas in Kigoma region, Tanzania
(Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) and Tanzania Forest Fund (TaFF)", 2018) Balama, C; Kagosi, P; Tewele, C; Mbwambo, L.; Laswai, F; Msalilwa, U; Ernest, S
Nicotine content in honey is currently the major issue of concern to honey quality in Tanzania. This study was carried out to determine nicotine content in honey from tobacco and non-tobacco growing areas in Kigoma Region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study determined nicotine contents in honey and bee fodder samples. Fresh honey samples were collected from beehives within tobacco and non-tobacco growing areas and from vendors for laboratory tests. Results showed that nicotine content in the fresh honey which was collected from beehives located within tobacco growing areas is significantly higher than that collected from non-tobacco growing areas (0.46µg/g vs. 0.26µg/g, p <0.05). The honey samples from vendors in town and villages had nicotine contents of 0.41µg/g and 2.98µg/g, respectively. It was observed that most of the bee fodder tree species in Miombo woodland had traces of nicotine. Among the most important bee fodder tree species with the highest amount of nicotine were Brachystegia spiciformis (20.966µg/g), and Julbernardia globiflora (13.168µg/g). Meanwhile Vernonia colata, Combretum collinum and Combretum mole had the lowest nicotine contents of 0.836µg/g, 0.006µg/g, and 0.004µg/g, respectively. Generally, honey samples which were collected from all sources contained different amounts of nicotine. However, these contents were perceived to be tolerable for human health. The sampled bee forage tree species were also observed to have nicotine, which is associated with nicotine in the honey. The study recommends for the establishment of the national standards indicating the allowable amount of nicotine in honey for human consumption. Further research needs to be done in other areas and vegetation types in order to address this concern country- wise
Nicotine contents in honey from tobacco and non-tobacco growing areas in Kigoma Region, Tanzania
(Tanzania Forest Fund (TAFORI), 2018-10) Balama, C.; Mbwambo, L.; Kagosi, P.; Tewele, C.; Laswai, F.; Msalilwa, U.; Ernest, S.
Nicotine content in honey is currently the major issue of concern to honey quality in Tanzania. This study was carried out to determine nicotine content in honey from tobacco and non-tobacco growing areas in Kigoma Region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study determined nicotine contents in honey and bee fodder samples. Fresh honey samples were collected from beehives within tobacco and non-tobacco growing areas and from vendors for laboratory tests. Results showed that nicotine content in the fresh honey which was collected from beehives located within tobacco growing areas is significantly higher than that collected from non-tobacco growing areas (0.46μg/g vs. 0.26μg/g, p <0.05). The honey samples from vendors in town and villages had nicotine contents of 0.41μg/g and 2.98μg/g, respectively. It was observed that most of the bee fodder tree species in Miombo woodland had traces of nicotine. Among the most important bee fodder tree species with the highest amount of nicotine were Brachystegia spiciformis (20.966μg/g), and Julbernardia globiflora (13.168μg/g). Meanwhile Vernonia colata, Combretum collinum and Combretum mole had the lowest nicotine contents of 0.836μg/g, 0.006μg/g, and 0.004μg/g, respectively. Generally, honey samples which were collected from all sources contained different amounts of nicotine. However, these contents were perceived to be tolerable for human health. The sampled bee forage tree species were also observed to have nicotine, which is associated with nicotine in the honey. The study recommends for the establishment of the national standards indicating the allowable amount of nicotine in honey for human consumption. Further research needs to be done in other areas and vegetation types in order to address this concern country- wise.
The role of on-farm trees as an adaptation strategy to climate change effects around Mkingu Nature Forest Reserve in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania
(2016-12) Msalilwa, U; Laswai, F; Balama, C.; Mbwambo, L.; Soka, G.
A study was conducted to investigate the role of on-farm tree as a long-term and sustainable adaptation strategy to climatic stresses in eight villages around Mkingu Nature Forest Reserve (MkNFR) in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Specifically, the effects of climate change to peoples’ livelihoods and the role of onfarm as an adaptation to the climate change effects were assessed. The role of existing on-farm trees as an adaptation to climate change effects was also investigated. Data was collected using household questionnaire surveys, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), key informant interviews, tree stocking assessment on-farms and direct field observations. Temperature and rainfall data for the past 30 years were obtained from Mtibwa Sugar Company Weather Station. Results showed that the majority (92%) of the respondents were mainly engaged in farming and/or involved in various other economic activities such as livestock keeping, fishing, trading of forest products and petty business. CRiSTAL model results revealed that the main effects of climate change on peoples’ livelihoods include decreased yield of agricultural crops, availability of fuelwood and increase in human diseases and natural disasters. Seventy percent of the respondents reported to rely on on-farm trees as an adaptation to climate change effects in the area. About 76% of the respondents in the area planted trees in their farms for this purpose. It was further learnt that people living around the reserve also used crop diversification, irrigation, fishing and petty business were as adaptation strategies to the. Results also indicate that adaptation to climate change is constrained by several factors such as lack of information and funds and shortage of water for irrigation in the study area. Findings of the study suggest the need for greater investment in local communities’ education and improved institutional set up for climate change adaptation to improve their livelihoods.