Transitioning to clean energy and opportunities for developing countries
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Date
2025
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier
Abstract
The shift from fossil-based energy systems to renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydro presents both op
portunities and challenges for developing countries aiming to expand energy access, promote economic growth,
and meet climate goals. This study examines the technological, financial, institutional, and governance aspects of
clean energy transitions, focusing on regional disparities and implications for low- and middle-income econo
mies. A systematic review of literature was carried out using the SPAR-4-SLR methodology across Scopus, Web of
Science, and Google Scholar. Only peer-reviewed studies published in English from 2009 to 2025 were included,
guided by four research questions: (1) technological and resource endowments, (2) capital structuring and
financial market dynamics, (3) institutional and policy frameworks, and (4) decentralized, digital energy
governance. Search terms were tailored for each theme, and studies were classified by topic, region, and
methodology. Results show that decentralized renewable systems—especially solar micro-grids—offer affordable
alternatives to fossil fuels in rural and off-grid areas, enhancing job creation, energy security, and poverty
reduction. Examples from Kenya, India, and Southeast Asia highlight the importance of policy consistency,
financial innovation, and institutional preparedness in promoting clean energy deployment. Still, ongoing
challenges such as high initial costs, infrastructure gaps, and limited technical skills continue to hinder progress
in many regions.
Description
Article
Keywords
Clean energy, Economic development, Energy policy, Off-grid access, Renewable energy adoption, Sustainable solutions
Citation
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2025.101909,E-mail addresses: keliakira@yahoo.com (E.K. Nassary), anethjmagu@gmail.com (A.J. Magubika), lenganjimwampashi@gmail.com (L.L. Mwampashi), ffukah@ tubmanu.edu.lr (F.K. Fukah), caren.kahangwa@gmail.com (C.A. Kahangwa), muhatryg@gmail.com (G.M. Tryphone).