Browsing by Author "Mombo, F."

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Attitude,adoption and economic potentials of Agroforestry in Kilosa District Tanzania
(2016-03-25) Luumi, F.; Mombo, F.; Senkondo, M.; Makonda, F. B. S.
The paper aimed at describing the existing agroforestry systems and technologies, examining the level of attitudes towards agroforestry, identifying socio factors influencing agroforestry adoption and estimating costs and benefits of agroforestry in Kilosa District. Information and data on agroforestry was obtained by interviewing a random sample of 120 households based upon questionnaire. Results revealed that agroforestry systems practiced were agrosilvopastoral and agrosilvicultural arranged in mixed intercropping, boundary planting and homegardens. A substantial number of respondents had a positive attitude towards commercialization (90% resource conservation (89%) and attitude towards land productivity (82%). Farm labour force, farm size, attitude towards land productivity, commercialization and attitude towards land resource conservation significantly influenced adoption of agroforestry at P < 0.05. The selected agroforestry systems had positive Net Present Value per hectare and Benefit Cost Ratio was greater than one at discount rate of 10% meaning that the systems were economically viable. Internal Rate of Return was higher than the World Bank’s rate of 10% indicating the worth of investing in agroforestry. It is recommended that, the government and development agencies should provide education and training to farmers who are ignorant of the benefits of engaging in agroforestry f agroforestry disseminators should improve the benefits of agroforestry practice since high attitude towards agroforestry were due to the respondents’ perception that investment in agroforestry was associated with more benefits than costs. Increasing the efficiency of agroforestry through technology development, improving marketing systems and credits will improve the economic benefits from agroforestry
Capturing and explaining preference heterogeneity for wetland management options in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2014) Speelman, S.; Mombo, F.; Vandermeulen, V.; Phillip, D.; Van Huylenbroeck, G.
Wetland degradation has recently received considerable research attention. Although wetlands are valuable ecosystems, their actual value is difﬁcult to measure because the services they provide often do not have market values. The current study seeks to investigate the preferences for wetland management options in the Kilombero Valley, central Tanzania using choice modeling. The results show that both respondents from the Kilombero Valley and Morogoro Municipality desire improvements in the condition of the wetlands. This indicates that the ongoing degradation is not socially optimal. A second ﬁnding is that the preferences for wetland conservation are heterogeneous and can be linked to livelihood characteristics. Communities living in the area, for example, are highly dependent on the wetland for their livelihood and would be impacted by conservation measures. Therefore, in order to reduce the pressure on wetlands, it is necessary and imperative to explore the options for alternative income-generating activities or to focus, for example, on technologies to improve efﬁciency and effectiveness in crop production.
Capturing household preferences on solid waste management services in urban areas of developing countries
(Scientific Publishing Group, 2017) Bigirwa, D.; Mombo, F.
Solid waste generation is an increasing global problem. The problem is more pronounced in developing countries due to experienced budget constraints and lack of strong institutions in the management of waste collections and disposals. Local government authorities in Tanzania have made efforts to ensure proper solid waste management especially in urban areas. Despite these initiatives solid waste management is still a key environmental problem in most urban areas of the country. This may be due to non-inclusion of household preferences on solid waste management when designing solid waste management services. A Choice Experiment Method was used in this study to determine household preferences on solid waste management services in order to design sustainable solid waste management services in Kinondoni municipality. The results showed that both low and high income households in Kinondoni Municipality prefer solid waste management services. The mostly preferred solid waste management service attributes were frequency of solid waste collection and use of vehicles while provision of polythene bags attribute was not preferred by households. The findings showed that are high variations in household preferences for solid waste management services caused mainly by socio-economic characteristics such as income. In order to improve solid waste management in Kinondoni municipality, policy makers and solid waste management service providers should incorporate household preferences on solid waste management services when designing these services.
Conservation and livelihoods: where do we strike a balance to sustain the Wetlands in the Kilombero Valley?
(Researchjournali’s, 2017-08) Mombo, F.
Wetlands deliver goods and services important for people’s welfare. In Kilombero valley where this study was conducted the ecosystem provides fertile lands for crop farming and pasture for grazing local breeds livestock. These tradition practices coupled with unsustainable management strategies lead to undervaluation, overutilization and the decay of wetlands. Basing on conservation values perceived by the Kilombero valley local communities that were determined in the other study trough choice experiment and questionnaire survey, this study aims at estimating the total amount which can be collected from peoples’ willingness to pay (WTP) to improve Kilombero wetlands status, specifically conserving flood plain areas currently used for crop production and un controlled livestock grazing. The results revealed that farmers receive higher incomes when they use the flood plain in crop farming and livestock keeping than if there would be conservation restrictions. This implies that if the wetlands will be completely preserved the cost will be too high to be bearable for these communities and there would be big resistance to cooperate. However the attached conservation values indicate the amount they are willing to give up for conserving wetlands that can be collected as the fees for the specified uses of the wetlands for crop farming and grazing. This is important information for the policy makers and conservators since the amount collected through fees can be channelled to finance conservation activities as throughout this paper.
Environmental flow case studies: Southern and Eastern Africa
(University of Colorado Law School, 2016) Tharme, R.; Fouchy, K.; Graas, S.; Conallin, J.; McClain, M.; Mombo, F.
Tanzania National Water Policy 2002 Water Resources Management Act (WRMA) No. 11 of 2009 “water for basic human needs will receive highest priority, water for the environment to protect the ecosystems that underpin our water resources will attain second priority and will be reserved” “take into account and give effect to the requirements of the reserve” Kenya Water Resources Management Rules 2007 “establish the reserve based on water resource records and reserve water demand or ecological vulnerability, human vulnerability, local observations of historic drought flows, maintenance of perennial flows and consultations with WUAs” The Water Bill 2014 "reserve, in relation to a water resource, means that quantity and quality of water required (a) to satisfy basic human needs for all people who are or may be supplied from the water resource; and (b) to protect aquatic ecosystems in order to secure ecologically sustainable development and use of the water resource ”
Historical path of forestry and the role of ‘Ujamaa’ ideology to today’s policy of community forest management in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Silayo, D. A.; Mombo, F.
Tanzania was colonised by the Germany in the late 19 century and after World War II it was put under British mandatory by the United Nations. Later on in 1961, the country got her independence and adopted the capitalistic economy. Through the Arusha Declaration in 1967, it abandoned the capitalistic and adopted a socialistic policy to guide her socio-economic development. This policy was named ‘Ujamaa’ (family-hood) because it had more emphasis on African socialistic cooperation. Socialism was pursued by Julius K. Nyerere who was the first president of Tanzania. This review explored the forest management path from pre-colonial period to the today’s regime where community forest is a main concept. It was adopted by the Tanzanian forest policies of 1998 and reviesed in 2012. The study revealed that colonialism and introduction of Christianity diluted the traditional systems that were used by most communities for management of forests. During Ujamaa and resettlement of isolated rural populations in central villages more forests were cleared to meet immediate wood demands. Rural dwellers lost control of their traditional land and lost lives due to diseases and wild animals. Despite these shortfalls, socialism/Ujamaa created a platform for better forest management through political stability, decentralised governance and decreased levels of forest-based resources dependency especially for food and medicines. Forests managed under Ujamaa village governments had better conditions than the rest of forests. Ujamaa was the basis for community resource management of today. The first policy with community participation concept was enacted in 1998 and the forest sector was the pioneer of this. Consequently we can conclude that, together with external influence, Ujamaa formed a basis for Participatory forest Management (PFM) in Tanzania.
Payments for ecosystem services incentives and adoption of land use interventions in Uluguru mountains, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2018) Kagata, L.; Mombo, F.; Massawe, F. A.
The role played by Payments for ecosystem services (PES) in promoting land use interventions is increasingly being recognized as an important instrument for changing land use management worldwide. Despite the increase, adoption of land use interventions promoted by PES and factors influencing it are not well understood. This study was carried out to assess the adoption of land use interventions promoted by PES scheme four years after its implementation in the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. The specific objectives of this study were to assess the adoption and factors that influenced it. The study employed questionnaire survey method to collect data from 219 households selected randomly. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also conducted to complement information obtained through questionnaire surveys. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were employed. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse quantitative data obtained, while content analysis was applied to qualitative data. Results revealed that during the project implementation, 40% of the households did not adopt any of the promoted interventions. Unexpectedly, four years after the project ended, every household sampled had adopted the interventions. Households headed by younger heads and those with land ownership, households which received PES incentives and lived for a long time in the same area and those with more labour force and access to extension services were found to have adopted more interventions (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, the study concludes that socioeconomic characteristics, agricultural extension services and incentives initially provided to farmers are key factors influencing the adoption of land use interventions. Therefore, it is recommended to the government that it should support farmers to get land tenure and to provide them with more incentives to improve their farms through adopting technologies.
Politics of REDD: What are communities’ expectations on access and benefit sharing under REDD pilot projects in Tanzania?
(PRIME JOURNAL, 2011-12-07) Shemdoe, R. S.; Kibassa, D.; Mshana, E. S.; Kingazi, S.; Mombo, F.
This paper presents communities expectations on access and benefit sharing in seven selected REDD pilot projects in Tanzania. The pilot projects are being implemented by African Wildlife Foundation, Tanzania Traditional Energy and Environmental Organization, Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative, Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, Jane Goodall Institute, Wildlife Conservation Society and Care International in Tanzania. Key informants interviews, focus group discussions and a questionnaire to 615 household heads in the selected household representatives in 14 REDD pilot villages were administered. Findings indicate that, majority (89.9%) of the community representatives have primary school as their highest level of education. 80.5% of the representatives’ main economic activity is agriculture. On REDD awareness, 68.9% of the community representatives are aware and 42.2% indicated to have received some incentives under the REDD pilot projects. Only 7% indicated to be satisfied with the benefit received from REDD pilot projects in the respective projects areas. On the forest related resources, 61% of the community representative reported to have lost access to fuel wood, charcoal making were 30.6%, and construction materials including poles and reeds were 7.8%. Communities ranked (i) poor access to REDD related benefits, (ii) few people being involved in REDD, (iii) poor governance, (iv) leakage, (v) land alienation,(vi) conflicts on benefit sharing and (vii) unacceptance of the projects by local communities as implementation challenges in REDD pilot projects in their respective villages. In implementing the REDD pilot projects, issues of benefit sharing mechanisms, equity, governance and leakage should be given priority for sustainability of such projects under carbon market.
Ratification of the Ramsar convention and sustainable wetlands management: Situation analysis of the Kilombero Valley wetlands in Tanzania
(Academic Journals, 2011) Mombo, F.; Speelman, S.; Huylenbroeck, G. V.; Hella, J.; Pantaleo, M.
In recent years, the Kilombero Valley wetlands in Tanzania was designated and added to the Ramsar convention’s list in an attempt to improve its social, economic and environmental values. This study, carried out in selected sites within the Kilombero Valley wetlands, uses a participatory approach to analyze the existing situation and to reflect upon the quest for sustainable management as defined by Ramsar convention. The empirical findings reveal that the Kilombero Valley wetlands are an important source of livelihood for 87% of the dwellers in the area. Moreover, the wetlands also contribute significantly to welfare outside the area as 70% of the country’s hydropower depends on water regulation functions of this wetland and they are the source of a diverse number of streams, adding to their biological and ecological value. The study furthermore revealed that the current institutional arrangement for the site threaten the sustainability of the wetlands, despite its addition to the Ramsar convention’s list. A more detailed study on appropriate incentive mechanisms for the sustainable management of the wetlands, which would help to internalize the negative effects created by the users, is recommended.
The role of Sub-Saharan Africa Countries’ households waste charges on sustainable cities development
(International Journal of Waste Resources, 2017) Mombo, F.; Bigirwa, D.
The increasing use of rare earths elements (REEs) in a number of recent technological innovations led to a rapid increase (>50% in the last decade) in their applications. Europe is one of the most important regions of consumption of these substances. In this context, Europe in its 'Raw materials' strategy puts the recycling at the center of its concerns to provide a part of securing its supplies in REEs. Recycling of these substances, on an industrial scale, remains somewhat developed while it presents numerous advantages over the exploitation of primary resources. This paper will present some results obtained from characterization study of permanent magnets (PMs) present in WEEEs. Three components containing PMs are identified: hard disk drives, small electric motors and speakers. The representative sample of these components has been dismantled manually to recover the PMs contained and to quantify their amount. The results show that the weight percentage of the PMs varies from 4 to 6% in the speakers, 2.5 to 2.8% in the hard disks, and between 0.8 and 2% in some electric motors. The results of the thermal treatment of the Nd-Fe-B PMs of the investigated samples show that the majority of these PMs lose their magnetic property upon reaching Curie temperature (300-400°C) in 15-20 min. Scanning Electronic Microscopy reveals the morphological aspects of the PM which consist in crystals shaped tetrahedral phase Nd2Fe14B sintered in the presence of the interphase rich in Nd, Dy and Pr. The PM are layer coated with 20 µm thick, consisting of Ni, Zn or metals alloys.
Scope for introducing payments for ecosystem services as a strategy to reduce deforestation in the Kilombero wetlands catchment area
(2013) Mombo, F.; Lusambo, L.; Speelman, S.; Buysse, J; Munishi, P.; Huylenbroeck, G . V.
Payment for Environmental or Ecosystem Services (PES) is among the tools for managing degraded ecosystems and their associated ecological and economic services. Wetlands are an important type of ecosystem, which are highly degradable and accordingly PES become relevant for the sustainable management of wetlands. In Tanzania deforestation in catchment forests has affected many wetlands so much that they cannot adequately contribute to quantity and quality supply of water throughout the year. This study uses consumption surveys and choice modelling to examine the values attached by communities in and around Kilombero Valley to the conservation of catchment trees as compared to the market price value of wood used for timber products in the wetlands. Results show that although conservation preference is generally positive among both rural and urban communities for the trees, the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for the rural dwellers is in proportion to approximately less than 1% of what they receive from the market. Again, the WTP for the rural communities is three times lower than that of the urban communities. These findings are important to policy makers and conservationists in making informed economic decisions on how PES schemes can be used to enhance sustainable management of wetlands
Stakeholder enhanced environmental flow assessment: The Rufiji Basin case study in Tanzania
(Wiley Online Library, 2017-09-27) O’Keeffe, J.; Graas, S.; Mombo, F.; McClain, M.
Environmental flows (E flows) are now a standard part of sustainable water management globally but are only rarely implemented. One reason may be insufficient engagement of stakeholders and their priority outcomes in the E flow-setting process. A recent environmental flow assessment (EFA) in the Kilombero basin of the Rufiji River in Tanzania concentrated on a broad-based investigation of stakeholders’ use and perceptions of the ecosystem services provided by the river. The EFA process generally followed the Building Block Methodology but with an enhanced engagement of stakeholders. Engagement began with the involvement of institutional stakeholders to explain the purpose of the EFA and to elicit their priority outcomes. Extensive interactions with direct-use stakeholders followed to investigate their uses of and priorities for the rivers. Results were used by the EFA specialist team in choosing flow indicators and defining measurable environmental objectives. The specialists then met to reach a consensus of the flow requirements. The EFA results were lastly reported back to stakeholders. During the Kilombero EFA we learned that stakeholders at all levels have a good awareness of the natural services provided by a healthy river and can contribute to the setting of environmental objectives for the rivers and floodplain. These can be factored into the biophysical assessments of river flows required to maintain habitats, processes, water quality and biodiversity. It is therefore important to allocate significant resources to stakeholder engagement. It now remains to be seen if enhanced stakeholder engagement, including the increased understanding and capacity built among all stakeholders, will increase support for the implementation of the recommended flows.
Starter document -social study: Consultancy service for envronmental flow assessment of the Kilombero Sub-Basin
(CDM International, Inc. (CDM Smith), 2015-08) Mombo, F.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES.1 Background Under the U.S. Government’s Feed the Future (FTF) program, CDM International Inc. (CDM Smith) is implementing USAID/Tanzania’s Technical Assistance to Support the Development of Irrigation and Rural Roads Infrastructure Project (IRRIP2). Among other activities, IRRIP2 is supporting the development of irrigation schemes in the Kilombero district of Morogoro region.This report presents findings the socio-economic survey in 15 villages of kilombero sub-basin. The report highlights among other things, the dependence of communities’ livelihoods to environmental goods and services and the preference flows to sustain the service. ES.2 Data Collection The data were collected through both qualitative approach which included PRA exercise, and key informants interviews; And quantitative method using questionnaire survey, (Annex 1). The PRA was done in 16 villages of Mbingu, Kisegese and Mofu which constitute BBM 1, Udagaji and Mgugwe, which constitute BBM 2, Matema, Mlimba, Chisano and Ngalimila which constitute BBM 3, Lukolongo and Merera which constitute BBM 4 and Katindiuka, Kikwawila, Kivukoni, Miwangani and Mavimba which constitute BBM 5. Key informants included VEOs, traditional healers, school children and fishermen. For the quantitative a structured questionnaire was administered through face to face in sixteen villages that were randomly sampled to represent Kilombero sub basin. The study considered villages in 5 BBM sites. Villages in BBM site 1 were Mbingu (Vigaeni-hamlet), Mofu and Kisegese. Villages in BBM site 2 were Udagaji and Mgugwe. Villages in BBM site 3 were Ngalimila, , Matema, Chisano and Mlimba b. Villages in BBM site 4 were Lukolongo and Merera while Villages in BBM site 5 were Katindiuka, kikwawila, Kivukoni, Mavimba and Miwangani. In the two surveys a total of 736 households were consulted. The information from qualitative data were analysed through content analysis whereas those from quantitative survey standard methods were used to determine frequencies and means through Microsoft excel and SPSS. The findings are presented in the form of tables and figures. To be consistent the study adopted the classification of the riverine resource services for the communities based on the ecosystem services classification system developed by De Groot et al., (2003). The final list of riverine resource services researched and analysed consists of production services (domestic use, fishing, crop cultivation, livestock keeping, animals, birds and insects, natural and cultivated vegetables and fruits,construction materials/weaving/fuel and traditional medicine), regulation services (flooding and water associated problems) and information services (traditional dancing/rituals and swimming). ii STARTER DOCUMENT-SOCIAL STUDY (EFA) ES.3 Main results In general, communities in Kilombero sub-basin are involved in crop cultivation (93 % in BBM site 2 to 100 % in BBM site 4) mainly rice and maize farming. Other crops include sesame, banana and sunflower. However, fishing was the second most important economic activity. It was higher in BBM site 1 (48.4%), BBM site 4 (41 %) and BBM site 5 (43.3 %) than in BBM site 2 (30 %) and BBM site 3 (33.3 %). Again, the study observed that there was more revenue from fishing large fish than from fishing small fish (dagaa) in BBM sites 1, 2, 4 and 5. In the contrary, for BBM site 3, revenue from fishing was higher from fishing small fish (TZS 1,210,918 per household per year) than from fishing large fish (TZS 315,275 per household per year). However, fish consumption was determined; the observation was that on average for BBM site 1 to 5, 82.75 number of large fish per household per year and 68.44 number of cups (250 ml) of small fish per household per year were consumed. Frequency of fish consumption was assessed in terms of number of days large fish and small fish (dagaa) were consumed per year. It was realized that on average households in BBM site 1 to 5 consumed large fish in about 83 days in a year while small fish were consumed in 68 days in a year. On average, over 75 % of households depended on natural vegetables in BBM site 1 to 5. The households directly collected natural vegetables, and they were not for sell but rather for food by households collecting natural vegetables. There was no substantial revenue from selling of natural vegetables. However, consumption of natural vegetables was on average 2.63 bunches of natural vegetables per day for BBM site 1 to 5, and per month the average was 18.16 bunches of natural vegetables per month. The study assessed frequency of natural vegetables consumption in study villages. It was found that on average households in BBM site 1 to 5 consumed natural vegetables in 6.75 days in a month. Besides natural vegetables, households used cultivated vegetables. On average for BBM site 1 to 5, 92.16 % depended on both cultivated leaf and fruit form vegetables, 90.99 % depended on cultivated leaf form vegetables and 78.42 % of households depended on cultivated fruit form vegetables. While natural vegetables were mainly used for food by the household collecting them, cultivated vegetables were (in addition to being used for food were) also for business. It was observed that on average of TZS 849,665.00 per household per year was obtained from cultivated leaf vegetables and TZS 389,900 per household per year was obtained from cultivated fruit vegetables for BBM site 1 to 5. Assessment of income contribution of economic activities to annual household income in study villages revealed that for BBM site 1, 2 and 3 crop farming contributed 68.46 %, 80.41 % and 71.67 % respectively to annual household income, while fishing contributed 2.53 %. Fishing contributed 80.42 % for BBM site 5 and 37.96 % for BBM site 4. Livestock keeping contributed 13.54 % in BBM site 4 iii STARTER DOCUMENT-SOCIAL STUDY (EFA) The study also looked at the preferred water level in flood areas. It was revealed that households in the study villages preferred water to be at knee level in inundated areas during wet season. On the preferences, households preferred Moist and fertile soils for flood recession agriculture and water for domestic purposes among the most important environmental services in all BBM sites. Ranking was between 1 and 2 for the services. On maintenance level, households preferred the same environmental services (preferred) to be maintained but also including controlling of diseases such as malaria, bilharzias and UTI. ES.4 Conclusions For all of the BBM sites objective catgeory B is recommended. Dry-medium flow is recommended in BBM site 1, 3, 4, and 5 and status quo shoud be maintained in BBM 2. Per BBM site objectives for livelihoods and objectives for target species are also defined. However, the final volume of water available to maintain the specific livelihoods requirements can only be determined once the stakeholders have agreed on the EFA classification for the rivers.
Technical advisory services for biodiversity conservation and wetland management in Kilombero Valley Ramsar Site
(The Belgiam Development Cooperation, 2018-05-15) Mombo, F.; Cunliffe, R.; Nyanghura, Q.; Mariki, S.
This report presents the findings of a socioeconomic survey of four villages surrounding Ngapemba wetland. It has been prepared under the framework of and as a contribution to the KILORWEMP Project (Kilombero and Lower Rufiji Wetlands Management Project), currently being implemented as a collaborative effort between Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC) and the Tanzania Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) with financial support from Belgian Aid and the European Union. The overall goal of KILORWEMP is to promote the sustainable management of the wetlands ecosystem of the Kilombero Valley and Lower Rufiji.
Training manual
(Sokoine University of Agriculture & Critical Ecosystem Partneship Fund (CEPF) Marekani, 2017-03-15) Mombo, F.; Macrice, S. A.; Luoga, E. L.; Nyanghura, Q.
Usimamizi Shirikishi wa Misitu ilianza mwanzoni mwa 1990, Usimamizi Shirikishi wa Misitu ni njia moja wapo ya utunzaji misitu wa kutumia jamii inayozunguka msitu husika.Sera ya Misitu ya Taifa, Sheria ya Misitu ya mwaka 2002 pamaoja na mipanngo na miradi ya Nchi inasisitiza Usimamizi Shirikishi wa Misitu kwa ajili ya kuboresha misitu nchini na kuongeza uhakika wa chakula na pato la mwananchi wanaozunguka misitu. Sera, sheria pamoja na miongozo zimetoa utaratibu wa uanzishaji Usimamizi Shirikishi wa Misitu. Lengo la kijitabu hiki ni kuainisha hatua kwa hatua na katika lugha rahisi namna ya uanzishaji na utekelezaji Usimamizi Shirikishi wa Misitu.
Urban community’s participation in conservation of open spaces: A case of Dar es Salaam City
(Scientific Publishing Group, 2017-02-03) Hassan, A.; Mombo, F.
Open spaces in cities like Dar es Salaam are facing problem of encroachment and conversion. Despite scholars’ recommendation on participatory approach in designing and execution of communities’ project to increase participation including Conservation of Open Spaces (COSP). The study used questionnaire survey and participatory approach tools to gather information. Results show that majority of the respondents are aware of specific types and functions of existing open spaces in the study area. In general, most respondents were willing to participate in COSP. Quality, benefits, education and duration of residence were factors positively influencing households’ willingness to participate in COSP.