Browsing by Author "Mosha, T. C. E."

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Characterisation of Tmmmian Local Sorghmn Varieties
(2000) Laswai, H. S.; Shao, M. R.; Mosha, T. C. E.; Muzanila, Y. C.
Many local varieties of sorghum grown in Tanzania have not been characterised in terms of their end uses. This study was conducted to characterise 14 such varieties. Three improved varieties commonly grown in this country were includedfor comparison. Physical analyses that included 100-grain weight, percent dehulling loss and percent water absorption were done. Chemical analysis of the samples to determine protein, crude fibre, fat, ash, and carbohydrate contents was done. Results showed that the 1 OO-kernel weight ranged between 1.48 and 3. 18 g. Some of the local varieties had kernel sizes that were greater than those of the improved ones. Dehulling losses for the studied varieties ranged from 4.63 to 29.85%. These losses were generally low for the commonly used local varieties. Water absorption ranged between 6.10 and 28.85%. The flour making varieties showed low water absorption capacity. The protein contents of the studied varieties (8.27-13.52%) differed significantly (P<0.05). However, the crudefibre {1.23-2.30%),fat (3.00-4.30%), ash (1.96-4.25%), and carbohydrate contents (78.84-83.96%) ofsorghum varieties did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Studies on endosperm texture revealed that most floury varieties had generally high dehulling losses and were therefore unsuitable for producing dehulled products. Corneous varieties were considered suitable for producing dehulled products due to their low dehulling losses. The intermediate endosperm texture varieties, which also experienced intermediate dehulling losses, need more studies in order to be properly classified Some of these, varieties such as Langalanga are already being used for flour making without prior dehulling. The study, therefore, calls for more screening of the local sorghum varieties not used in this study to identifY their potential in relation to end uses for future exploitation and, where possible, to exploit the promising trait for incorporation in breeding programmes.
Development and evaluation of organoleptic quality and acceptability of cassava-based composite crackers for supplementing primary school children
(2010) Mosha, T. C. E.; Sadick, M. A.; Laswai, H. S.
The study involved formulating cassava-based fortified composite novel products for boosting nutrient uptake of primary school children. Thirteen cassava-based crackers were prepared from blends of extruded cassava, bean, wheat and soybean flours on a replacement basis. Proximate, amino acids and mineral compositions were determined to evaluate the potential of the crackers to supply energy and nutrients required for optimal growth and cognitive function. Results showed that, protein content in the composite crackers ranged from 3.35 g/100g in plain cassava crackers (CC) to 31.54-g/100 g in cassava-soybean cracker (CSC1), while energy density ranged from 416 kcal in cassava-bean-soybean-wheat cracker (CBSWC) to 461 kcal in CSC1. Amino acid scores ranged from 32 to 66% with Lysine, Leucine and Threonine as the most limiting amino acids. The concentrations of Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn and Ca were within the recommended intake levels for primary school children. Organoleptically, the cassava-soybean-wheat cracker (CSWC) was ranked highest in colour, smell and texture while the cassava-soybean cracker (CSC4) was superior in terms of taste and appearance. Overall, all the cassava-based composite crackers were accepted by the panellists. The fortified cassavabean- soybean composite crackers therefore have a potential for use as supplementary foods to increase protein, energy and mineral intake of primary school children in Tanzania.
Effect of nutrition education intervention and lifestyle behaviors on management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mwanza city, Tanzania
(2015-06) Ruhembe, C. C.; Mosha, T. C. E.; Nyaruhucha, C. N. M.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. This study aimed at assessing the effect of nutrition education intervention on the lifestyle behaviors and management of T2DM among adult diabetic patients who attended a clinic at Bugando hospital, Mwanza city for a period of one year during 2013. A cross-sectional study design was used to identify the population at risk of T2DM, from which random blood testing for glucose testing was conducted. Thereafter, a fasting blood glucose test was performed for the study sample with elevated blood sugar (>200 mg/dl) to confirm the cases (individuals suffering from T2DM).The cases were subjected to nutrition and lifestyle education intervention programme for one year. Findings showed that baseline mean fasting blood glucose was 285.15:=86.08ing/d1. Mean age was 55.8525 ± 9.36 years while the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 28.18 kg/m2, falling within the overweight category(24.9-29.9kg/m2); and there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in fasting blood glucose between males and females. After the intervention, results revealed that fluting blood glucose levels were observed to decrease gradually from the baseline period up to 12 months. The difference in blood glucose levels between clinical visits (three months) was found to be significant (p<0.05). There was about 34% average decrease in blood glucose levels from the baseline survey to the post-intervention measure. Fasting blood glucose during baseline was significantly higher (p<0.05) than at the 3months after intervention. There was 7.3% mean decrease in average body weight from the baseline to the post intervention measurement. Mean BMI also decreased gradually with time. This study revealed that nutrition and modification of lifestyle behavior such as participation in exercises and reducing the amount of starch had delayed the effects' of T2DMby one year. It is therefore, possible to delay or prevent the development of complications of diabetes by adherence to clinical recommendation on nutrition and lifestyle modification.
Influence of vitamin A status on the anthropometric attributes of children aged 6-36 months in Tanzania
(AJOL, 2017) Ndau, E. L.; Mosha, T. C. E.; Horton, S.; Laswai, H. S.
Vitamin A deficiency remains one of the health challenge causing morbidity and mortality among under-five children in Tanzania. This study was conducted to determine the influence of vitamin A status on the anthropometric attributes of the children aged 6 - 36 months living in Manyara and Shinyanga regions, Tanzania. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used to obtain a sample of 462 children aged 6 - 36 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS program version 20 and ENA for SMART. Results showed that, the average prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among 6-36 months old children was 69.5% (n=321). Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among children aged 6 - 36 months by regions was 69.3% (n=303) in Manyara and 69.8% (n=159) in Shinyanga. Prevalence of VAD among non-breastfed children was 75% (n=117) while among breastfed children was 66.0% (n=203). VAD was therefore significantly higher (p<0.05) among the non- breastfed children than their breastfed peers. Prevalence of wasting (weight-for-height z-score) among the children aged 6 - 36 months was 6.9% (n = 32), stunting (height-for-age z-score) was 51% (n=236) and underweight (weight for age z-score) was 25.5% (n=118). Vitamin A status has influence on the anthropometric attributes; however statistical significance (p<0.05) was observed only on age and stunting. It is concluded from this study that, prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among 6 - 36 months old children was higher than the national average. It was significantly higher in the non-breastfed children than their breastfed peers. Also, children with VAD suffered from one or more forms of under-nutrition (wasting, stunting and underweight). Stunting and age of the children were the strong predictors of vitamin A status. These findings call for coordinated and sustainable intervention programs to reduce vitamin A deficiency and under-nutrition to optimize growth among children aged 6 – 36 months.
Risk Factors Associated with Elevated Blood Glucose Among Adults in Mwanza City, Tanzania
(2015) Ruhembe, C. C.; Mosha, T. C. E.; Nyaruhucha, C. N. M.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is increasing at alarming rates posing significant health problem in Tanzania. Urbanization with economic advancement has led to lifestyle behaviors such as high intake of dense caloric foods, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and limited intake of fruits and vegetables. All these have been associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and T2DM. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the risk factors and lifestyles characteristics associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in Mwanza city, Tanzania. A multistage random sampling technique was used to obtain 640 male and females respondents aged 30 and above years. Data were collected through face to face interview by using a structured questionnaire which was constructed to solicit information about risk factors and lifestyle characteristics of the respondents. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist and hip circumferences and total fat and fat free mass were also taken. Random blood glucose and blood pressure levels were measured. Prevalence of overweight in the studied population was 10.5% in males and 18.1% in females. Most females (60.8%; n=79) had waist hip ratio of ≥ 0.85. BMI and body fat were significantly (p˂0.05) related to elevated blood glucose. It was further noted that, relationship between diabetic respondents with their first degree relatives with diabetes was significant (p˂0.05). The relative risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus by having first class relative with the disease was RR 2.11, (95% CI: 1.4-3.1). There was a strong (p˂0.05) association between smoking and elevated blood glucose. It can be concluded that it is of utmost importance to intervene, and modify lifestyle behaviours of adults so as to reduce the risks of developing T2DM.
Risk factors associated with elevated blood glucose among adults in Mwanza City, Tanzania
(2015) Ruhembe, C. C.; Mosha, T. C. E.; Nyaruhucha, C. N. M.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is increasing at alarming rates posing significant health problem in Tanzania. Urbanization with economic advancement has led to lifestyle behaviors such as high intake of dense caloric foods, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and limited intake of fruits and vegetables. All these have been associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and T2DM. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the risk factors and lifestyles characteristics associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in Mwanza city, Tanzania. A multistage random sampling technique was used to obtain 640 male and females respondents aged 30 and above years. Data were collected through face to face interview by using a structured questionnaire which was constructed to solicit information about risk factors and lifestyle characteristics of the respondents. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist and hip circumferences and total fat and fat free mass were also taken. Random blood glucose and blood pressure levels were measured. Prevalence of overweight in the studied population was 10.5% in males and 18.1% in females. Most females (60.8%; n=79) had waist hip ratio of ≥ 0.85. BMI and body fat were significantly (p˂0.05) related to elevated blood glucose. It was further noted that, relationship between diabetic respondents with their first degree relatives with diabetes was significant (p˂0.05). The relative risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus by having first class relative with the disease was RR 2.11, (95% CI: 1.4-3.1). There was a strong (p˂0.05) association between smoking and elevated blood glucose. It can be concluded that it is of utmost importance to intervene, and modify lifestyle behaviours of adults so as to reduce the risks of developing T2DM.