Browsing by Author "Nzunda, E. F."

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Adherence to Land use Zones in implementation of participatory Village Land use planning policy in Ulanga District in Tanzania
(AJEE, 2021) Naiposha, M. N.; Nzunda, E. F.
Proper implementation of land use planning may contribute to solving land use problems, including land use conflicts. Adherence to land plans depends on many factors which vary according to circumstances of a study area. The present study aims to contribute to knowledge needed to enhance adherence to zones in land use planning. Specifically, the study had two objectives, namely: (1) to examine extent of adherence to village land use plans and, (2) to assess factors that influence adherence to the village land use plans. Data were collected through household survey of 120 respondents from two villages, key informants, focus group discussions, field observation, review of guidelines for land use planning, village land use plans (VLUPs), district land use framework, books and journal articles. GPS points to examine adherence to VLUPs were analyzed using Kappa statistic. Factors influencing adherence to VLUPs were analysed using binary logistical regression and pair-wise ranking. There was moderate adherence with kappa coefficient of 0.47 and 0.49 for Iragua and Kichangani villages. Larger families with higher incomes were more likely not to adhere to land use plans. Immigrants were also more likely not to adhere to plans than residents. Corruption of village leaders, lack of follow up by village leaders on implementation, lack of awareness on land use plans and underestimated population growth were the key prioritised factors that resulted in non-adherence of land use plans. The study recommends a review of the zoning standards to enhance sufficiency of allocated zones; privatization of grazing land; establishment of communal grazing management plans; and involvement of communities in developing complete plans. The study also recommends close monitoring; reviewing of VLUPs; enforcement of good governance; establishing incentive schemes; offering continuous education and developing participatory implementation framework.
Community-based forest management in Tanzania: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
(Hyderabad, India, 2011) Nzunda, E. F.; Luoga, E. J.; Mahuve, T. G.
In developing countries, the failure of the policing model of forest management whereby the central government protected forest reserves by preventing local communities from using them led to the emergence of Participatory Forest Management (PFM). In Tanzania PFM takes two main forms: Joint Forest Management (JFM) whereby the forest is owned by the central government or district council and the local people are involved in conservation of the forest and Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) whereby the community is given the right to own and use the forest that is on the general land. In both JFM and CBFM the village is the focal point in management of the forest and hence this approach to forest management is referred to as village-based forest management in this paper (VBFM). The paper discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of village-based forest management in Tanzania in the light of the origin and characteristics of villages and governance in the country. A historical account of forest management is given. Among the strengths are the government structure with strong villages for many years, willingness of people to participate in CBFM initiatives and community-village collaboration. The fact that the approach is exogenous both in conception and funding, its poor spiritual basis, inadequacy of technical knowledge at the community level, inequality in cost and benefit sharing, poor infrastructure and lack of legal documentation of the villages are seen as weaknesses of CBFM. Opportunities for CBFM include appropriate national policies and international conventions and funding initiatives for sustainable forest management. Threats to CBFM include land grabbing for bio-fuel production and other enterprises, conflict of interest with the district and higher-level government and poor governance. The paper concludes by suggesting the way forward for tapping the strengths and opportunities of VBFM and addressing its weaknesses and threats.
Deforestation and loss of bushland and grassland primarily due to expansion of cultivation in mainland Tanzania (1995–2010)
(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Nzunda, E. F.; Midtgaard, F.
Information on land use and cover changes (LUCC) is important for planning of conservation and development and thus ensure forest sustainability. The current paper assesses LUCC for the whole of the mainland Tanzania. The analyses were done using land use and cover maps covering the whole of mainland Tanzania for 1995 and 2010. For 1995, forest, bushland, grassland, cultivation and other land use and cover (built up areas, bare land, etc.) covered 43.5%, 19.8%, 23.5%, 11.2%, and 2.0% of the study area, respectively. For 2010, the same land use and cover classes covered 38.0%, 14.5%, 6.9%, 36.5%, and 4.1% of the study area, respectively. The annual rate of deforestation was 320,067 ha, which is equivalent to 0.9%. Bushland and grassland were lost at 313,745 and 969,982 ha/year, respectively. Most forest was con- verted to cultivation and least to other land use and cover. In conclusion, the net changes were deforestation and loss of bushland and grassland primarily due to expansion of cultivation. Further research on how to reduce or halt expansion of cultivation may shed light on improving sustainability of forest, bushland, and grassland in mainland Tanzania.
Impact of traditional beekeeping on Mgori village land forest reserve in Singida District, Tanzania
(2016-12) Augustino, S.; Kashaigili, J. J.; Nzunda, E. F.
A study was conducted in villages around Mgori Village Land Forest Reserve (VLFR), Singida District in Tanzania to assess the impact of traditional beekeeping on the condition of forest resources. Data collection involved participatory rural appraisal, questionnaire survey and forest inventory. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and Ms Excel. The Shannon-Wiener index was used to analyse evenness in species diversity. Results indicated that the majority of households practice traditional beekeeping using log hives. There is no proper management system of traditional beekeeping apart from regular forest patrols. The majority (82%) of respondents viewed traditional beekeeping as an effective way of managing forest resources as it helps to protect the forest against destruction and results in increased plant productivity through pollination. Results further showed that although not statistically significant (p>0.05), sites where beekeeping was practiced had more stems per hectare (ha) for dbh ≤10 cm compared to sites where there was no beekeeping implying high regeneration of species due to minimal disturbances in beekeeping sites. Forest destruction, decreasing bee forages and drought were identified to be the main threats to traditional beekeeping. If well implemented, traditional beekeeping can be a tool for sustainable forest management. The need to promote best beekeeping practices which contribute to sustainable forest management in the area and beyond is recommended
Socio-ecological resilience of people evicted for establishment of Uluguru Nature Reserve in Morogoro Region, Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis, 2013-07-15) Nyenza, O. M.; Nzunda, E. F.; Katani, J. Z.
Eviction of people for establishment of protected areas is often accompanied with negative consequences to the livelihoods of the evicted. This study assessed the eviction process and its effects on the socio-ecological resilience of the evicted, examined coping strategies for the evicted and analysed socio-economic factors that affected socio-ecological resilience of people evicted in 2008 for establishment of the Uluguru Nature Reserve in Morogoro, Tanzania. The results show that most of the evicted did not receive eviction notice prior to eviction nor proper training on how to cope with the eviction. There was also low involvement of the evicted in planning the eviction. Most of the evicted had low ability to reorganise themselves after the eviction. Following the eviction, the most frequently adopted coping strategy was the provision of casual labour. This resulted in reduced income and certainty of livelihood. Male respondents were better informed and better able to reorganise than female respondents. It is recommended that eviction planning should be participatory and include provision of appropriate prior information to the to-be evicted in a gender considerate manner in order to enhance their socio-ecological resilience in the face of eviction.
Spatial relationship between deforestation and protected areas, accessibility, population density, GDP and other factors in mainland Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis, 2017) Nzunda, E. F.; Midtgaard, F.
Deforestation is a problem that adversely affects the socioeconomic and ecological dimensions of human life locally, nationally and globally. This paper reports on the analysis of the spatial relationships between deforestation (study period: 1995–2010) and protected areas, accessibility, human population density, regional gross domestic product (GDP) and geographic and climatic factors using land use/land cover maps covering the whole of mainland Tanzania. Multiple linear regression analysis was used for statistical analysis of the relationship between deforestation and the explanatory variables. Deforestation was estimated at the rate of 320,067 ha/yr. High deforestation was associated with unprotected areas, low distance to railway, road and town, high population density and high regional GDP. These results have at least the following four implications: (1) Protected areas are better in controlling deforestation than if there were none. (2) Town dwellers depend on forests for wood and livelihood. (3) Roads and railways are not used only to access off farm activities but also to access forests for exploitation and conversion to other land covers than forest. (4) High population density and high GDP did not result in switching from dependence on forests for wood and livelihoods. It is recommended that appropriate strategies should address these implications so that the patterns of dependence on forests for wood and livelihoods are redressed.