Browsing by Author "Rweyemamu, M"

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Epidemiological patterns of foot-and-mouth disease worldwide
(Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2008-04) Rweyemamu, M; Roeder, P; Mackay, D; Sumption, K; Brownlie, J; Leforban, Y; Valarcher, J.-F; Knowles, N. J; Saraiva, V
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a clinical syndrome in animals due to FMD virus that exists in seven serotypes, whereby recovery from one sero-type does not confer immunity against the other six. So when considering intervention strategies in endemic settings, it is important to take account of the characteris- tics of the different serotypes in different ecological systems. FMD serotypes are not uniformly distributed in the regions of the world where the disease still occurs. For example, the cumulative incidence of FMD serotypes show that six of the seven serotypes of FMD (O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3) have occurred in Africa, while Asia contends with four sero-types (O, A, C, Asia-1), and South America with only three (O, A, C). Periodically there have been incur- sions of Types SAT-1 and SAT-2 from Africa into the Middle East. This paper describes the global dynamics for the seven sero-types and attempts to define FMD epidemiological clusters in the different regions of the world. These have been described on a continent by continent basis. The review has reaffirmed that the movement of infected animals is the most important factor in the spread of FMD within the endemically infected regions. It also shows that the eco-system based approach for defining the epidemiolo- gical patterns of FMD in endemic, which was originally described in South America, can apply readily to other parts of the world. It is proposed that any coordinated regional or global strategy for FMD con- trol should be based on a sound epidemiological assessment of the incidence and distribution of FMD, identifying risk sources as either primary or second- ary endemic eco-systems.
Exploring the evidence base for national and regional policy interventions to combat resistance
(Elsevier, 2016) Hasan, D; Schlundt, S; Caleo, S; Rweyemamu, M; Buckle, M
An array of local, national and global policy initiatives to control antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been launched, but the effectiveness of these policies is not yet fully understood. A stronger evidence base to inform effective policy interventions in high and low/middle income country (HIC and LMIC) settings, and across both the human and animal sectors, is needed. We examine existing policies covering three domains: 1) responsible use, 2) surveillance and 3) infection prevention and control, and consider which policies are likely to be most effective at national and regional levels. Specific case studies highlight the complexities of applying AMR prevention and control policies across sectors and in widely varying political and regulatory environments, and demonstrate gaps that have emerged in the evidence base. We make recommendations for policy action given the current state of evidence 2and demonstrate that there is a need for more comprehensive AMR control policy evaluations including of their cost-effectiveness and generalisibility; by providing a contextual analysis of the political, regulatory and technical environments in which they are implemented. This is especially important across LMICs, and in the animal and environmental sectors. We conclude that standardised frameworks for evaluating AMR control policies should be developed and a cross-sectoral open-access central repository established to capture national and regional experience. A ‘One Health’ approach would enable an inclusive, sensitive and flexible process for AMR policy development that accommodates the needs and circumstances of each sector involved, and addresses specific country and regional concerns.
Incidence and distribution of Foot-and-mouth disease in Asia, Africa and South America; combining expert opinion, official disease information and livestock populations to assist risk assessment
(Blackwell Verlag, 2008) Sumption, K; Rweyemamu, M; Wint, W
Risk assessment procedures frequently require quantitative data on the preva- lence of the disease in question. Although most countries are members of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the importance attached to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) reporting or surveillance for infection varies enormously between infected countries. There is a general consensus that FMD outbreaks in endemic countries are greatly under-reported, to a degree related either to the economic or the political development level of the country. This exploratory study was first undertaken by FAO, but thereafter extended and reviewed by the working group on FMD risk co-ordinated by the Euro- pean Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The paper attempts to overcome the lack of reporting through using expert opinion to extrapolate incidence indices from countries considered to have ‘representative’ levels of FMD. These were combined with livestock density distributions to provide maps of prevalence indices, which were found to be highest in China (pigs), India (cattle), the Near East (small ruminants) and the Sahel (small ruminants and cattle). Similar patterns were found when weighted expert rankings of a range of additional ranked disease parameters were also produced, and then combined with susceptible animal densities to produce a weighted multi-species density. Results suggest that the methods can provide useful information at both national and sub-national resolution, even for countries for which quantitative FMD data is currently unavailable: two of the regions identified provide little or no data on a regular basis to the OIE and therefore may be overlooked if the level of officially reported FMD is only used. As the estimated prevalences are based on recent disease history and expert opinion, they are most likely to be inaccurate where FMD incursions are infrequent as a result of the preventive measures and geographical and trade isolation. This study, therefore, highlights the need for specific detailed country risk assessments where livestock trade is under consideration. Validating the approach including ground truthing, will require collaboration between a number of agencies and institutions, in critical countries, particularly those with high disease burdens that share borders or trade livestock with currently FMD-free nations.
Incursions of foot-and mouth disease virus into Europe between 1985 and 2006 date of issue:
(Blackwell Verlag, 2008) Valarcher, J; Leforban, Y; Rweyemamu, M; Roeder, P; Gerbie, G; Mackay, D; Paton, D
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the biggest threats to animal health in European countries. In the last 22 years (1985–2006), FMD has occurred 37 times in 14 European countries. Serotype O was most frequently involved in these outbreaks followed by A, C and Asia 1. Sometimes, epidemics were very limited and at other times, they were the cause of devastating economic losses. In most cases (22/37), the origin of the outbreaks could not be determined. For some of these outbreaks, however, routes of introduction and spread were identified through epidemiological inquiries. Moreover, in some cases, the origin of the virus was also traced by phylogenetic analysis of the partial or complete sequences of VP1 genes. Lessons learned from the outbreaks are still useful as most of the same risk factors persist. However, efforts made by FMD-free countries to help those where the disease is endemic are a valuable strategy for the reduction of the global risk. The present and the future potential sources of FMD infection need to be identified to best focus European efforts.
Isolation and potential for transmission of mycobacterium bovis at human–livestock–wildlife interface of the Serengeti Ecosystem, Northern Tanzania
(PubMed, 2015) Katale, B. Z.; Mbugi, E. V.; Siame, K. K.; Keyyu, J. D.; Kendall, S.; Kazwala, R. R.; Dockrell, H. M.; Fyumagwa, R. D.; Michel, A. L.; Rweyemamu, M; Streicher, E. M.; Warren, R. M.; Helden, P.; Matee, M. I.
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is a multihost pathogen of public health and veterinary importance. We characterized the M. bovis isolated at the human– livestock–wildlife interface of the Serengeti ecosystem to determine the epidemiology and risk of crossspecies transmission between interacting hosts species. DNA was extracted from mycobacterial cultures obtained from sputum samples of 472 tuberculosis (TB) suspected patients and tissue samples from 606 livestock and wild animal species. M. bovis isolates were characterized using spoligotyping and Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) on 24 loci. Only 5 M. bovis were isolated from the cultured samples. Spoligotyping results revealed that three M. bovis isolates from two buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) and 1 African civet (Civettictis civetta) belonged to SB0133 spoligotype. The two novel strains (AR1 and AR2) assigned as spoligotype SB2290 and SB2289, respectively, were identified from indigenous cattle (Bos indicus). No M. bovis was detected from patients with clinical signs consistent with TB. Of the 606 animal tissue specimens and sputa of 472 TBsuspected patients 43 (7.09%) and 12 (2.9%), respectively, yielded non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), of which 20 isolates were M. intracellulare. No M. avium was identified. M. bovis isolates from wildlife had 45.2% and 96.8% spoligotype pattern agreement with AR1 and AR2 strains, respectively. This finding indicates that bTB infections in wild animals and cattle were epidemiologically related. Of the 24 MIRU-VNTR loci, QUB 11b showed the highest discrimination among the M. bovis strains. The novel strains obtained in this study have not been previously reported in the area, but no clear evidence for recent cross-species transmission of M. bovis was found between human, livestock and wild animals.
Planning for the progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease worldwide
(Blackwell Verlag, 2008) Rweyemamu, M; Roede, P; MacKay, D; Sumption, K; Brownlie, J; Leforban, Y
In the wake of on-going successful programmes for global eradication of rin- derpest and the current effort to contain the spread of avian influenza, the pro- gressive world-wide control of FMD must be regarded as a major contribution to the international public good. FMD is the single most animal disease con- straint to international trade in animal products. Its control is relevant, on the one hand, to protecting the livestock industries of industrialised countries and, on the other, to the livelihoods and income generation of developing countries, where, as a general rule, FMD continues to be endemic. The strategy that is advocated in this paper is one that is based on progres- sive risk reduction of FMD in the context of progressive market access of live- stock commodities from developing countries. It is suggested that FMD control should be linked to improvement in livelihoods of livestock dependent com- munities in the FMD endemic settings. It is expected that this in turn will lead to increasing demand for effective national veterinary services and disease sur- veillance. This strategy has also taken lessons from the global rinderpest eradi- cation programme and regional FMD control programmes in Europe and South America. The strategy that is advocated for the progressive control of FMD in the endemic settings is based on a seven stage process within a horizon of about 30 years, namely: (1) Assessing and defining national FMD status; (2) institut- ing vaccination and movement control; (3) suppressing virus transmission to achieve absence of clinical disease; (4) achieving freedom from FMD with vac- cination in accordance with the OIE standards; (5) achieving freedom from FMD without vaccination in accordance with the OIE standards; (6) extending FMD free zones; and (7) maintaining FMD Freedom. Concomitant with progressive FMD control, there needs be the encourage- ment of such risk reduction measures as in-country commodity processing in order to encourage regulated trade in livestock commodities without unduly increasing the risk of disease spread. Finally, the progressive control of FMD should also be seen as part of redu- cing the overall, world-wide threat of infectious diseases to human health and economic development.