Browsing by Author "Muhanga, M."

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An Analysis of Drivers of Health Care Seeking Sources Preferences in Selected Wards in Eastern Tanzania
(The East African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019) Muhanga, M.; Chabila, M.
Access, effectiveness, and utilization of healthcare services can affect the attainment of good health as healthcare services have a role in promoting the population's health and livelihoods of communities. Understanding factors that drive an individual's preference in seeking health care from a particular source(s) is an important aspect that has a profound contribution in facilitating the effective provision of health services. Though this aspect is generally known; very scanty information is available on what drives individuals’ preference on health care service sources under One Health Approach in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Morogoro municipality and Mvomero district in Tanzania, inter alia, to analyse the determinants of individuals' health care service source preference. A structured questionnaire administered through a Computer-Aided Personal Interviewing (CAPI) electronic platform was used to collect data from 1440 respondents obtained through a multistage sampling procedure. IBM-SPSS v20 was used to analyse quantitative data. Binary logistic regression determined an individual preference for sources to seek health care. The results revealed that 41.2% of the respondents preferred to seek health care services from informal sources and 58.8% from formal sources. Marital status (Exp B= 0.001, 95% CI, .000 to .010), ß=-6.946, p=0.000, service characteristics (Exp B= 1.678, ß=0.518, p=0.000), beliefs on the effectiveness of health services (Exp B= 5.268, ß=1.662 at p=0.001) had significant influence on determining preference for a source of health care. It is recommended that health services should be improved from the formal health care sources since the majority of respondents had a preference for it
Community members’ interaction with health professionals and health literacy under one health approach in selected wards in Tanzania: The Nexus
(Moshi University College, 2018) Muhanga, M.; Malungo, J.
Health care providers are a community’s trusted source of health information and can impact on health literacy. However, their effectiveness depends very much on how health care providers recognize and respond to patients’ information and communication needs. This article from a cross –sectional study discusses the influence of the community members’ interaction with health professionals (CMIWHP) on health literacy (HL) under One Health Approach in selected wards in Morogoro, Tanzania. It specifically:- (i) assessed HL of the people in the study area, (ii) assessed CMIWHP, and; (iii) assessed the association/linkages (nexus) between CMIWHP and HL levels. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered through a Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) electronic platform from 1440 respondents obtained through multistage sampling procedure, 80 focus group discussions’ participants and 16 key informant interviewees. Indexes of score were constructed to measure CMIWHP and HL respectively. A chi-square test of independence was used to establish the association/linkages (nexus) between CMIWHP and HL. IBM-SPSS v.20 analysed quantitative data while qualitative data were organized into themes on specific objectives to back up findings. The study revealed, about one third of the respondents (32.9%) with adequate HL, moderate HL (30.8%) and majority with inadequate HL (36.3%). The results further indicate that only 17.5% (95% CI:15.0 to 19.9) had high CMIWHP, 42.5% (95% CI:39.5 to 45.9) with medium CMIWHP and the majority 40.0% (95% CI:37.2 to 43.1) had low CMIWHP. Chi-square results indicate a significant association between CMIWHP and HL, χ(2)=168.593, p=.000, phi=.342 It is concluded that CMIWHP significantly associates/links to HL levels, but with a medium effect . It is recommended that effective interventions should be established to enable further health care providers recognition and responses to patients’ information and communication needs.
Does Attitude Associate, Correlate, Or Cause Behaviour? An Assessment Of Attitude Towards Health Behaviour Under One Health Approach In Morogoro, Tanzania
(International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 2017) Muhanga, M.; Malungo, J.R.S.
Literature doesn‘t empirically posit it very clear whether attitude associates to, correlates or cause certain health behaviours. Yet; little that is known is limited to associating attitudes with health behaviour in the context which did not take into account the interaction of humans, animals and the environment. A cross sectional study was conducted in Morogoro urban and Mvomero districts in Tanzania , aiming at:- (i)assessing attitudes over health behaviour under the interface of humans, animals and the environment; and, (ii) analyzing associations, correlations and causality existing between attitudes on health behaviour and health impairing habits/practices under One Health Approach. The sample comprised of 240 respondents obtained through a multistage sampling procedure. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire using a Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) electronic platform. Associations between attitude and health behavior were modest at p value=<0.001, correlation coefficient was significant with r = .235 and p-value = <0.01, and no evidence of having attitudes directly causing certain behaviours was established. In logit regression analysis, health literacy was found to predict health behaviours too. Individual behaviors performed in a particular context tend to be influenced not only by general attitudes but by a wide range of additional factors.
An examination of oome key issues on legal and policy environment in the mining sector after the economic reforms in Tanzania
(International and Public Affairs, 2019) Muhanga, M.
Due to the economic hardships Tanzania has been undergoing since the early 1980s, a wide-ranging reforms in numerous sectors of the economy have been instigated. These reforms aimed at overcoming such hardships in order to improve the prospects for development. This article examines some key issues on legal and policy environments in the mining sector after the economic reforms in Tanzania, it specifically:-(i) analyses the mining sector before the reforms, (ii) examines the legal and policy responses after the economic reforms; (iii) analyses how these policies and legislations have impacted the socioeconomic and political aspects related to mining in Tanzania; and, (iv) identify the lessons learnt. A documentary review (documentary research method) was used in collecting relevant information. It was revealed that prior to the reforms the extent of minerals extraction in Tanzania was low, dominated by mineral sector development operations which were largely state owned and run by government enterprises. The legal and policy responses examined include the Mineral Policy of 1997, Mineral Act of 1998, Mining Act of 2010, New Investment Policy and the Tanzania Investment Act No. 26 of 1997, Mining (Environmental Management and Protection) Regulations of 1999, Natural Wealth and Resources (Permanent Sovereignty) Act, 2017; Natural Wealth and Resources Contracts (Review and Re-Negotiation of Unconscionable Terms) Act, 2017, the Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 2017; Extractive Industry Transparency and Accountability Act, 2015 and the Finance Act of 2017. These legal and policy responses in the mining sector were found to have both positive and negative impacts. It has been observed that reforms in the sector have not fully captured the expectations of Tanzanians. The role of mining sector in economic development and socio-economic wellbeing is very obvious; hence transforming this resource wealth into wellbeing remains essential matter for Tanzania’s economy. It is recommended that conducive legal and policy framework enhanced to transform mineral resources into wellbeing.
Get Connected Or Get Destroyed? Adolescents And Mobile Devices In Urban Settings In Tanzania
(International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 2017-09) Muhanga, M.
This study was conducted to assess the impact of the mobile phones among adolescents in secondary schools in Morogoro municipality in Tanzania . Specifically the study determined the influence of mobile phones on students‟ behaviors, and assessed the impact of mobile phones on students‟ academic performance. A cross sectional research design was used to obtain data from both primary and secondary sources of information through structured questionnaire from 90 respondents obtained through simple random sampling. The collected data were coded and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. Findings revealed that, 93.3% of the interviewed respondents‟ access and use mobile phones, and 63.3% agreed that mobile phones usage among secondary school students cause behavioural changes. Also the study revealed that students use mobile phones to organize and maintain their social networks (8.9%), search materials on internet and organize discussion (54.4%), and informing their parents‟ on issues concerning their education (1.1%). A number of impacts on using mobile phones were revealed, including; facilitating engagement of students in sexual affairs (41.1%), decline in moral values (43.3%), decrease in academic performance (91.1%), causing health problems to students (50.0%), cause disturbance in studies (47.8%) and resulting to time wasting (88.9%). This study recommends various measures to be taken by secondary school teachers and parents to minimize the use of mobile phones among secondary school students hence ensuring that students are getting time to concentrate on their studies and improve academic performance.
Get Connected Or Get Destroyed? Adolescents And Mobile Devices In Urban Settings In Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017-09-03) Muhanga, M.
This study was conducted to assess the impact of the mobile phones among adolescents in secondary schools in Morogoro municipality in Tanzania . Specifically the study determined the influence of mobile phones on students‟ behaviors, and assessed the impact of mobile phones on students‟ academic performance. A cross sectional research design was used to obtain data from both primary and secondary sources of information through structured questionnaire from 90 respondents obtained through simple random sampling. The collected data were coded and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. Findings revealed that, 93.3% of the interviewed respondents‟ access and use mobile phones, and 63.3% agreed that mobile phones usage among secondary school students cause behavioural changes. Also the study revealed that students use mobile phones to organize and maintain their social networks (8.9%), search materials on internet and organize discussion (54.4%), and informing their parents‟ on issues concerning their education (1.1%). A number of impacts on using mobile phones were revealed, including; facilitating engagement of students in sexual affairs (41.1%), decline in moral values (43.3%), decrease in academic performance (91.1%), causing health problems to students (50.0%), cause disturbance in studies (47.8%) and resulting to time wasting (88.9%). This study recommends various measures to be taken by secondary school teachers and parents to minimize the use of mobile phones among secondary school students hence ensuring that students are getting time to concentrate on their studies and improve academic performance.
Globalization and Technological Advancement: An Assessment of Impact of Mobile Phones among Secondary School Students in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
(Mwenge Catholic University, 2015) Muhanga, M.
This study was conducted to assess the impact of the mobile phones among secondary school students in Morogoro municipality. Specifically the study determined the influence of mobile phones on students’ behaviors, and assessed the impact of mobile phones on students’ academic performance. A cross sectional research design was used to obtain data from both primary and secondary sources of information through structured questionnaire from 90 respondents obtained through simple random sampling. The collected data were coded and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. Findings revealed that, 93.3% of the interviewed respondents’ access and use mobile phones, and 63.3% agreed that mobile phones usage among secondary school students cause behavioural changes. Also the study revealed that students use mobile phones to organize and maintain their social networks (8.9%), search materials on internet and organize discussion (54.4%), and informing their parents’ on issues concerning their education (1.1%). A number of impacts on using mobile phones were revealed, including; facilitating engagement of students in sexual affairs (41.1%), decline in moral values (43.3%), decrease in academic performance (91.1%), causing health problems to students (50.0%), cause disturbance in studies (47.8%) and resulting to time wasting (88.9%). This study recommends various measures to be taken by secondary school teachers and parents to minimize the use of mobile phones among secondary school students hence ensuring that students are getting time to concentrate on their studies and improve academic performance.
Health literacy and associated factors under one health approach in selected wards in eastern Tanzania: A multiple regression analysis
(Tengeru Community Development Institute, 2018) Muhanga, M.
Understanding factors associated with health literacy remains important in scaling up health literacy initiatives towards attainment of good health. This article discusses health literacy and associated factors under One Health Approach from a cross sectional study in selected wards in Eastern Tanzania. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 1440 respondents obtained through multistage sampling procedure. Health Literacy assessment tool was developed to assess health literacy. IBM-SPSS v.20 analyzed quantitative data while qualitative data were organized into themes on specific objectives to back up findings. Multiple regression was employed to explore the correlation or relationship between health literacy (HL) and numerous continuous independent variables. The study revealed that HL score had a large correlation with HB r = -.631, p= .000, N= 1440), LGAs r = .617, p= 000, N=1440, Influence of politics scorer = .082, p= .001, N=1440; Prior knowledge score r =-.082, .001, N=1440; Scores on HRDE r =.347, .000, N=1440; Score on EoHRA r =.099, .000, N=1440; Years spent on studies r =.125, .000 and Attitudes towards HIB r =-.082, .001, N=1440. The strongest unique contribution associated to HL was found from Health Behaviour Score with beta coefficient of -.474, while Local Government Authorities initiatives on health (.294), Influence of politics on health score (.249), interactions with professionals score (.078), and scores on Health Related Discussion Engagement (HRDE) (.151) are making statistically significant unique contribution to the model in terms of prediction of HL. It can be noted that there are various factors that are associated/correlating with HL with differing magnitude but some having no unique contribution to the variable. Effective HL interventions towards attainment of good health has to take on board the extent to which such associated factors are likely to make contribution to HL hence capitalizing on such contributions.
Health Literacy and its Associates in the Context of One Health Approach: A Research Agenda Towards an Industrial Economy in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2019) Muhanga, M.; Malungo, J.
Transformation of agriculture and natural resources for sustainable development towards industrial economy in Tanzania, inter alia, relies on the quality of population. Health has always remained a very essential determinant of quality of a population. Evidently, attaining optimal health calls for collaboration between humans, animals and environmental health professionals plus understanding consequences of humans, animals and environment interactions on health. Attaining good health faces numerous challenges, health literacy (HL) inclusive. Despite, HL being a predictor of health outcomes, health care costs and utilization, yet, it is not empirically known to which extent most countries, Tanzania inclusive, have made efforts in terms of research and interventions in this important variable. A cross sectional study was conducted in Morogoro urban and Mvomero districts in Morogoro, Tanzania to specifically (i) assess HL, (ii) determine factors associated with HL, (iii) identify research efforts and interventions on HL in Tanzania. . Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 1440 respondents obtained using multistage sampling procedure. HL was measured using One Health Literacy Assessment tool. Quantitative data were analysed using IBM-SPSS (v20) and Gretl software. The results revealed that 36.3% of the respondents had inadequate HL, 30.8% with Marginal HL and Adequate HL standing at 32.9%. Pearson coefficient correlation revealed HL correlating to group of attitudes (r = 0.135, p = 0.01), levels of engagement in health-related discussion (r = 0.609, p < 0.05), health behaviour categories (r = - 0.648, p = 0.05) and category of information seeking (r = 0.753, p = 0.05). Scanty empirical evidence exists on having HL researched and documented adequately in Tanzania. Having observed low HL and scanty research efforts and interventions on HL, efforts should be strengthened to promote HL under One Health Approach, given its importance towards realization of optimal health for humans, animals and the environment.
Health Literacy and Some Socio-Demographic Aspects under One Health Approach in Eastern Tanzania: Connections and Realities
(Scholink INC, 2018) Muhanga, M.; Malungo, J.
Health Literacy significantly contributes towards attaining good health particularly when taken into the context of the interface of humans, animals and the environment. This cross-sectional study assessed health literacy and its connections to other socio-demographic aspects under One Health Approach in Morogoro municipality and Mvomero districts in Tanzania. A structured questionnaire administered through a Computer Aided Personal Interviewing (CAPI) electronic platform was used to collect data from 240 respondents obtained through a multistage sampling procedure. Health Literacy was assessed using context specific assessment tool. IBM-SPSS v20 and Gretl software were used to analyze data. The results revealed Inadequate Health Literacy at 36.3%, Moderate Health Literacy at 30.8% and Adequate Health Literacy standing at 32.9%. There was no association between educational attainment and the level of Health Literacy revealed. Health Literacy was lower among older individuals, with 40.2% of those who had Inadequate Health Literacy were from the elderly age category, more females (56.3%) had Inadequate Health Literacy than males (43.7%), Adequate Health Literacy was observed among married respondents at 65.8% in the category. Health literacy varies across some socio-demographic aspects. It therefore remains imperative that interventions in scale up health literacy by various stakeholders to consider these socio-demographic aspects.
In the midst of global anti-tobacco farming and smoking campaigns: how resilient and sustainable are the tobacco farming co-operatives in southern Africa?
(AJOL, 2024-01-22) Muhanga, M.; Katundu, M.
Cognizant of the harms registered through tobacco farming and consequently smoking on the environment and human health, the world is witnessing campaigns against both tobacco farming and smoking. These campaigns are expected to affect the tobacco sub-sector, which contributes to the economies of the leading tobacco-producing countries, namely Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique. The campaigns have in some countries been followed by governments’ partial engagement or total disengagement from providing inputs, credit, extension services, and price support. To protect this subsector, tobacco farmers, inter alia, had to engage agricultural and marketing cooperative societies (AMCOS). However, the extent to which AMCOS engagement by farmers has been realized is empirically unknown. Amid these campaigns, understanding how resilient and sustainable tobacco cooperatives have been, remains imperative. Resilience building supports people and institutions in adapting to new circumstances, hence sustainability. This article analyses the resilience and sustainability of Tobacco co-operatives using a documentary research method. In this article, resilience has been analyzed based on (i) networks, (ii) innovation, and, (iii) the role of the state. Varied degrees of government support to the tobacco sub-sector have been identified. Contract farming has been exploited to fill the gap where the minimal role of the state has been registered. Despite the global anti-smoking campaigns, tobacco production is on the increase in southern Africa. Resilience and sustainability have been observed to vary country-wise. Due to tobacco’s economic value in these countries, the campaigns cannot bear significant positive results in the absence of alternatives to tobacco farming.
Informal sector in urban areas in Tanzania: some socio-demographic, economic and legal aspects
(Science Publishing Company (SPC), 2017) Muhanga, M.
Urban settings worldwide are homes to the informal sector due to the sector’s vast potentiality in terms of employment and income generation. Very little is found throughout the literature on the socio-demographic attributes of the informal sector in Tanzania de-spite its contribution to the economy. This paper empirically profiles informal sector in urban setting in Morogoro, Tanzania by ana-lyzing socio-demographic, economic and legal aspects of the sector and those involved. Data was collected from 80 respondents using a questionnaire. Data analysis entailed descriptive statistics and cross tabulation. The results reveal dominance of men in the sector, low levels of education, young (19-26 years) and married people dominating, use of family labour, willing to operate busi-nesses at times and locations convenient to customers. The study further shows that 55 % of the activities obtained capital from own-ers’ own sources and 82.5 % of the activities operating were not licensed. The results further show that 50% of the activities /businesses surveyed were owned by families. Overall, the study asserts that the IS has a valuable contribution to the well being of the urban dwellers. The study recommends a need for addressing training needs and interventions by Local Government Authoritiesin the Informal Sector’s operations for better performance and contribution to the livelihood of those involved but also to allow the Local Government Authoritiesearn income in form of taxes.
Mining sector reforms in the context of fifty years of independence in Tanzania: a reflection of Mwalimu Nyerere’s legacy
(Moshi Cooperative University, 2018) Muhanga, M.; Urassa, J.
This paper discusses Tanzania’s economic reforms in the context of fifty-plus years of independence. Specifically, it focuses on how these reforms have impacted on the mining sector and how the reforms are in agreement with what Tanzania’s founding father Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere advocated in relation to resource governance. This paper introduces the reader to the theoretical issues on government and economic reforms, and an overview of Tanzania’s reform of the economy following the economic hardships of the late 1970s and the 1980s. Generally, the paper has attempted to review Tanzania’s mining sector on basis of Mwalimu Nyerere’s belief that a country should benefit from her natural resource base. In particular the paper examines issues of ethics and resource governance as advocated by the father of the Nation, Mwalimu Nyerere. In addition to the above, the paper further highlights reforms in Tanzania’s mining sector by analysing successes, failures and lessons learnt in Tanzania both before and after the reforms. To get a better understanding of the above, issues around the legal and policy environment in relation to the mining sector have been analysed in the context of reforms in Tanzania. The paper also discusses other cross cutting (legal and policy) reforms made in Tanzania in the last fifty plus years of independence which have impacted on Tanzania’s mining in relation to Mwalimu Nyerere’s perspectives.
Muhanga, M and C.I Nombo (2010) Local Government policy responses to informal sector in Morogoro, Tanzania: seeing problems in an opportunity or seeing an opportunity in problems?
(Institute of African Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul Korea, 2010) Muhanga, M.; Nombo, C.
This paper is a study conducted in selected wards in Morogoro Municipality in Tanzania which aims at assessing the Local Government Authorities' policy responses and supporting the informal sector. Both checklist and questionnaires were used to collect information. Data analysis entailed a number of descriptive statistics and cross tabs. The study revealed a low level of policy knowledge among those involved in the sector (only 1.3%) and 53.8% seemed to prefer to operate on informal basis and only 46.2% would go for formalization of their activities with an opportunity, with 48.1% of the respondent has the information that the Informal Sector is not receiving support at all from the government. The study recommends that: There is a need for LGAs to boost efforts on the informal sector, addressing needs for the Local Government Authority's intervention to the Informal Sector for regulating purposes. Overall the study asserts that the informal sector has a significant contribution to the urban dwellers in Tanzania.
One Health Approach (OHA) in Selected Urban Settings in Tanzania: Knowledge, Attitudes, Awareness, and Practices
(TVJ, 2019) Kimario, Kanti; Muhanga, M.; Malungo, J.; Kimario, K.
Attainment of optimal health calls for collaboration between animals, humans, and environmental health professionals together with understanding the consequences of animals, humans, and environment interactions on health. In cognizant of this, the government in Tanzania introduced One Health Strategic Plan (2015–2020), little is empirically known on how this plan has facilitated the enhancement of knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) under One Health Approach (OHA). This article analyses KAPs under OHA from a cross-sectional study conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania. Data were collected by a questionnaire from 1440 respondents obtained through a multistage sampling procedure, 80 Focus Group discussions (FGDs) participants and 16 key informant interviewees. IBM-SPSS v.20 analysed quantitative data while qualitative data were organised into themes on specific objectives. Results revealed that only 32.3% (95% CI:30.3 to 35.3) had adequate OH knowledge. Only 5% (95% CI:4.0 to 6.1) were aware of OHA concept and practices; 3.8% (CI 95%, 2.8 to 4.8) managed to identify collaborative efforts and strategies, and 2.5% (CI 95%, 1.7 to 3.4) correctly explained/ described OHA. Whereas, 38.5% (95% CI:32.6 to 37.5) had a positive (favourable) attitude towards OHA. Despite the efforts outlined in the OH Strategic Plan to promote OHA, there is little awareness and knowledge on OHA. This indicates that the One Health Strategic Plan (2015–2020) and other initiatives have not significantly facilitated the enhancement of KAPs. This study recommends strengthening efforts towards OHA information dissemination to enhance awareness and knowledge on the concept and practices.
Re-thinking Legal and Policy Environment in the Mining Sector Thirty Years after Execution of Economic Reforms in Tanzania
(Mzumbe University, 2018) Muhanga, M.
This article examines legal and policy environments in the mining sector after the economic reforms in Tanzania, it specifically: analyses the sector before the reforms, examines the legal and policy responses after the economic reforms; and profiles how those policies and legislations have impacted the socio-economic and political aspects related to mining in Tanzania. A documentary review (documentary research method) was used in collecting relevant information. It was revealed that prior to the reforms the extent of minerals extraction in Tanzania was low compared after the reforms, with the mineral sector development operations largely state owned and run by government enterprises. The legal and policy responses examined include the Mineral Policy of 1997, Mineral Act of 1998, Mining Act of 2010, New Investment Policy and the Tanzania Investment Act No. 26 of 1997, Mining (Environmental Management and Protection) Regulations of 1999, Natural Wealth and Resources (Permanent Sovereignty) Act, 2017; Natural Wealth and Resources Contracts (Review and Re-Negotiation of Unconscionable Terms) Act, 2017, the Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 2017; Extractive Industry Transparency and Accountability Act, 2015 and The Finance Act of 2017. These legal and policy responses in the mining sector were found to have both positive and negative impacts. It has been observed that the reforms in the sector have not fully captured the expectations of Tanzanians. The article ends up by suggesting several recommendations
Sexual health knowledge among secondary school students in Morogoro, Tanzania: half full or full empty?
(Science Publishing Company (SPC), 2017) Kaale, G.; Muhanga, M.
Background: Sexual health knowledge (SHK) is very crucial as the world is facing HIV/AIDS tragedy, increased cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unsafe abortions among adolescents. It is obvious that knowledge is an important prevention factor for any disease. Objectives: The study was conducted to assess knowledge and attitude on sexual health among secondary school students in Morogoro Municipality. Specifically the study (I: (i) examined students’ knowledge and attitude on sexual transmitted infections, (ii) analyzed stu-dent's awareness on early pregnancy prevention, and; (iii) determined students’ knowledge on issues related to puberty. Methods: The study involved 75 respondents from five secondary schools and 13 key informants through purposive sampling and sim-ple random sampling techniques. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) ver.12. Results: Findings revealed that 79.8% of the respondents had knowledge on sexually transmitted infections, 86.5% were aware of methods of controlling early pregnancies; 83.9% have never used protective gears during sexual intercourses, and 54.7% did not under-stand a menstruation cycle. Conclusion: The study recommended for provision of sexual health knowledge to students to reduce incidences of early pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections; likewise on the need to use protective gears during sexual intercourses. Knowledge concerning sexual health is vital for all particularly for adolescents, as they are vulnerable to adopt negative behaviors if not guided properly and at the right age.
Social ecology: a neew perspective to HIV/AIDS susceptibility and vulnerability analysis in Mkamba village, Morogoro Tanzania
(Institute of African Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul Korea, 2009) Nombo, C.; Muhanga, M.
Who votes and why? An empirical analysis reflecting the 2015 general election in Tanzania
(2015-12) Rodgers, A.; Muhanga, M.
This paper empirically provides answers to very central questions towards. understanding elections and voting behaviour in the context of democratic systems: who votes and why. The paper analyses the aspects of voters turn out decline to characterize who are still turning out to vote and what propels them to vote as reflected in the 2015 General Election based on a study conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania. A questionnaire administered through Computer Aided Personal Interviewing (CAPI) platform was used JOr data collection from 240 randomly drawn respondents from Jour randomly selected wards (Kichangani, Tungi, Mazimbu and Mil Mpya) .from Morogoro urban which was purposively selected. A Discrete Choice Framework and R(117(10171 Utility Approach were employed to determine .factors that cted voters to go for election or not using a Logit model. Data analysis and processing were done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. The study found that; older people were more likely to vote compared to younger people; single citizens were 11101e likely to vote compared to married ones, people in the informal sector were more likelv to vote than citizens who were formally emploved, males were more likely to vote than females; Christians were more likely to vote than Mu.slints; those affiliated to political party were more likely to vote than non party members; citizens who attended to election campaign were more likely to vote than none-attendees, and citizen living near the polling station were more likely to vote compared to citizens living further away. The reasons JOu voting included: exercising democracy (67.5 i',"), exercising the right of each citizen aged IS years and above (95%), holding elected leaders accountable (60%), to get leaders of their choice (80 %), another 62.5% were enticed to tote due to the pC1.101"117(111Ce past leaders in relation to meeting development goals in the respective area. Another reason f o r voting was. .stated as, exposure to information 017 voting (77.5%). The study recommends the need to emphasize participation in voting among the females, .formally employed, and younger citizens who had become eligible for voting.