Browsing by Author "Sato, Hiroshi"

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Brief review on atypical human trypanosomiasis of trypanosoma lewisi
(2016) Mafie, Eliakunda; Rupa, Fatema Hashem; Setsuda, Aogu; Saito-Ito, Atsuko; Sato, Hiroshi
Trypanosomes (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), particularly salivarian trypanosome species as well as stercorarian Trypanosoma cruzi, are important parasites of humans and other animals that cause often fatal diseases. Stercorarian T. lewisi is known as a rat-specific species of the subgenus Herpetosoma. Rodent trypanosomes cause latent infections, and T. lewisi infection beyond the genus border, e.g. infection in mice, is considered to be virtually impossible. Nevertheless, nine human cases of T. lewisi infection have been reported in recent decades, with an increased incidence (five cases) in the last two decades. In the present review, we summarize the records of atypical human trypanosomiasis ascribed to T. lewisi infection and provide information on the background of disease incidences and possible PCR-based diagnostic approaches.
Endoparasites of Vietnamese lizards recorded in the last 50 years (1966−2015)
(2016) Thi Tran, Binh; Nguyen, Son Truong; Nguyen, Tao Thien; Van Luc, Pham; Mafie, Eliakunda; Rupa, Fatema Hashem; Sato, Hiroshi
At present, there is a limited knowledge of amphibian and reptile parasites in Vietnam. To date, 45 species of endoparasite in Vietnamese lizards have been recorded. These species consist of 11 cestode, 12 trematode, 18 nematode, one acanthocephalan and three pentastomid species from 10 host species. As Vietnam is one of the global hot spots for herpetofauna diversity (a recent report documented 385 reptiles and 181 amphibians in the country), it appears that only a fraction of the parasites of lizards in this richly biodiverse territory has been recorded. To facilitate the accurate taxonomical identification of parasites and clarify the taxonomic relationship of parasites from Vietnamese lizards with those from Oriental lizards or lizards of other geographical regions, parasites should be characterized both morphologically and phylogenetically.
First record of trypanosoma dionisii of the T. cruzi clade from the Eastern bent-winged bat (miniopterus fuliginosus) in the far East
(Springer, 2018) Mafie, Eliakunda; Rupa, Fatema Hashem; Takano, Ai; Suzuki, Kazuo; Maeda, Ken; Sato, Hiroshi
Chiropteran mammals worldwide harbour trypanosomes (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatida) of the subgenus ‘Schizotrypanum’ in the classical sense. Latterly, these trypanosomes have been referred to as members of the ‘Trypanosoma cruzi clade’ as their phylogenetic relationships, structure and life cycle conform to T. cruzi, parasitising various terrestrial mammals as well as humans in Latin America. Little is known, however, about the trypanosome species in Asian bats. During a survey on Borrelia spp. in the Eastern bent-winged bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus) living in a cave in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, incidental proliferation of trypanosomes was detected in two of 94 haemocultures. Squat or slender trypano- somes that proliferated in the cultures were 7.5–20.5 μm in length between both body ends and 1.0–3.8 μm in width with/without free flagella up to 14.5 μm (n = 29). The nucleotide sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA; 2176 bp), large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (1365 bp) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gGAPDH; 843 bp) of the present isolates were characterized to clarify their molecular phylogenetic position in T. cruzi-like trypanosomes. The newly obtained SSU rDNA and gGAPDH nucleotide sequences showed the highest identities with Brazilian and European isolates of Trypanosoma dionisii of the T. cruzi clade, ranging between 99.4 and 99.7% or between 95.6 and 99.3% identities, respectively. Although multiple T. dionisii isolates from the North and South American continents showed the closest molecular genetic relatedness to the present Far East isolates, only short SSU rDNA segments of the former isolates were deposited. Therefore, a definitive conclusion cannot be made until full nucleotide sequencing of at least the American isolates’ SSU rDNA is available. This is the first confirmation of a Far East distribution of T. dionisii, demonstrating a wide geographical distribution of the species in the Eurasian and American continents with a limited nucleotide variation.
Genetic diversity of cervid trypanosoma theileri In Honshu sika deer (cervus nippon) in Japan
(Cambridge University Press, 2021) Rosyadi, Imron; Setsuda, Aogu; Eliakunda, Mafie; Takano, Ai; Maeda, Ken; Saito-Ito, Atsuko; Suzuki, Kazuo; Sato, Hiroshi
The taxonomy of ruminant Trypanosoma theileri and its relatives (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is controversial, with recent phylogenetic studies segregating T. theileri in cattle and other ruminants worldwide into two major genetic lineages (the TthI and TthII clades) based on genetic markers. In the present study, T. theileri-like trypanosomes isolated from Honshu sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the western Japan (YMG isolate) were gen- etically characterized using a number of genetic markers. Sika deer trypanosomes of the YMG isolate were genetically different from the Trypanosoma sp. TSD1 isolate previously recorded from Hokkaido sika deer in northern Japan, with the former trypanosome isolate being gen- etically closer to European cervid trypanosomes and the bovine T. theileri TthII lineage. In contrast, the latter isolate exhibited greater relatedness to North American cervid trypano- somes and the bovine T. theileri TthI lineage, although a clear genetic distinction between these was apparent. Furthermore, trypanosomes in Honshu sika deer from the central part of Japan harboured additional genetic diversity and were closer to either TSD1 or YMG iso- lates, while distinct from known T. theileri-related genotypes. Importantly, cervids and wild ruminants worldwide might harbour divergent descendants of a T. theileri ancestor, which exhibit rigid host specificity to either bovines or cervid species.
Integrative taxonomic approach of trypanosomes in the blood of rodents and soricids in Asian countries, with the description of three new species
(Springer, 2018) Mafie, Eliakunda; Saito-Ito, Atsuko; Kasai, Masatoshi; Hatta, Mochammad; Rivera, Pilarita T; Ma, Xiao-Hang; Chen, Eng-Rin; Sato, Hiroshi; Takada, Nobuhiro
Trypanosoma lewisi (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) with a cosmopolitan distribution is the type species of the subgenus Herpetosoma, which includes ca. 50 nominal species isolated mainly from rodents. Since members of Herpetosoma in different host species have an almost identical morphology of bloodstream forms, these trypanosomes are referred to as ‘T. lewisi-like’, and the molecular genetic characterization of each species is necessary to verify their taxonomy. In the present study, we collected blood samples from 89 murid rodents of 15 species and 11 soricids of four species in Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, and mainland China for the detection of hemoprotozoan infection. T. lewisi and T. lewisi-like trypanosomes were found in the blood smears of 10 murid animals, which included Bandicota indica (two rats), Rattus argentiventer (one rat), and Rattus tiomanicus (two rats) in Indonesia; Rattus rattus (one rat) in the Philippines; and Niviventer confucianus (four rats) in mainland China. Furthermore, large- or medium-sized non-T. lewisi-like trypanosomes were detected in two soricids, Crocidura dracula in Vietnam and Anourosorex yamashinai in Taiwan, respectively. Molecular genetic characterization of the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) gene indicated that the trypanosomes from all the murid hosts had identical SSU rDNA or gGAPDH gene nucleotide sequences except for those in N. confucianus in mainland China. These N. confucianus-infecting trypanosomes also showed several unique morphological features such as smaller bodies, anteriorly positioned nuclei, and larger rod-shaped kinetoplasts when compared with T. lewisi trypomastigotes. Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) niviventerae n. sp. is erected for this new species. Similarly, based on morpho- logical and molecular genetic characterization, Trypanosoma sapaensis n. sp. and Trypanosoma anourosoricis n. sp. are pro- posed for the trypanosomes in C. dracula in Vietnam and A. yamashinai in Taiwan, respectively. More effort directed toward the morphological and molecular genetic characterization of the trypanosomes of rodents and soricids is required to fully understand the real biodiversity of their hemoflagellates.
Morphological and molecular genetic characterization of two Kudoa spp., k. musculoliquefaciens, and k. pleurogrammi n. sp. (myxosporea: multivalvulida), causing myoliquefaction Of commercial marine fish
(Springer, 2016-01) Li, Ying-Chun; Mafie, Eliakunda; Sato, Hiroshi; Kasai, Akihiro
Genetic characterization of myxosporean species, including members of the genus Kudoa, has advanced dramat- ically throughout the last decade. This is in stark contrast to those species described further back in time. Kudoa musculoliquefaciens described from the jellied muscle of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the western Pacific Ocean off the Sanriku Coast, northern Japan, is one such species. In the present study, multiple pseudocysts (0.66–1.35 mm average length and 0.06–0.10 mm average width) containing K. musculoliquefaciens spores were collected from three host groups: muscle blocks of swordfish caught in the western Pacific Ocean off the Sanriku Coast, or the northern Indian Ocean, and Indo-Pacific sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, in the western Pacific Ocean off Kochi, western Japan. Subspherical K. musculoliquefaciens spores, 8.0–10.3 μm in width, 7.3–10.0 μm in thickness, 6.4–7.9 μm in sutural thick- ness, and 5.5–8.1 μm in length, had four subspherical polar capsules, 2.8–4.0 μm in length by 2.2–3.2 μm in width. The kudoid spores found in the different host groups showed mor- phometric variations to some extent but had essentially iden- tical nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA), closest to those of Kudoa hemiscylli or Kudoa carcharhini recorded from elasmobranchs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Another kudoid species, Kudoa pleurogrammi n. sp., was recorded from the jellied and normal muscles of Atka mackerel, Pleurogrammus monopterygius and Pleurogrammus azonus, fished in the northern Pacific Ocean or northern Sea of Japan. Subquadrate spores found in round-ended pseudocysts (1.15–3.85 mm in length and 0.11–0.26 mm in width) in myofibers were 8.2–9.1 μm in width, 7.1–8.2 μm in thickness, 5.4–7.7 μm in sutural thick- ness, and 5.6–6.8 μm in length, with four ovoid polar cap- sules, 2.7–2.9 μm in length by 1.4–2.0 μm in width. Kudoid spores from both jellied and normal muscles or different host fish species had identical 18S or 28S rDNA nucleotide se- quences. Thus, molecular genetic characterization of kudoid species with the potential to induce post-mortem myoliquefaction will facilitate the reliable and specific identi- fication of myxosporeans found in either jellied or normal muscles of important commercial fish
New host records of monacanthid fish for three kudoa spp. (k. septempunctata, k. thyrsites, and k. shiomitsui) prevalent In the olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus), with the description Of k. parathyrsites n. sp. from a black scraper (thamnaconus modestus)
(Springer, 2016) Kasai, Akihiro; Li, Ying-Chun; Mafie, Eliakunda; Sato, Hiroshi
Kudoa septempunctata (Myxosporean: Multivalvulida) is known as a cause of foodborne disease associated with consumption of raw flesh of the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Knowledge of its life cycle, particu- larly alternate annelid hosts and reservoirs or susceptible fish hosts in natural waters, may facilitate disease control in aqua- culture farms. Our recent survey of myxosporean infection in monacanthid fish in natural waters around Japan revealed in- fection with three kudoid species prevalent in the olive floun- der, i.e., K. septempunctata, Kudoa thyrsites, and Kudoa shiomitsui. Of the 51 black scrapers (Thamnaconus modestus) examined, five fish were infected: two fish with K. septempunctata and three with K. thyrsites. One of the fish infected with K. septempunctata was also infected with a K. thyrsites-like species. One of the 17 threadsail filefish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer) and two of four unicorn leatherjackets (Aluterus monoceros) were parasitized with K. shiomitsui. Three modest filefish (Thamnaconus modestoides) had no kudoid infection. K. septempunctata from a black scraper fished in the Inland Sea of Japan off Yamaguchi had 6–8 (predominantly 7) shell valves/polar cap- sules, whereas K. septempunctata found in another black scraper from the Sea of Japan off Tottori had 5 or 6 (predominantly 6). However, the two isolates displayed iden- tical 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) nucleotide sequences, which were also identical to the isolates from the olive flounder. K. thyrsites from the Inland Sea of Japan off Yamaguchi and Sea of Japan off Tottori and K. shiomitsui from the Sea of Japan off Shimane and western Pacific Ocean off Kochi were also morphologically and genetically characterized. They were found to be coincident with the pre- vious reports from olive flounders. Furthermore, the K. thyrsites-like species found in a black scraper from the Inland Sea of Japan off Yamaguchi was morphologically and genetically characterized; a new species, Kudoa parathyrsites n. sp., is erected for this species. The relation- ships of the new species with K. thyrsites and related species as well as those of K. shiomitsui with Kudoa pericardialis and related species parasitizing the pericardium are briefly discussed.
“Visiting old, learn new”: taxonomical overview of chiropteran trypanosomes from the morphology to the genes
(Springer, 2022-01-02) Sato, Hiroshi; Mafie, Eliakunda
Bats (the order Chiroptera) account for more than 20% of all mammalian species in the world; remarkably, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight using their wing-like forelimbs. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, various morphotypes (or genotypes in the last decade) of haemoflagellates in the genus Trypanosoma (Eugleno- zoa: Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) have been reported worldwide in the blood of bats. Of note, the latent nature of chiropteran trypanosome infection with low levels of parasitaemia, together with the apparent morphological variation of the bloodstream forms related to phenotypical plasticity and the morphological resemblance of different parasite species, has hampered the taxonomic classification of bat trypanosomes based on morphological criteria. This said, 50 years ago, Hoare (1972) provisionally divided bat trypanosomes into two major morphotypes: the megadermae group (corresponding to the subgenus Megatrypanum in the traditional taxonomic system; 8 species) and the vespertilionis group (similar to the subgenus Schizotrypanum; 5 species). Importantly, the biological and biochemical analyses of bat trypanosomes isolated by haemoculture, together with the molecular genetic characterisation using various gene markers, allowed the establishment of clear phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of various isolates from different continents in the last two decades. Here, we review the historical taxonomic approaches used to define chiropteran trypanosomes, as well as the ones currently employed to shed light on the diversity and evolutional tracks of the globally distributed chiropteran trypanosomes.