Soil Science Collection

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Evaluation of Minjingu phosphate rock products as sources of phosphorus for maize and sorghum in some Morogoro and Hai soils
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1991) Kimbi, Gerald Gervas
Experiments effectiveness were partially of to evaluatethe acidulated phosphate rock conducted (PAPR) and non acidulated Minjingu phosphate rock (PR) as sources of for phosphorus maize and sorghum. Two studies was the test crop in the initial pot study and two field experiments were conducted.Maize in the field experiments while sorghum was used in the residual pot study.Five soils, namely Kwa Sadala, Mlama, Mafiga,Magadu and University Gate,varying widely in properties were used. Results of these experiments showed that all the P carriers increased yields in Mlama, Magadu and University Gate soils, indicating that the three soils were P deficient and thus required supplemental P. The KwaSadala and Mafiga soils, with high available P and nearly, neutral pH values, did not respond to either of the P sources.The initial PAPRs and results study indicated non ac i dulated PRs had the nearing that pot of University Gate that the fertilizer values TSPin soilsthe PAPRs and PRs were generally Mlama soil. In the Magadu and inferior to TSP. Results of the residual pot study showed that the PAPRs and PRs had superior residual effectiveness compared to TSP in Magadu, indicating that overMlama and time the P dissolved in the three soils.University Gate soils, carriers substantially
The effect of soil erosion on soil productivity under different management practices
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Gebremedhin, Yemane Hallu
A study was conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, to evaluate the effect of erosion soil on soil productivity different under management practices using 10mx5m runoff plots with a 4 percent slope. (BF) ,permanent cropping(RO ,coarse mesh The treatments consisted of bare grass fine (GP) , flat mesh (FM) ,cropping medium fallow(CP) ,mesh ridge(MM) , and (CM). The CP and RC were planted with maize with a population density of 41 600 plants/ha. The FM, MM,and CM were simulated canopy covers with net shading rates of 80, 55, and 40 percent, respectively, stretched 40 cm above the surface.Runoff generated during every rainstorm was collected for determining amount of runoff, soil and nutrient losses from each treatment. Soil samples from the runoff plots taken at the beginning (initial) study were analyzed for and end (final) changes properties. Amount of nutrient loss and eroded sediments were in soil of the chemical in the runoff water determined. Grain yield and biomass were determined for the cultivated treatments. Runoff ranged from 143.9 m3/ha in the GP to 2398 m3/ha in the BF. The runoff from the BF, significantly different from all (p<0.05) other treatments. Soil GP, CP, and CM were amongst themselves and loss was between 0.09 Mg/ha in the GP and 12.49 Mg/ha in the CP. There was no significant difference in soil loss between the BF and CP treatments but they differed significantly from all other treatments.Organic carbon showed a significant decrease in the final soil samples in the BF, GP, RC, and FM treatments, while TN decreased significantly (P<0.05)in the CP,RC,and phosphorus CM treatments.Likewise, available was significantly lower in the final soil samples in the GP, CP, and FM. Surprisingly, both Na*and CEC were significantly higher in the final soil sample in some of the treatments. The BF and CP treatments lost significantly (P<0.05) more OM, nitrogen, and Ca2+ than all other treatments. The loss in AVP, K+, and significantly different Mg2+ the from (P<0.05) BF and CP were amongst themselves and from all other treatments.There was no significant difference in maize grain yield and biomass between the CP and RC. However, grain yield and biomass were higher in the RC treatment. Based on the results of this study, it has been shown that increasing canopy cover reduces nutrient losses. In addition, the runoff, ridges soil,were able and to effectively check soil erosion.
Response of maize to phosphate released from Minjingu phosphate rock and farm yard manure applications in an oxic haplustult
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1997) Kitua, M.J.Y.
A glasshouse pot experiment was carried out to investigate the (Zea maize of response mays L combinations of MPR-Farm yard manure (FYM) applied to an Oxic Haplustult. were 0, .7.5,)to various (kraal manure),The rates of FYM applied 15 and 30 g/kg and the rates of MPR were 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg P/kg soil. The MPR-manure combinations were incubated seeds.The one for month showed results before an the sowing increase maize Bray-1-in an increase in dry extractable P by 8.3 mg P/kg soil, matter yields of 27.3 g/kg soil and phosphate uptake by 0.13%. The above increases were attributed to the P released from the solubilization of MPR and decomposition and mineralization of the farm yard manure.The small increases in Bray-lextractable phosphate increased with increasing indicate time of the gradual contact between solubilization, soil-MPR and FYM decomposition and mineralization of MPR and FYM, respectively. Response by crops to phosphate released from MPR-FYM-combinat ions' would be more pronounced when applied to the soil 6 to 12 months before planting, to ensure optimal solubilization and decomposition of the MPR and FYM, respectively.
Factors influencing adoption of soil conservation technologies in Tanzania: A case study in Gairo
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Kalineza, H. M. M.; Mdoe, N. S. Y.; Mlozi, R. S. M.
Factors that influence smallholder farmers’ decision to adopt soil conservation practices were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression model. Data for the study were collected from 114 randomly selected households from four villages in Gairo division. The results of descriptive analysis suggest that farmers who obtained knowledge on soil conservation through extension/training seminars as well as those with secure land ownership are likely to adopt soil conservation technologies. Two broad policy implications emerge from the findings of this study. The first implication is that there is a need to provide extension education that demonstrate relative benefits of various land conservation technologies to stimulate their adoption. The second implication which emerge from the significance of land provides rights of owning land among smallholder farmers. Secure land rights will promote investments on land such as adoption of soil conservation practices.
Preliminary characterization of some streptomyces species from four Tanzanian soils and their antimicrobial potential against selected plant and animal pathogenic bacteria
(World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2000-05-02) Ndonde, M. J. M; Semu, E
This study was undertaken to characterize Streptomyces strains occurring in some soils of Tanzania as well as to evaluate their potential to synthesize antimicrobial compounds. Six main classes of isolates were observed according to the colour of aerial mycelium. These were gray, cream, blue, pink, red, and white. The gray colour class dominated. About 65% of the isolates produced soluble pigments of various colours while about 33% of the isolates did not produce any soluble pigments. Brown coloured soluble pigments dominated. About 57% of the isolates had spiral spore chains. Some Streptomyces isolates displayed strong (>30 mm inhibition zone), moderate (20±30 mm), or weak (<20 mm) antibiosis against the plant/animal pathogenic bacteria tested. Other isolates did not show any antibiosis against any of the test pathogens. The plant pathogens CMM IPO 542 (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis) and Xanthomonas vascatoria were inhibited by most of the Streptomyces isolates. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. campestris were inhibited by the least number of the Streptomyces isolates. Most of the animal pathogens tested seemed to show resistance to the antibiotics produced by some of the Streptomyces isolates which had shown high activity against the plant pathogens.
Land resources inventory and suitability assessment for the major land use types in Morogoro urban district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Msanya, B. M.; Kimaro, D. N.; Kileo, E. P.; Kimbi, G. G.; Mbogoni, Joseph J. D. J.
Land resources inventory and suitability assessment of Morogoro Urban District was carried out to asses the potentials and constraints of the various land units for the production of smallholder low input rainfed maize, rice, sorghum, beans, banana and vegetables. The study covered a total area of approximately 52,125 ha. Morogoro Urban District is situated almost at the heart of Morogoro District, between latitudes 6 o 37 and 6 o 55S and longitudes 37 o 33 and 37 o 51E. The district is bordered by Uluguru Mountains on the south eastern side and Mindu and Nguru ya Ndege hills on the western side. A bigger part of the district comprises plains of various forms and areal extent. Relief and slope aspect have a great influence on the climate of the district. Areas higher in the landscape such as the Morningside are cooler than those lower in the landscape such as Tungi. The trend of rainfall reveals a similar influence of altitude on rainfall. Rainfall is higher at high altitudes and tends to be lower at low altitudes. Areas on the leeward side of the Uluguru Mountains receive relatively lower rainfall than those on the windward side. The onset dates for rainfall are unreliable, although the rainy season continues for 4 to 5 months. During the growing period, rainfall is lowest in the month of May whereas peak rainfall is normally received in April. Climatic data of the district reveal a gradual decrease in rainfall from the east towards the west and northwest. In the Tungi-Mkonowamara areas a rather dry condition prevails. The SUA-Kingolwira areas receive relatively more rainfall than Tungi-Mkonowamara area. This trend can be attributed to the rainshadow effect of the Uluguru Mountains. The geology of Morogoro Urban District comprises four major rock/lithology types. These include hornblende-pyroxene granulites, muscovite-biotite gneiss and migmatites, colluvium and alluvium. The hornblende-pyroxene granulites are the dominant rock types and occupy the major part of the Uluguru Mountains and foothills. The dominant minerals in these rocks are calcium-rich plagioclase, hypersthene ((Mg,Fe)SiO 3 ) and diopside (Ca,MgSi 2 O 6 ). The muscovite-biotite gneisses and migmatites are dominant in the Mindu-Lugala hills and a bigger part of the Tungi-Mkonowamara peneplains. They are of a high metamorphic grade containing equal amounts of potassium-feldspars (microcline) and sodium-rich plagioclase (oligoclase). Quartz is present in fairly high amounts. Colluvial materials of diverse mineralogical composition dominate most of the piedmont slopes and peneplains. Alluvial materials are dominant in the river terraces and flood plains. Climate and its effects on geological processes influence evolution of landforms in the study area. Marked influence on landforms by water erosion as well as colluvio-alluvial processes were observed in the field and through soil profile development. In the current study, six major landform types were identified in the district. The landforms of the Uluguru Mountains display a marked variation in altitude, relief and intensity of dissection. The strongly dissected ridges (1500-2000 m asl) are a manifestation ofMsanya et al. v intense erosion in form of mass movements. The Uluguru mountain foothills (600-900 m asl) are predominantly steep convex slopes. The Mindu-Lugala hills situated at an altitude range of 700-1100 m asl are strongly dissected with hilly topography. The Mzinga-Bigwa piedmonts consist of glacis and alluvial fans. They are gently sloping and are characterised by moderate to severe erosion. Extensive areas of alluvial fans and hill wash sands are found around the strongly dissected Mindu-Lugala hills. Whereas the piedmont slopes associated with the Uluguru Mountains are gently undulating, those of the Mindu-Lugala hills have an undulating topography. Other major important landforms in the district are the peneplains which are situated at an altitude of 300-600 m asl. The peneplains consist of ridge summits and slopes alternating with narrow valley bottoms. The valleys, being flat to almost flat with river terraces and flood plains occurring at an altitudes lower than 400 m asl. Climate, landform patterns and parent materials have had profound influence on types and distribution of soils in the district. Soil profile development reveals marked influence of mass removal of soils by water erosion particularly mass movements in the mountains and colluvio-alluvial processes in the piedmont slopes and peneplains. There is a considerable variation in soil depth, texture, drainage condition and soil chemical properties among the landform units. The mountain ridge slopes have relatively shallow soils and gravely soil textures. This can be attributed to severe erosion caused by mass removal of soil materials mainly by high rainfall. The piedmont slopes and peneplains with colluvial material derived from granulites and mixed gneisses have very deep soils with high amounts of clay content. This is due to constant addition of new soil materials and in situ weathering coupled with low rate of erosion. Landforms associated with migmatites like Mindu-Lugala piedmont slopes and Tungi Mkonowamara peneplains have the highest amount of sand content. This can be explained by the nature of the parent materials which are richer in felsic minerals. Valley soils have medium textures and are stratified as a result of cyclic deposition of materials of diverse origin. The mineralogy of the soils of the Uluguru Mountains, the piedmont slopes and the peneplains are mainly kaolinitic. The soils of the mountain ridges have high content of gibbsite in the clay fraction, which can be attributed to rapid weathering and strong leaching caused by high rainfall and excessive drainage. Soils of the river terraces and flood plains have relatively high contents of smectite and illite in the clay fraction, revealing the relative young age of the soils. Soils of the mountains are slightly acidic to acidic (pH<5.5). Piedmonts have nearly neutral reaction (pH 6.0-7.5) except for the glacis which are strongly acidic (pH<5.5). Most soils of the peneplains are moderately acid except for those associated with migmatites, which are strongly acid (pH<5.5). Valleys have nearly neutral to alkaline soils with ESP ranging between 5 and 37%. Organic carbon and nitrogen levels for all soils are very low with values less than 1.0% and 0.1% respectively. Available P is alsoMsanya et al. vi low (<5 mg/kg). Nutrient retention capacity of soils is low (CEC <12 cmol(+)/kg) except in the valleys where nutrient retention is high (CEC 20-30 cmol(+)/kg ). According to FAO-World Reference Base nine major soil types were identified and classified. The soils of the strongly dissected mountain ridge slopes are Leptosols, Lixisols, Luvisols and Cambisols. Dominant soils on the piedmonts and peneplains are Lixisols and Acrisols while the ridge side slopes on the peneplains have soils classified as Cambisols. The soils of the river terraces and flood plains are Fluvisols, Vertisols and Gleysols while those of the Mindu hills and surrounding areas are classified as Leptosols, Cambisols and Arenosols. Six major land utilisation types namely; smallholder low input rainfed maize, rice, sorghum, beans, bananas and vegetables were identified and evaluated in Morogoro Urban District. Land suitability classification indicates that, none of the land mapping units is highly suitable for all the studied land utilisation types. This is because its natural fertility has been depleted over time through leaching, erosion and nutrient mining through continuous cropping. Among the six LUTs, vegetable production was more suited to the area for it could be grown in about 80% of the area. Beans rank the second followed by maize. Sorghum was found to be the fourth LUT in the area while rice was the least. Moisture supply soil fertility and erosion hazards are among the most limiting factors for production of most crops in the area. Deliberate efforts should be taken to establish critical zones for afforestation, reduce burning through introduction of by laws and appropriate training programmes, use of grass barriers and cultivation of perennial crops. Further research on soil erosion particularly mass movements, gullying and sheet wash is prerequisite in order to come up with acceptable soil conservation packages for the district. It is strongly suggested that emphasis should be put on the use of organic and non acidifying fertilisers and afforestation of hilltops. Use of indigenous fertilisers such as rock phosphate and manures could immensely contribute to the improvement of soil fertility in Morogoro Urban District. Water harvesting techniques, growing of drought tolerant crops and use of organic fertilisers will improve the sustainability of agricultural production in the area. The focus should be on the use of integrated nutrient management techniques. Provision of drainage systems in the poorly drained areas will control and keep the ground water levels low. This will also enhance regular flushing of the soils thus avoiding the building up of harmful levels of salts. Saline soils could also be managed through proper crop selection and planting of saline tolerant crops. Sorghum withstands poor drainage condition and can cope very well with drought and saline conditions.Msanya et al. vii Frequent floods especially by the Ngerengere river could be reduced by flood protection works like construction of ditches and dikes with outlets to the present natural drainage system. Agricultural mechanisation and use of organic fertilisers will in the long run improve soil structure of the lands in the district and ultimately enhance soil workability.
Effectiveness of Minjingu phosphate rock as a source of phosphorus for lowland rice production in selected soils of Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Mzee, Omari
This study was done to assess the effectiveness of Minjingu phosphate rock as a source of phosphorus for lowland rice production in selected soils of Tanzania. The study included soils from five sites for pot experiment and one of those sites was also used for a field experiment. Treatments tested were two sources of P namely MPR and TSP each applied at rales of 0, 40 and 160 mg P/kg, and 0, 20 and 60 kg P/ha under pot and field experiments, respectively. In both pot and field experiments, hosphorus released from all the treatments subsequent to flooding was determined by the Pi method and compared with P uptake, dry matter and grain yields of rice (Variety Kahogo-red). The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of MPR relative to TSP was also determined. In the pot experiment, P application at high rate significantly increased drymatter yields by 33% to 498% relative to control. The performances of MPR and TSP were comparable in four soils (Lupilo, Ruvu-A, Ruvu-B and Kimani) whereas TSP did better than MPR in Michenga soil. Minjingu PR and TSP (high P application) were also comparable in improving P contents of plants. The RAE of MPR was high in Lupilo (95%), Michenga (82%), Ruvu-A (80) and Kimani (100%) soils while in Ruvu-B soil (68%) RAE was low. Extractable P after four weeks of flooding increased by 12 to 145% in four soils (Lupilo, Michenga, Ruvu-A and Kimani). In a field trial at Kimani, phosphorus application gave a nonsignificant increase in grain yield over the control and this was attributed to an appreciable increase in available P (from 5.14 to 10.10 mg/kg) after 42 days of flooding. Crop P concentration and uptake increased with application rates but the P sources (MPR and TSP) had comparable effects. Application of P did not increaseiii extractable P significantly. It is therefore concluded that MPR has the potential to supply P for rice production in Lupilo, Michenga, Ruvu-A and Kimani soils and others with similar properties.
Site evaluation for factory construction in Kingolwira area, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Msanya, B. M.; Kimaro, D. N.
UNNAT is a Company based in Mwanza (P.O. Box 2964). Recently the Company has acquired a piece of land of an area of about 58 acres (23.2 ha) in Morogoro at Kingolwira area where they are intending to construct a fruit-processing factory. The project Coordinator Mr. B.C. Thakore made several contacts with the Sokoine University of Agriculture to seek advice and expertise on the development of the site. Mr. Thakore (hereinafter referred to as “client”) has consulted Prof. B.M. Msanya and Mr. D.N. Kimaro of P.O. Box 3008, SUA, Morogoro (hereinafter referred to as “consultants”) to carry out the study.
Effectiveness of Fanya Chini terraces on soil properties and crop yield in the north-wester!' part of the Uluguru mountains, Morogoro, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Mkoba, Appia Paul
A field experiment was conducted in the north-western part of the Uluguru Mountains, Morogoro District, to determine the effect of Fanya chini terraces on selected soil chemical and physical properties and crop performance. Eighteen experimental plots of 12 m x 3 m were established on farmers' fields. Plots with Fanya chini terraces were compared with those with no conservation structures. Maize (Zea mays L.) was used as the test crop. No inorganic fertiliser was applied in order to reflect farmers’ practices in the area. Soil samples from the experimental plots taken at the beginning (initial) and at the end (final) of the study were analysed to assess the changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics that had occurred during the cropping period. Most of the observed soil chemical variables were slightly (but insignificantly) higher in plots that had no conservation structures (unconserved plots) and their magnitude tended to increase along the slope. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and exchangeable calcium showed a significant increase (P = 0.05) in unconserved plots in the final soil samples. There was a significant difference (P = 0.01) in PR between the Fanya chini terraced plots and unconserved plots both at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Fanya chini terraced plots had mean PR value of 0.69 and 1.81 MPa compared to unconserved plots which had mean PR values of 0.78 and 1.71 MPa at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, respectively. Maize grain yield and biomass were not significantly different between the Fanya chini terraced and unconserved plots. However, grain yield and biomass were relatively higher in the unconserved plots and they tended to increase along the slope. The exposure and spread of the subsoil from the Fanya chini channels that were about 30 to 50 cm deep may have resulted into the reduced soil fertility and the resultant lower yield observed under Fanya chini terraces. Fanya chini terraces are not the best soil conservation measure on steep slopes. Where they are already in place, Fanya chini terraces should be complemented with other soil surface management practices.
Cyanosoils project site and soil characterization
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Msanya, B. M.; Kimaro, D. N.; Maliondo, S. M. S.; Semu, E.; Madoffe, S. S.; Mvena, Z. K. S.
The objective of the study was to select sites for the Cyanosoils project and to characterize the soils on which experiments will be carried out. Through field visits and studies three sites were identified and described in Morogoro Urban and Mvomero Districts. Soil profiles were excavated, described and sampled for laboratory analyses.
Principles of soil classification
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2003) Msanya, B. M.
Pedological characteristics, general fertility and classification of some benchmark soils of Morogoro district, Tanzania
(African Network of Scientific and Technological Institutions, 2003-12) Msanya, B. M.; Kaaya, K. A.; Araki, Shigeru; Otsuka, Hiroo; Nyadzi, Gerson, I
A detailed characterization of soils earmarked as “Benchmark Soils of Morogoro District”, Tanzania, was carried out to provide data required for planning and execution of soil fertility studies and transfer of agro-technology in the area. Benchmark soils are defined as those occurring in extensive areas and whose comprehensive characterization could contribute substantially to transfer of agro-technology from one area to another. Eleven sites were selected as “Benchmark Sites” of the district based on existing soils information coupled with reconnaissance field soil survey. Soil samples representative of the benchmark soil profiles were described and analysed for their chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics. Based on these data, general fertility is discussed for the various soils pointing out their potentials and constraints. The data also permitted classification of the soils using international soil classification systems i.e. the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy and the FAO-UNESCO Soil Classification System. The soils were classified into different categories reflecting their differences in potentials and constraints and hence use and management. The data obtained through this study presents a substantial base for sound land use planning and will facilitate transfer of technology from one area to another with similar ecological conditions.
Assessment of soil fertility status of three soils after four years of continuous application of different nutrients
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Mbanzibwa,Deusdedith
A study was undertaken to assess the fertility status of three soils following four years of continual application of different nutrients. The three soils were from Mlingano, Nkundi and Sasanda, which are classified as Rhodic Kandiustox, Acruoxic Kandiustult and Dystrict Haplustand, respectively. The study was conducted under both field and glasshouse conditions. For the pot experiment conducted at the SUA glasshouse all three soils were used whereas field experiment was conducted only at Nkundi site. Soils for pot experiment were taken from absolute control plots and from plots treated with TSP and MPR at the rate of 120 kg P/ha. Under field study one more treatment, namely control for P was included. The results showed that application of different nutrients, except nitrogen, led to build up in levels of applied nutrients. Application of MPR or TSP increased levels of Bray 1-P from low to medium and high levels, respectively, in Nkundi and Mlingano soils. In Sasanda soil, Bray 1-P remained below 5 mg P/kg despite application of TSP and MPR. This was attributed to high P fixation capacity of Sasanda soil. In Nkundi soil, MPR application raised Bray 1-P from 5.0 mg P/kg to 41.7 mg P/kg whereas in Mlingano soil Bray 1-P was raised from 2.6 mg P/kg to 39.4 mg P/kg. Application of TSP raised Bray 1-P to above 105 mg P/kg in Mlingano and Nkundi soils but only to 4.7 mg P/kg in Sasanda soil. Zinc and copper increased to sufficient levels in all soils due to application of zinc sulphate and copper sulphate fertilizers. Use of TSP or MPR decreased soil pH in Mlingano and Nkundi soils but the decrease was less in soil treated with MPR. For instance in Mlingano soil, pH decreased from 5.5 to 5.4 and 5.0 for soils treated with MPR and TSP, respectively. However in Sasanda soil MPR increased soil pH from 5.0 to 5.3 and there occurred no shift in pH in plots treated with TSP. Residual P increased significantly (P = 0.05) the maize dry matter and grain yields in plots treated with TSP and MPR. The increase in dry matter and grain yields due to residual P from MPR and TSP were comparable. In Mlingano and Nkundi soils, diy matter yields ranged between 7.29 and 64.77 g/pot whereas in Sasanda soil it ranged between 2.12 and 22.10 g/pot. At Nkundi site, residual P from MPR and TSP gave yields of 4.23 and 4.73 t ha'1,respectively. Yield in absolute control and control for P treatments were 1.03 and 1.83 t ha'’, respectively. It was concluded that residual P from MPR and TSP had comparable effects on maize production.
Characterization of volcanic ash soils in south-western Tanzania: morphology, physicochemical properties, and classification
(African Study Monographs, 2007-03) Msanya, B. M.; Otsuka, Hiroo; Araki, Shigeru; Fujitake, Nobuhide
ABSTRACT This study examined the characteristics of volcanic ash soils in southwestern Tanzania. Twelve pedons of volcanic origin were studied, and 66 soil samples were analyzed. Soil morphology revealed volcanic ash layers of varying thicknesses. Most pedons had a dark thick humus surface and buried A, AB, and BA horizons with melanic indices of 1.7 or less. Except in two pedons, the NaF pH was 9.4 or more, reflecting an exchange complex domi- nated by amorphous materials and/or Al–humus complexes. The phospate-retention capacity ranged from 65 to 100%, except in two pedons, and was positively correlated with NaF pH. Both Tanzanian and Japanese volcanic ash soils showed comparable ranges of base saturation (BS) values, but the distribution patterns of BS basic cations, for example, showed some dif- ferences. Some Tanzanian volcanic ash soils had higher BS values than their Japanese coun- terparts. While the Japanese soils were generally more calcic and magnesic, the Tanzanian soils were more potassic and sodic than their counterparts, most likely reflecting lithologi- cal differences among parent materials in the two study areas. According to the USDA Soil Taxonomy, nine pedons satisfied the requirements for andic properties and were classified as Andisols at the order level, whereas according to FAO World Reference Base (WRB) soil classification, eight pedons were classified as Andosols at the level of reference soil groups.
Report on the feasibility of producing macadamia nuts in Mr. Hussein M. Hussein’s farm, Kibaha district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007-10) Msanya, B. M.
Evaluation of the impact of alternative wheat residue and water management on soil properties and soybean yield in a wheat-soybean double-crop system, Eastern Arkansas
(University of Arkansas, 2008-12) Amuri, Nyambilila
Long-term agricultural sustainability requires evaluation of agricultural management practices that may improve and sustain soil quality and crop productivity over time. The objective of this study was to determine the 6-yr effects of tillage [conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT)], wheat residue burning (bum and no bum), residue level (low and high), and 3-yr irrigation (irrigated and dry-land condition), on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Men-.] yield, soil physical and chemical properties in the top 10 cm, and weed population diversity in a wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)]-soybean double-crop production system. A field experiment was conducted from fall 2001 through fall 2007 in the Mississippi River Delta region of eastern Arkansas on a Calloway silt loam (fine silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossaquic Fraglossudalf). Soil bulk density increased at a greater magnitude under NT (1.22 to 1.35 g cm'3) than CT (1.19 to 1.26 g cm*3) during the first 3 years, but declined at a similar rate in both tillage treatments after the third year. Irrigation increased soil pH (0.2 pH unit yr*1), Mehlich-3 extractable soil Mg (55.1 kg Mg ha*1 yr*1), and total C contents (0.11 kg C m*2 yr*1) compared to dry-land condition which had no pH change, but had less increase of extractable Mg (36.6 kg Mg ha*1 yr*1), and total C content (0.04 kg C m*2 yr*1). Soil organic matter (SOM) increased over time in all treatment combinations. Total C (TC) increased at a greater rate in the no bum (0.077 kg C m*2 yr*1) and high-residue-level (0.073 kg C m*2 yr*1) than in the bum (0.051 kg C m*2 yr*1) and low-residue-level (0.054 kg C m*2 yr*1) treatments. The total weed species density was greater under CT (513 plants m*2) than under NT (340 plants m*2) early in the soybean growing season in 2006, but did not differ between tillage treatments in 2007. Perennial weed density was greaterunder bum (99 plants m"2) than no bum (59 plants m’2) in 2006, and in 2007, was greater under NT than CT but unaffected by bum. Retaining crop residues and herbicide application reduced the density of all weed species, grass, and broadleaf weed species. Tillage, burning, and residue level generally did not affect soil penetration resistance in the top 0.20-m in 2003 and in 2006, but soil cone index (CI) was consistently lower under bum than no bum at all depth below 0.20 m. The CI at the 0.05-m depth increased by 35% after 4 years compared to after 1 year of NT soybean. Soybean yield differed over years of the trials. Soybean yield declined during the first 3 years, but increased over the subsequent 3 years in all treatment combinations. Economic analysis showed that management practices with NT will likely be more profitable than the traditional CT practice even when the fertilizer and diesel costs continue to increase. Therefore, NT and non-burning with any residue level have great potential to improve soil quality, reduce weed pressure in the soybean growing season, and maintain profitability in the wheat soybean double-crop production system.
Report on the potential of the soils of Kalaita company’s farm, Mvomero district, Morogoro, Tanzania, for various agricultural land uses – a rapid assessment
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Msanya, B. M.
Livestock resources inventory and mapping in agro-pastoral area of Senani, Maswa District, Shinyanga, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Boniface, H.; Massawe, J.; Meliyo, J. L.; Mwilawa, A.; Mashalla, B.
The agro-pastoralist economy is based on livestock and crop production. The societies practicing agro-pastoralism are equally highly dependent on livestock for their basic food, income and social needs as it is for crop production. The Agro-pastoral production system has developed in semi arid lands and is arguably the best form of land use for these areas. In Senani area where agro-pastoralism is practiced, the agro-pastoralists tend to leave some portions of their land as grazing reserves. The herds of cattle, sheep and goats utilize the forage and water in these grazing reserves only during dry season. This system allows the set aside land to be left free from human activities and livestock grazing during rainy season, which allows natural re-establishment of pasture for re-use in the next dry season. The sizes of the herds in Senani are relatively large such that the grazing reserves with their associated water points are by far less sufficient. This necessitates seasonal migration of some of the animals to the wider grazing lands and permanent water sources in nearby and distant areas. The movements of the agro-pastoralists are therefore very much influenced by the size of their herds in comparison to the size of the grazing reserves under their access and the availability of drinking water. They are also influenced by the factors which affect the abundance and performance of the pasture in their grazing reserves such as favourable amount and distribution of precipitation. The movements in search for pasture and water raise a lot of conflicts with other land users especially the crop growers and conservationists. Information on the available livestock resources is very important for development players who would wish to intervene in improving livestock production. It is on that basis that the project on “Contingency Plans for coping with Crisis Situations in Pastoral Areas of Eastern and Central Africa” wanted to get the livestock resource information of Senani area so that it can use it for appropriate planning and implementation of sustainable livestock production and development of general management plans. The information sought by the project included the livestock migration routes, water sources, grazing reserves, livestock market centres and livestock health services. This information could be acquired, processed and presented using GIS operations. To accomplish that goal, the Project Coordinator requested Mr. Boniface H. J. Massawe of Department of Soil Science, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania to make an inventory and map the aforesaid livestock resources in the agro-pastoral community of Senani in Maswa district, Shinyanga region, Tanzania by using GIS technologies. The field work was carried out between 15 th and 21 st May, 2011.
Response of rice (oryza sativa l.) to different phosphorus fertilizers in Lekitatu village, Meru district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2012) Massawe,Prosper Inyasi
ABSTRACT A study was conducted to evaluate the response of rice to P and P use efficiency from MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP fertilizers under irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in Lekitatu village. The fertility status of the soils and their suitability for rice production at two experimental sites were evaluated based on technical indicators of soil fertility. The major soil fertility limitations included low soil organic matter, low total nitrogen and medium available phosphorus hence the rice soils in Lekitatu village were categorized as of low fertility status and moderately suitable for rice production. Phosphorus was applied at rates of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha’1 as MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP. Nitrogen was applied uniformly at a rate of 60 kg N ha’1 as urea to the MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP treatments plots taking into account the 10% N contained in the Minjingu mazao fertilizer. The P fertilizers were broadcasted and incorporated into the soils before transplanting the rice seedlings and N was applied at two equal splits, namely at tillering and panicle initiation stages. The ranges in yield components between the control (0 kg P ha’1) and the highest levels of P (60 kg P ha’1) were 12-22, 12-19 and 12- 22 number of tillers per plant, 7.67-25.97, 7.67-26.83 and 7.67-30.20 tha’1 dry matter yields and 1.5-8.63, 1.5-9.23 and 1.5-10.43 tha’1 grain yields for MPR, TSP and Minjingu mazao, respectively. The P fertilizers applications increased rice yield components, N and P contents in the rice plants, residual soil P as well as plant PUE as the levels of P increased from 0 to 60 kg P ha’1 for all P sources. The yield components increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing rates of P application. The increases were due to increased availability and uptake of plant nutrients particularly P. Based on the generated yields data, it was thus recommended that: Minjingu mazao at the rates of (40 to 60 kg P ha’1), MPR and TSP at a rate of 60 kg P ha'1, respectively could be adopted for increased and sustainable rice production in Lekitatu village.
Response of rice (oryza sativa l.) to different phosphorus fertilizers in Lekitatu village, Meru district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2012) Massawe,Prosper Inyasi
A study was conducted to evaluate the response of rice to P and P use efficiency from MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP fertilizers under irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in Lekitatu village. The fertility status of the soils and their suitability for rice production at two experimental sites were evaluated based on technical indicators of soil fertility. The major soil fertility limitations included low soil organic matter, low total nitrogen and medium available phosphorus hence the rice soils in Lekitatu village were categorized as of low fertility status and moderately suitable for rice production. Phosphorus was applied at rates of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha’1 as MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP. Nitrogen was applied uniformly at a rate of 60 kg N ha’1 as urea to the MPR, Minjingu mazao and TSP treatments plots taking into account the 10% N contained in the Minjingu mazao fertilizer. The P fertilizers were broadcasted and incorporated into the soils before transplanting the rice seedlings and N was applied at two equal splits, namely at tillering and panicle initiation stages. The ranges in yield components between the control (0 kg P ha’1) and the highest levels of P (60 kg P ha’1) were 12-22, 12-19 and 12- 22 number of tillers per plant, 7.67-25.97, 7.67-26.83 and 7.67-30.20 tha’1 dry matter yields and 1.5-8.63, 1.5-9.23 and 1.5-10.43 tha’1 grain yields for MPR, TSP and

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