Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

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Effect of ambient temperature on daily milk yield and blood flow to the mammary gland in lactating goats treated with growth hormone
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 1990) Pereka, A. E.
The study was done with the objective of studying the effect or high temperature on the mammary gland production in terms or its blood supply and synthetic capacity. Growth hormone was injected to see whether high temperature has an interaction with the galactopoietic effects of the hormone in the mammary gland. Eight, one year old goats in their 6th week of lactation (1st lactation) were put into two climatic chambers, four in a chamber at 12°C and four in a chamber at 30°C. After four weeks of exposure to their respective temperatures two goats in each chamber were injected with bovine somatotropin (BST) daily for fifteen days. Daily milk yield was recorded. Blood flow rate was calculated from velocities measured using the Doppler Ultrasound Technique. Milk yield in goats at 30°C was 78% of milk yield of goats at 12°C at all times. With BST treatment milk yield increased by 9% and 13% at 12°C and 30°C respectively. Blood flow rate (L/day) to the mammary gland was in accordance to the milk yield with a blood flow rate: milk yield (CBF MY) ratio of 572 ± 166: 1 and 760 ± 180 : 1 at 12°C and 30°C respectively. With BST treatment the BF:MY ratio was 1059 ± 263 : 1 and 89 ± 38: 1 at 12°C and 30°C respectively. It is herewith concluded that blood flow to the mammary gland is a factor contributing to increased milk yield as it supplies the necessary nutrients for milk synthesis in the udder. The depressive effects of high ambient temperature can be counteracted by BST treatment as this increases milk yield not only through increased blood flow but also increased efficient nutrient extraction and utilization by the mammary gland cells for milk synthesis
The Effect of Feeding on: III Plasma Free Fatty Acids (FFA) Release and Uptake by the Hepatic Portal Drained Tissues and Liver in Normal Adult Sheep
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 1991) Pereka, A .E.
Adult sheep with implanted catheters in hepatic vessels were used to study the effect of feeding on hepatic plasma flow, plasma FFA concentrations and plasma FFA release and uptake by the liver. Sheep were fasted 48 hours prior to experiment, and feeding was restricted to last only 40 minutes. Splanchnic tissues were releasing FFA into portal vein at a rate of 1.73+2.27 mmole/min.kg0.73 while hepatic uptake was 6.58+0.22 mmole/min. kg 0.73 in fasted sheep. During feeding the splanchnic FFA release significantly decreased to 0.94+0.79 mmole/min. kg0 .73 as well as the hepatic uptake decreased to 2.42+ 1.5 mmole/min.kg0.73
Urinalysis in companion animals : a urinary sediment, microbiology and protein study
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Batamuzi, Emmanuel K.
This thesis is comprised of two parts, first is a general part which is an overview of the diagnostic methods for the diseases of the urinary system. The purpose of the general part is to bring together contemporary information about a whole range of diagnostic methods for diseases of the urinary system in companion animals.This section has been prepared for students, veterinary technicians and practitioners of veterinary medicine, who have not specialized in urology and nephrology, but whose work requires exposure with respect to available diagnostic techniques. The six papers listed below forms the second part. I: Batamuzi, E. K. and F. Kristensen : Diagnostic importance of urothelial cells of the dog and cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1995, 36: 17-21. II: Batamuzi, E. K., F. Kristensen, A. Basse and S. Dahl: Idiopathic renal hematuria in a dog. Veterinary Record 1994, 135: 603. in: Batamuzi, E. K. and F. Kristensen: Urinary tract infection: the role of canine transmissible venereal tumour. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1996 (In Press). IV: Batamuzi, E. K., F. Kristensen and A. L. Jensen : Analysis of serum proteins in geriatric dogs using agarose electrophoresis. J. Vet. Med. Series A. 1996 (In preparation). V: Batamuzi, E. K., F. Kristensen and A. L. Jensen : Subclinical glomerulopathy in selected cases of recurrent pyoderma in dogs. Veterinary Dermatology 1996 (In Press). VI: Batamuzi, E. K., F. Kristensen and A. L. Jensen : Composition of protein in urine from dogs with pyoderma. Veterinary Record 1996 (Submitted).
Species and gender differentiation between and among domestic and wild animals using mitochondrial and sex-linked DNA markers
(2005-11) Malisa, Allen L; Balthazary, Sakurani; Wasser, Sam; Mutayoba, Benezeth; Gwakisa, Paul
In many African countries accurate and reliable identification of poached wildlife products like carcasses or meat presents a big problem when morphological characters such as skin hair or bones are missing. We describe a molecular based approach that has a potential of serving as a forensic tool in game meat identification in Africa. A mitochondial DNA marker (mt700) and one restriction enzyme, Rsa1 were used in the PCR-RFLP species identification of game meat obtained from two National Parks in Tanzania. Species-specific reference DNA fragment patterns were obtained using fresh meat from ten wildlife and four domesticated species. All species except the zebra, produced unique monomorphic RFLP patterns. Collectively, these patterns demonstrate the potential ability of genetic techniques for discriminating between and among wildlife and domestic species. The reference PCR-RFLP fragments enabled species identification of about 79% of unknown meat samples. In addition, sex was also assigned to all of the samples following successful amplification of gender-specific, SRY and ZFY/X, chromosomal domains. Although the present study has been conducted on a limited range both in numbers and genetic diversity of wildlife species present in Africa, the results demonstrate the potential usefulness of the DNA approach in wildlife forensics in the continent.
Heat intolerance syndrome associated with foot and mouth disease in cattle in Tanzania: occurrence and Its effect on animal behaviour and physiological parameters
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2006-01-30) Chibunda, R. T.; Makene, V. W.; Pereka, A. E.; Magayane, F. T.
A heat intolerance (HI) syndrome in cattle has been suspected to occur in Tanzania and is associated with previous exposure to foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. For the present study, a survey was used to explore livestock keeper knowledge of its occurrence and association with FMD in Morogoro, Mwanza and Shinyanga regions. In addition, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate changes in behavioural activities and physiological parameters of HI cattle during variation of ambient temperatures. Large percentage (45.3%) of informants from Morogoro region reported occurrence of HI and associated it with FMD. Livestock keepers' perceptions of association between HI and FMD were confirmed by using the detection of antibody to FMDV. From the field experiment it was shown that HI animals had significantly (P< 0.001) higher rectal temperatures and respiration rates than health cows. Duration of grazing and rumination were significantly (P< 0.001) lowered in the HI cows than in the health ones during sunny days. Also, shade seeking was significantly (P< 0.001) higher in HI than in healthy animals. Furthermore, for HI animals grazing was higher during the morning and on cloudy days, than in late evening and sunny days respectively. It was also evident that HI animals preferred wallowing in water. Based on the knowledge of livestock keepers, from the present study, it is concluded that livestock keepers in Tanzania recognize HI as a disease, which sets in as a sequel to FMD outbreak. Based on the results from the field experiment it is concluded that during sunny days HI animals exhibit behavioural changes which reduces their feeding time.
Multiplicity of infections and level of recrudescence in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mlimba, Tanzania
(Academic Journals, 2006-09) Mbugi, Erasto V.; Mutayoba, Benezeth M; Balthazary, Sakurani T; Malisa, Allen L; Nyambo, Thomas B; Mshinda, Hassan
Polymorphism and antigenic variation are important biological survival strategies of malaria parasites determining the episode, outcome and implications of treatment interventions. In P. falciparum, polymorphic antigens are associated with the asexual blood-stage; merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2). The MSP2 genes have been invaluable in post-treatment discrimination of parasite resurgence from new infection, especially in high transmission areas. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on DNA extracted from blood samples of 141 malaria-infected infants, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of PCR products. The findings showed multiplicity of infections of single to six infections with an average of 2.58 infections per patient. Single infections of either 3D7 or FC27 allelic families of the MSP2 gene occurred in 51 patients (50.5%) out of all PCR-RFLP successful samples (n = 101). Out of 15 (10.6%) follow up samples with resurgent parasitaemia, 3 (20%) samples had recrudescent infections while 12 (80%) had variable results. Our findings provide an insight on the prevalence of the genetic determinants of suphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in Mlimba during the study period, and in the face of rapidly spreading resistance, calls for the periodic surveillance in order to timely detect early warning signal of the deteriorating SP cure rate.
The potential of mitochondrial DNA markers and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for domestic and wild species identification
(African Journal of Biotechnology, 2006-09-18) Malisa, A.L.; Gwakisa, P; Balthazary, S; Wasser, S; Mutayoba, B.M
Poaching is increasingly presenting challenge to conservational authorities in Africa. Accurate and reliable methods for the identification of poached wildlife meat when morphological features are missing, has been lacking in Africa. We describe a molecular based approach that has a potential of serving as a tool for game and domestic meat identification in Africa. A mitochondrial (mt246) marker and Rsa1 restriction enzyme were used in the PCR-RFLP species identification of game and domestic meat. Species-specific reference DNA fragment patterns were obtained using fresh meat from ten major wild herbivores, representing the highly targeted wild meat species in Tanzania and four domesticated animal species. With the exception of the zebra, all species produced unique monomorphic RFLP patterns that were species specific. These reference fragment patterns enabled identification of about 75% of unknown meat samples, demonstrating the ability of the technique in discriminating between and among wild and domestic species. The results provide preliminary promising fingerprints which need further validation for future use for the control of the up-surging bush meat trade in the continent.
Some pharmacological and toxicological activities of some plants used in traditional Medicine in Mwanza, Tanzania
(2009) Mshamu, S.
Three medicinal plants, Albizia anthelmintica, Salvadora persica and Vernonia amygdalina used in traditional medicine in Magu district, Mwanza were investigated for antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity. Informal interviews carried out in two villages of Nassa ginnery and Mwanangi, revealed several plants used in traditional medicine to treat humans and livestock diseases. These plants were alleged to be effective in treating abdominal pains, worm infestations including schistosomiasis, malaria and eye conditions. Toxicity studies and phytochemical screening of the study plants were also carried out. Antimicrobial activity study showed highest zone of inhibition with B.subtilis (23 mm) MIC = 7.8125 mg/ml) for the aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina. The ethanolic extract of the same plant had highest zone of inhibition of 26 mm, MIC = 62.50 mg/ml with B.anthracis. The other two plants tested showed some activity against some of the tested bacteria with decreased zone of inhibition and higher MIC values. In the in vitro anthelmintic activity studies, aqueous extract of Albizia anthelmintica had highest activity against the egg hatchability and larval survival. The highest percentage hatchability inhibition was 94.67%. The antischistosmal activity of S. persica in naturally infected calves showed 77.47% faecal egg count reduction. The brine shrimp lethality assay gave LC 50 values greater than 20 μgml -1 , which is the cut-off point for a substance to be regarded as acutely toxic to biological systems. The phytochemical screening of the study plants, revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and saponins. From the findings of this study it can be concluded that, the study plants contains some bioactive principles which may be responsible for their alleged activities. The study confirms some of the alleged effects of the studied plant preparations. Traditional medicine preparations from the studied plants have been proved efficacious and safe; this justifies their continued use without adverse effects.
Effect of different management systems on haematological parameters in layer chickens
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Nyaulingo, Jumanne Magnus
A study was conducted at the Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture. The aim was to study the effect of different management systems on haematological parameters in layer chickens. Three management systems which are battery cage, deep litter and semi- intensive were involved. Ninety layer chickens, Rhode Island Red, eight weeks old were used. Thirty chickens were placed in each of the three systems. Seven chickens from each management system were selected randomly for blood collection. Blood was collected in every two weeks for two months. Blood was used to analyse for hematological parameters. It was observed that, RBC (x 106/ μl), PCV (%), Hb (g %) increased as the age of chicken was increasing. ESR (mm), MCH (pg) and MCHC (%) decreased as age of chickens was increasing. All mean values for the RBC (x 106/ μl), and WBC (x104/ μl) count, PCV (%), Hb (g %), ESR (mm), MCH (pg) and MCHC (%) did not differ (P>0.05) significantly among the management systems. No significant effect of management system on hematological parameters was observed. The differences in the values of hematological parameters among the management systems observed to be probably due to changes brought about by age and individual bird variation. Concluding that RBC (x 106/ μl), PCV (%), and Hb (g %), had a direct relationship with age while ESR (mm), MCH (pg) and MCHC (%) were indirectly related. Since no significant effect was observed in the haematological parameters for the chickens under the three management systems, then other factors such as risk of diseases, sanitation, costs should be considered in deciding which system to be used. Deep litter system is advocated to be used by the poultry keeper because of its less cost and less risk of predators, and climatic extreme changes.
Studies on anthelmintic activity of tithonia diversifolia in Mbinga district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Komba, Lutfrid Samwel
Gastrointestinal nematode parasitism is a global problem in both sub-tropical and tropical countries. Due to frequent administration of chemical anthelmintics the gastrointestinal nematodes have developed resistance hence giving rise to the search of alternative anthelmintics. This study was carried out to evaluate anthelmintic effects of Tithonia diversifolia in Mbinga district, Ruvuma region, Tanzania. The study specifically dealt with evaluation of the efficacy of T. diversifolia extracts against adult Haemonchus contortus worms in a controlled critical test. Further, the toxicity of the plant was evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality test. A total of fifteen goats which were free from helminthosis were purchased and quarantined for 60 days. They were then administered 1250 larvae of Haemonchus contortus. On day 29 after infection the egg per gram of faeces (epg) count was done. The goats were randomly divided into three groups of five goats each .The groups were negative control, treated and positive control. The treatment group was administered 50 mg/kg of T. diversifolia orally and the positive control group was administered 8mg/kg of albendazole orally. The epg count was then carried out on day 4, 7, 10 and 14, after which animals were sacrificed for total worm count. The results show that Tithonia diversifolia is not effective against adult Haemonchus contortus worms based on epg count and post-mortem worm counts reduction tests. From the study, it is recommended that more studies should be carried out so as to validate the anthelmintic effects of T. diversifolia by investigating its activity on other specific species of the nematodes which parasitize animals.
Biological activity of extracts from commiphora swynnertonii against microbes of veterinary importance in chickens
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Bakari, Gaymary G.
Studies were carried out to establish ethno-botanical information and biological activities of crude extracts from Commiphora swynnertonii against selected microbes of veterinary importance in chickens. Initially, a questionnaire survey was conducted to gather information on practices and knowledge on ethno-botanical uses of C. swynnertonii in the study area. Then extracts from different morphological parts of the study plant were tested against selected bacteria and fungi in vitro using agar well diffusion assay. Resin and root bark extracts showed significant activities (P < 0.001) against S. pyogenes, E. coli and B. subtilis compared to other extracts. The fungi, C. albicans and A. niger, were moderately inhibited. Antiviral activity of the resin and root bark extract was tested in ovo using embryonated chicken eggs inoculated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Both extracts significantly (P < 0.001) and effectively reduced virus titres. An animal trial was carried out using the resin and chickens experimentally infected with NDV. Results revealed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in clinical signs and mortality rates following administration of the resin before and after the infection. Prophylactic administration of the extract was found to be more effective than the therapeutic approach. HI titres decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in resin and root bark treated groups and in all chickens treated with resin irrespective of dose given and on whether the extract was administered before or after infection suggesting that the plant materials were capable of destroying the NDV before stimulating the developing chick‘s immunity. Another animal trial investigated the effect of the resin against experimental coccidiosis in chickens. Results showed that oral administration of the resin significantly (P < 0.001) reduced mortality rate. Safety margin of the resin was also investigated by determining its effects on selected physiological and biochemical parameters in chickens. The results revealed a good margin of safety provided that the dosage ranges between 200 to 800 mg resin/kg body weights. A phytochemical study was also carried to determine major bioactive compounds in the resin and root bark extracts. With these studies, it is concluded that extracts from C. swynnertonii especially resin, has significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticoccidial effect against the selected microbes. Further research is required to test and validate the extract against other pathogens of medical and veterinary importance.
Impact of climate variability and change on rain-fed farming system in selected semi-arid areas of Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Samwel, J. K.
Climate variability and change pose serious challenges to smallholder farmers and agro-pastoralists. Nonetheless, their trends and impacts on rain-fed farming system (RFFS) in semi-arid areas of Tanzania have not sufficiently been explored. This study was conducted in Iramba and Meatu districts to contribute to this knowledge gap. The study specifically (i) assessed meteorological data trends of rainfall and temperature between 1994 and 2011; (ii) determined farmers’ perception of climate variability and change in relation to meteorological data trends; (iii) determined changes in RFFS in response to climate variability and change; and (iv) examined changes in gender relations in response to climate variability and change. Although available meteorological data were less than 30 years suggesting climate variability, farmers’ perceptions covered up to 30 years and so addressed the question of climate change. A qualitative phase informed a household survey that covered a random sample of 388 households’ respondents (39% women). Qualitative data were transcribed into text and analyzed based on content and meaning of the text. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze quantitative data. The results showed that there was no significant increase (P > 0.05) in inter-annual rainfall variability. However, seasonal rainfall variability showed a clear decreasing trend in April and December, in Iramba; and in January and April, in Meatu. Decreasing rainfall trend in April occurred simultaneously with increasing temperature trend. In addition, farmers’ perception and meteorological data trends compared well on change and on increased rainfall unpredictability as well as on increased warming and dry years. Nonetheless, due to missing data in some periods, meteorological data trends did not show increased frequency of drought since the 2000s as opposed to farmers’ perception. As hypothesized (P > 0.05), men and women’s perceptions were almost the same. Similarly, perceptions of the poor, not so poor and the rich were almost the same (P > 0.05). Unlike the hypothesis, the binary logistic regression model showed that climate variability and change had significant impact on changing crop varieties and livestock grazing places relative to non-climatic factors. Warming (ß = -10.61, Wald = 36.26, P ≤ 0.001) showed the highest impact on changing crop varieties. In addition, drought (ß = 2.16, Wald = 6.82, P ≤ 0.009) showed the highest impact on changing livestock grazing places. Based on division of labour, control over resources and biased norms, climate variability and change increased and perpetuated existing asymmetrical gender relations. The study concludes that although inter-annual rainfall had not changed significantly, temperature, drought and seasonal rainfall variability had intensified relative to the situation in the 1970s. This had substantial impacts on cropping and livestock systems and on gender relations. Therefore, strategies used by the farmers and interventions promoted by the government and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) to address the impacts should comprehensively consider seasonal variability with gender perspectives.
Studies on the effects of Hippopotamus amphibious vectored subsidies on the ecology of aquatic ecosystem
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Mpemba, James
A study was conducted along the Great Ruaha River (GRR) at Ruaha National Park (RNP) for a period of two months (November to December 2013) with the main aim of assessing the effects of Hippopotamus amphibious vectored subsidies on the chemistry of river ecosystems and the ecology of aquatic resident within these systems. The study was done by measuring river water nutrients, physical water chemistry parameters, and stable isotope analysis of aquatic consumers. Study sites were identified in two basic treatment types: river pools containing hippos and those showing no evidence of hippo occupancy. Response parameters that were measured included total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrate (NO3), and ammonia (NH3). Total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, and nitrate were significantly elevated in hippo pools relative to non hippo pools (P<0.01). Ammonia, and dissolved organic carbon were not statistically significant between hippo and non hippo pools but their absolute levels were slightly higher in hippo pools. Physical parameters of the GRR were also assessed including measures of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, temperature, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity were significantly higher in the hippo pools compared to non hippo pools (P<0.001). Temperature and CDOM did not vary with hippo density (P>0.05). Stable isotopes of carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) were also assessed during the study to examine whether this technique could help us identify use of hippo delivered nutrients by river consumers such as fish. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were not significantly different for the fish sampled in hippo and non hippo pools. This lack of difference may derive from saturation of C4 plant derived 13C in the GRR ecosystem. This study provides for the first time more insight into the influence of hippo vectored organic material in aquatic ecosystem dynamics in the GRR.
Inactivation of aspergillus flavus spores by curcumin-mediated photosensitization
(ELSEVIER, 2016) Temba, Benigni A.; Fletcher, Mary T.; Fox, Glen P.; Harvey, Jagger J. W.
Minimizing fungal infection is essential to the control of mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds but many potential control methods are not without their own safety concerns for the consumers. Photo dynamic inactivation is a novel light-based approach which offers a promising alternative to conven tional methods for the control of mycotoxigenic fungi. This study describes the use of curcumin to inactivate spores of Aspergillus flavus, one of the major aflatoxin producing fungi in foods and feeds. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound from the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa). In this study the plant has shown to be an effective photosensitiser when combined with visible light (420 nm). The experiment was conducted in in vitro and in vivo where A. flavus spores were treated with different photosensitiser concentration and light dose both in buffer solution and on maize kernels. Comparison of fungal load from treated and untreated samples was determined, and reductions of fungal spore counts of up to 3 log CFU ml 1 in suspension and 2 log CFU g 1 in maize kernels were obtained using optimal dye concentrations and light dose combinations. The results in this study indicate that curcumin mediated photosensitization is a potentially effective method to decontaminate A. flavus spores in foods and feeds.
Accessibility and use of information and communication tools among farmers for improving chicken production in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
(Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2016) Temba, B. A.; Kajuna, F. K.; Pango, G. S.; Benard, R
Obtaining correct and appropriate extension services is an important aspect of maximizing production among farmers. This is a cross sectional study carried out to assess the use of information and communication tools (ICTs) to get extension services among chicken farmers and identifying factors hindering the accessibility and use. The study was conducted using structured questionnaire involving 160 chicken keepers randomly chosen from list of poultry keepers and voluntarily concerted to participate in four wards of Morogoro municipality. Data collected were analyzed for descriptive statistics, comparisons and correlations. It was identified that majority of farmers used televisions, mobile phones and radio to get extension information while few farmers occasionally use internet, magazines, books, fliers and audio-visual materials like DVDs. 82.5% of the farmers do not get enough information they needed for their projects. High costs, unreliable electricity, poor TV and radio signals and lack of knowledge on the use or modern tools were pointed as major limiting factors. It was however observed that the use of information and communication tools to access extension services strongly correlated with productivity of chicken enterprises. We therefore recommend for more efforts to facilitate and sensitize farmers on the better use of ICTs for their enterprises.
Tools for defusing a major global food and feed safety risk: non biological postharvest procedures to decontaminate mycotoxins in foods and feeds
(American Chemical Society, 2016) Temba, Benigni A.; Sultanbawa, Yasmina; Kriticos, Darren J.; Fox, Glen P.; Harvey, Jagger J. W.; Fletcher, Mary T.
Mycotoxin contamination of foods and animal feeds is a worldwide problem for human and animal health. Controlling mycotoxin contamination has drawn the attention of scientists and other food and feed stakeholders all over the world. Despite best efforts targeting field and storage preventive measures, environmental conditions can still lead to mycotoxin contamination. This raises a need for developing decontamination methods to inactivate or remove the toxins from contaminated products. At present, decontamination methods applied include an array of both biological and nonbiological methods. The targeted use of nonbiological methods spans from the latter half of last century, when ammoniation and ozonation were first used to inactivate mycotoxins in animal feeds, to the novel techniques being developed today such as photosensitization. Effectiveness and drawbacks of different nonbiological methods have been reported in the literature, and this review examines the utility of these methods in addressing food safety. Particular consideration is given to the application of such methods in the developing world, where mycotoxin contamination is a serious food safety issue in staple crops such as maize and rice.
Bacteriological Quality of Tilapia Fish from Treated Wastewater in Peri-Urban Areas, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Science Publishing Group, 2016-10) Mhongole, Ofred Jonas; Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon; Kusiluka, Lughano Jeromey Moses; Dalsgaard, Anders
The aim of this study was to assess faecal bacterial contamination in tilapia fish from wastewater treatment ponds at Mzumbe and in pristine water in Mindu dam. Tilapia fish (fish flesh and fish intestines) and water samples were analysed for Escherichia coli and total plate count. The concentration of E. coli in fish intestines ranged from about 1 - 3.5 log cfu/g and <1 log cfu/g in fish flesh. Total plate count ranged from 1 – 3 log cfu/g in fish flesh and 2 – 6 log cfu/g in fish intestines. The concentration of E. coli in pristine water in Mindu dam ranged from 0 to 15 cfu/mL. From the inlet to outlet of Mzumbe wastewater treatment pond, there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) of E. coli concentration along the gradient from 2.05 to 0.55 log cfu/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrated that tilapia fish from the two study sites were of good quality for human consumption based on microbial faecal contamination. On the other hand treated wastewater of the quality found in this study may be used for aquaculture. However, continuous monitoring for bacteriological quality and safety parameters including E. coli and total plate count is required.
Antimicrobial activity of indigenous plants used by pastoral communities for milk preservation in Kilosa District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Kawanga, C. N.
Milk is an important part of the diet among pastoral communities in Kilosa district, Tanzania. Its production and consumption derives much food security and economic benefits to the rural people in the district. However, Milk has a complex biochemical composition and its high-water activity and nutritional value serves as an excellent medium for growth and multiplication of many kinds of microorganisms. This shortens the shelf-life of milk. In the framework of research to improve the shelf-life and safety of milk, this study was conducted to explore the indigenous knowledge on milk preservation and antimicrobial activity of the commonly used plants in milk preservation. A survey was conducted on the use of herbs in milk in Parakuyo and Mbwade villages in the district, after which leaves, stems and roots of two plant species of Dalbergia melanoxylon and Combretum imberbe were collected for laboratory analysis. Biological activity using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) serial dilution assay against six milk spoilage bacteria and titratable acidity were determined. The common methods for preservation of milk were boiling, fumigation of milk containers using dried stems and roots of selected plant species and fermentation. Ethanol extracts of the plant parts showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeriginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Proteus spp. Stem extract of D. melanoxylon showed highest activity with an MIC of 3.125 mg/ml. The difference in biological activity among the extracts was not statistically significant. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in lactic acid production between milk samples treated with extracts and non-treated fresh milk samples. The results of this study give credence to the traditional use of Dalbergia melanoxylon and Combretum imberbe and expand our knowledge on the biological activity of their extracts as potential natural preservatives.
Occurrence and distribution of sulfonamides, Tetracyclines and Quinolones in livestock manure in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
(iMedPub Journals, 2017-11) Mohameda, H.S.A; Anders, D; Uswege, M; Robinson, H.M
Antibiotics are deployed in large quantities both in human and veterinary medicine. They have played a major role in improving human health and supporting livestock production. However, the relevance of non-therapeutic and therapeutic applications needs a time-to-time re-evaluation due to its significant relationship to increased emergence of resistant pathogen strains both in humans and animals. This is due to widespread discharge into the aquatic environment from both domestic and agricultural sources of antibiotics which are not completely metabolized (original compounds) or metabolites of which are recycled through drinking water under low doses. A study was conducted to analyze the presence of sulfonamide, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline in swine, cattle and poultry manure in Morogoro municipality. A total of sixty grab manure samples from poultry, swine and cattle were analyzed. Twenty samples for each type of livestock manure were collected from Morogoro municipality for analysis. The respective antibiotics were analyzed by ELISA. The highest mean concentrations in manure sample were 1320.9967 ± 710.06372 μg/ kg, 2083.2640 ± 826.64583 μg/kg and 1573.7528 ± 222.95739 μg/kg, Sulfonamide, Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline respectively. In overall, higher concentrations of the antibiotics were detected in poultry and swine manure than in cattle. This indicates heavier usage of veterinary antibiotics in poultry and swine husbandry in the study area as compared to cattle. The findings of this study provide basic information on the risk of environmental antibiotic contamination from animal effluents.
Effect of freezing on stability of oxytetracycline residues in beef from Dodoma region, Tanzania
(Tanzania Veterinary Associatian Proceedings, 2017-12-05) Mgonja, F.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of freezing on the concentration of oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in beef samples stored at -20 °C (core beef temperature -12 °C and below) for 60 and 120 days. A total of 60 fresh beef samples were randomly obtained from cattle slaughterhouses and butcher shops in district in Dodoma region in Tanzania. The OTC residues were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD). Results showed that the mean concentration of OTC residues in 16 positive samples before freezing was 191.71 ± 90.21 ng/g. The mean concentration of OTC after freezing at -20 °C for 60 and 120 days were 166.40 ± 86.49 ng/g and 133.50 ± 83.24 ng/g respectively. These results revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction of OTC residues of 30% after 60 days and 65% after 120 days of freezing at -20 °C. The percentage reduction of OTC residues was not dependent on the initial concentration or the freezing process but was rather due to unknown time dependent individual beef sample factors. It is concluded that. despite OTC levels in beef decreasing due to non-freezing factors. any residues significantly above Maximum Residues Level (MRL) may not be expected to reduce to acceptable levels as a result of freezing.

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