Browsing by Author "Ngowi, E. E."

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Climate-smart agroforestry systems and practices: a systematic review of what works, what doesn’t work, and why
(ELSEVIER, 2023-02) Ntawuruhunga, D.; Ngowi, E. E.; Mangi, H. O.; Salanga, R. J.; Shikuku, K. M.
The prevailing global environmental distress, particularly in rural areas, calls for the adoption of integrated sustainable rural development strategies like climate-smart agroforestry (CSA) practices. CSAF is a new name for an old farming practice among the world’s traditional farmers, a holistic approach to land use in which trees, crops, and sometimes animals are combined within a managed farmland, a sustainable farming system and practice, and a pathway toward the mitigation and adaptation of the biggest challenge of our times: climate change. CSAF systems and practices provide a range of goods and services vital for human well-being, partic ularly for people who live below the poverty line. Yet a number of important knowledge, research, and adoption gaps remain regarding human-environment interactions, and the urgency behind these gaps reflects the need to inform evidence-based policymaking and practice to realize the potential for CSAF to support farmers’ liveli hoods. We conducted a review of CSAF system practices that contribute to achieving the SDGs, in particular those related to increased human well-being, and prosperity, soil and water conservation, bioenergy, climate change response, biodiversity conservation, and landscape management, from the SDGs outlook. The study specifically identifies, (i) what has been innovatively achieved in CSAF practices to cope with climate risks for environmental stability, improved farm productivity, farm income, and food security (what works), (ii) challenges facing smallholder farmers to adopt CSAF practices (what doesn’t work), and (iii) room for a significant contribution of CSAF practices in smallholder farmers’ productivity beyond what has been observed. Generally, the results show that CSAF practices have the potential to optimize different socio-economic returns and sustain environmental services. Farming with CSAF technologies has many advantages in both ecological and economic aspects that support the achievement of several of the SDGs, specifically SDG1 (no poverty), SDG2 (zero hunger), SDG3 (good health and well-being), SDG5 (gender equality), SDG6 (clean water and proper sanitation), SDG7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG13 (climate action), and SDG15 (life on land). Results showed that despite its contribution to the SDGs and its global widespread, the challenge remains linking knowledge and action in CSAF research, education, and capacity development. Farmers will not be able to solve the challenge of sustainable agriculture by themselves. Thus, efforts are required from both the public and the industry and effective public-private partnerships along the agricultural and food value chain. There are multidimensional aspects to CSAF which require in-depth scientific analysis for the extensive application of CSAF practices in sustainable land manage ment endeavors. Moreover, in this perspective, CSAF should keep its identity while seeking a role in the nexus of SDGs. We hope this review will provide a clearer picture of what the state-of-the-art in practicing smarter technologies in a changing climate is and provide a more holistic understanding of CSAF systems and practices, and the gaps regarding human-environment interactions, and the way forward to overcoming them.
Rural-ICT service providers and agropastoralists interface: implications of the processes for sustainable agro-pastoral livelihoods in rural Tanzania
(Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2017) Ngowi, E. E.; Mwakalobo, A. S.
This paper looks at Rural-ICT Service Providers (telecentres alongside with community radio) and agro-pastoralists interface in rural Tanzania. Specifically, the paper aim to provide an assessment of the processes at the interface and examine how these processes influence decisions, behavior, actions and livelihoods among actors. The focus is to understand whether these processes provide enabling environment at the interface, with particular emphasis on institutional arrangements, rules and regulations, power relations, conditions and policies which are crucial in shaping agro-pastoralists' livelihoods. This assessment is imperative because it provides a better understanding on how different institutional arrangements influencing delivery of ICT services in rural areas. The study adopted a combination of cross-sectional and case study designs. Purposive and random sampling techniques were employed to select the representative sample. Data collection methods comprised of household surveys, focused group discussions (FGDs), and key informants' interviews. Agro-pastoralists were directly administered with questionnaires. In addition, FGDs and key informants' interviews were conducted. F-statistics was used to test for significance of data and One-Way ANOVA used to analyse 5-points Likertscale information. The study findings show that there are government failures at the interface due to structural weaknesses and conflicts in the implementation of policies and guidelines. The findings underscored the importance of effective processes for sustainable agro-pastoralists' livelihoods. The processes in the form of contractual arrangements play an important role for effective access, use and delivery of ICT services in rural areas. The study recommends that in order to ensure access, use and delivery of quality and effective ICT services in rural areas, the government should make sure that there are clear mandates and responsibilities among actors to reduce structural weaknesses and conflicts.
Understanding the development of rural-ICT service providers in the Tanzanian agropastoral system
(Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2016) Ngowi, E. E.; Mwakalobo, A. S.; Mwamfupe, D. G.
Information and communication technologies are commonly acknowledged as the best means of knowledge and information acquisition for socio-economic growth in rural areas of developing countries. The study was carried out to generate information on the socio-economic characteristics of agro-pastoralists, sources of production information, type of information and communication technology obtained, the level of utilization and effect of information and communication technology on the agro-pastoral system. The study adopted a combination of cross-sectional and case study designs. Data were generated through direct administration of structured questionnaires to 407 agro-pastoralists, key informants interview that involved managers from Rural-ICT Service Providers (RISP) and village extension officers. Results show that seventy percent (70%) of the agro-pastoralists contacted were men, with the higher proportion of ages ranging between 18-34 years followed by 35-54 years old. 62.4% of sample agro-pastoralists had attended primary education, with the rest (37.6%) having secondary education and above. In terms of ownership of important ICT assets, agro-pastoralists contacted have and are more familiar with radio (84.5%), mobile phones (76.2%), telecentre (64.1%), and television (73.7%) for agricultural and livestock information and knowledge acquisition than magazines (44.0%) and newspapers (36.4%). Only 42.2% of the agro-pastoralists agreed that ICT have highly positively impacted their livestock and agriculture (agro-pastoral livelihoods); 31.0% confirmed that they have been impacted; while 24.8% agreed that they have not been able to coordinate and harness information obtained from ICT to improve their productivity in livestock and agriculture. It is concluded that the potential of ICT services in rural areas as yet remains untapped. This is because of the limited level of awareness on the use of RISP (telecentres alongside with community radio) to improve and enhance agriculture and livestock production. Therefore, urgent measures are required to derive maximum benefits of ICT among agro-pastoralists for sustainable agro-pastoral system in rural Tanzania.