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The effect of feeding on: II plasma triglycerides flow and uptake by the liver in normal adult sheep
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 1992-08) Pereka, A. E.
Plasma triglycerides (TG) were measured in portal hepatic veins and arterial blood before, during and after feeding grass hay. In order to determine the liver uptake or output portal blood flows were measured by a continuous creatinine infusion method. Arterial plasma TG concentration in fasted and fed adult sheep was 0.204±0.02 and 0.282±0.02 mmole/L respectively while the venous plasma TG was 0.151+0.01 and 0.184+0.02 mmole/L respectively. No apparent change in plasma TG concentration was noted when sheep were fed. Post feeding TG release from the splanchnic tissues was 0.006±0.001 mmole/min.kg 0.73 as opposed to 0.004±0.002 mmole/min. kg 0.73 during the fasted state. During feeding and for a few hours (2-4) post-feeding the hepatic TG uptake was 0.009±0.004 mmole/min. kg 0.73 in contrast to 0.006±0.002 mmole/min. kg 0.73 during fasted state
The effect of feeding on: I hepatic plasma flow in adult non-pregnant sheep
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 1992-08) Pereka, A. E.
Work was done on adult sheep to determine the effect of feeding perse on hepatic plasma flow. Continuous infusion of creatinine was used to determine the flow rate. Feeding increased hepatic plasma flow with maximum peak reached at 2-4 hours post-feeding. An increase of 53% and 27% of total hepatic plasma flow (THPF) and portal venous flow (PVF) respectively over the pre-feeding values was observed. In conclusion feeding is a stimulus on its own for increased hepatic-portal plasma flow.
Prevalence of canine gastrointestinal parasites in Morogoro, Tanzania
(Taylor and Francis, 1996-07) Muhairwa, A. P; Mtambo, M. M.A; Kusiluka, L. J.M; Maeda, G. E; Kambarage, D. M; Makene, V. W
Out of 235 domestic dogs from Morogoro municipality and Mgeta area in Morogoro region coproscopically screened for gastrointestinal parasitic infections, 174 (74%) were found positive for one or the other parasite. Ancylostonza caninunz was the most common parasite (72%). Protozoan parasites and other helminths were less prevalent (4%). The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism was significantly higher (P<0.05) in dogs <6 months (prkppies) than in adults with no sex effect.
Intestinal protozoan parasites of pigs reared under different management systems in Morogoro, Tanzania
(Taylor and Francis, 1996-07) Muhairwa, A. P; Mtambo, M. M.A; Kambarage, D. M; Esrony, K; Kusiluka, L. J.M
Sixty three piggery units with a total herd size of 424 pigs i n the small-scale and semi-intensive management systents from semi arid and tropical highlund areas of Morogoro region were screened for intestinal protozoan parasites. Thirtysix percent of the screened animals were positive for eimeriosis and 7.8% for cryptosporidiosis. Prevalences of eimeriosis in the semi-intensive and sntall-scale management systems were 22% and 48%, respectively. High prevalences of eimeriosis and cryptosporidiosis (60% and 25%, respectively) were observed in the tropical highland climate area (Mgeta) and low rates (26% and 0.3%, respectively) were evident i n the semi-arid zone. Ninety five per cent of infected pigs excreted between 100 and 5000 OPG and five per cent were excreting more
Eimeriosis in dairy cattle farms in Morogoro municipality of Tanzania
(Elsevier Science B.V., 1996-10) Muhairwa, A.P; Chibunda, R.T; Kambarage, D.M; Mtambo, M.M.A; Kusiluka, L.J.M; Kazwala, R.R
Coccidial oocysts were detected in 35% of 445 cattle in four medium-scale and 20 small-scale dairy farms in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. The highest prevalence (56%) was observed in animals aged between 5 and 18 months, whereas lower prevalences were observed in calves (29%) aged between 12 days and 4 months and adults (30%). No coccidial oocysts were detected in calves less than 12 days old. The oocyst output was high in calves, followed by weaners; adults had the lowest oocyst output. The number of oocysts per gram of faeces was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in diarrhoeic animals than in non-diarrhoeic animals, and more so in young calves. Eimeria species infecting the animals included Eimeria bovis (68%) and Eimeria zuemii (57%), Eimeria ellipsoidalis (25%), Eimeria cylindrica (23%), Eimeria aubumensis (22%), Eimeria alabamensis (12%) and Eimeria subspherica (5%). Mixed infections involving two or three species were common. Our findings indicate that eimeriosis is common in cattle in Morogoro municipality. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Helminthosis in local and cross-bred pigs in the Morogoro region of Tanzania
(Elsevier, 1997-01) Muhairwa, A.P; Mtambo, M.M.A; Kambarage, D.M; Elsrony, K; Kusiluka, L. J. M
We investigated the prevalence, burden and types of gastro-intestinal helminths in 424 local and cross-bred pigs kept under different management systems in two climatic zones in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Coprological examination revealed that 53% of the pigs excreted hehninth eggs in their faeces. The median eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) was 500 (range 100-22000). Local breeds in the Mgeta location with tropical highland climate showed signifi- cantly higher prevalence (P < 0.001) and median EPG values ( P < 0.001) than the cross-bred animals in the semi-arid area. There was no significant difference in the prevalence (P = 0.90) of helminth infection and egg outputs (P = 0.78) in cross-bred pigs raised under the small-scale and semi-mtensive management systems in the semi-arid zone. Piglets showed significantly lower prevalence of helminthosis (P < 0.001) than the weaners, growers and adults in both local and cross-bred animals. Median EPGs of growers and adult animals were significantly higher than those of piglets and weaners (P = 0.006). The prevalences of various hehninth species were Oesophagostomum sp. (40%), Ascaris suum (12%), Strongy loides ransomi (9% ) and Trichuris suis (St% ). 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Investigations on the carrier rate of Pasteurella multocida in healthy commercial poultry flocks and flocks affected by fowl cholera
(Taylor and Francis, 2000) Muhairwa, A. P; Christensen, J. P; Bisgaard, M
Twenty flocks of web-footed birds (Pekin and Muscovy ducks and geese) and eight flocks of chickens raised under intensive management were examined for the presence of carriers of Pasteurella multocida. Five hundred and seventy-eight web-footed birds and 240 chickens from healthy flocks, as well as from flocks affected by fowl cholera, were investigated. A total of 135 isolates (80 from healthy flocks and 55 from flocks affected by fowl cholera) were obtained from the pharyngeal and cloacal mucosae after mouse passage (134 isolates) and culture in selective medium (one isolate). Thirty-five percent (7/20) of the flocks of web-footed birds and 38% (3/8) of chicken flocks had birds carrying P. multocida in the pharynx and/or cloaca. Birds from flocks affected by fowl cholera carried P. multocida at a significantly higher prevalence in the mucosa of the cloaca (P < 0.001) compared with the pharynx, while the opposite was observed in birds from healthy flocks. Extended phenotypic characterization confirmed the presence of P. multocida ssp. multocida, P. multocida ssp. septica and P. multocida ssp. gallicida in the flocks examined. P. multocida ssp. gallicida was exclusively isolated from Pekin ducks, while P. multocida ssp. multocida and P. multocida ssp. septica were obtained from chickens as well as web-footed birds. Each flock was shown to be infected by a single phenotypic clone, but some clones were found in more than one flock. A different clone was found in each of four outbreaks of fowl cholera on one of the farms in the preceding 2 years. Two genotypic and phenotypic clones each of P. multocida ssp. multocida and P. multocida ssp. septica were found. This observation indicated that outbreaks are usually clonal and that elimination of P. multocida from infected farms is possible. The results suggest that healthy poultry, in addition to convalescent carriers, may also be carriers of P. multocida. However, the virulence of P. multocida isolates and resistance of carriers to clinical infection needs to be examined. This is the first report of isolation of P. multocida from the cloacal mucosa of apparently healthy domestic poultry. Sampling of the cloaca appeared to be more sensitive for detecting carriers of P. multocida. Although selective medium was used only to a limited extent, the results suggested that mouse inoculation was a more efficient method of isolating P. multocida from poultry than the use of selective media.
Occurrence of Pasteurella multocida and related species in village free ranging chickens and their animal contacts in Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2000-07-13) Muhairwa, A.P.; Mtambo, M.M.A.; Christensen, J.P.; Bisgaard, M.
Investigation was done to determine the presence of Pasteurella multocida and related species in free ranging chickens and ducks, dogs, cats and pigs in three climatic zones (cool, warm and hot) of rural Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 153 isolates of P. multocida ssp. multocida and related species were obtained by direct culture on blood agar, selective medium and mouse inoculation. P. multocida ssp. multocida was isolated from 0.7% of chickens and 7% of ducks. In dogs and cats, P. multocida ssp. multocida was isolated from 1 and 68%, respectively. One isolate of Pasteurella gallinarum was isolated from a duck. Other species obtained were; P. multocida ssp. septica, Pasteurella stomatis and taxon 16 from dogs and cats, while Pasteurella dagmatis and Pasteurella canis were found in dogs only. Prevalence of P. multocida ssp. multocida was signi®cantly higher (P < 0:01) in ducks of the warm zone (22%) than in ducks of other zones (0%). No signi®cant difference was observed between the prevalence of P. multocida ssp. multocida in chickens of the warm zone (2%) and chickens of the cool and hot zones (0%). Extended phenotypic characterization revealed phenotypic similarities between two isolates from chickens and the duck strains. Mouse inoculation appeared to be more sensitive in detecting P. multocida ssp. multocida than blood agar and selective medium. Direct culture on blood agar recovered most of the isolates from dogs. This study has demonstrated for the ®rst time the presence of P. multocida and related species in the village free ranging chickens, ducks, dogs and cats in Tanzania. Other non-classi®ed Pasteurella spp. were also observed in the study, but further characterization is required before the ®nal classi®cation can be made. This paper reports for the ®rst time the isolation of unclassi®ed Pasteurella from dogs and cats in Africa. The results implies that fowl cholera might be occurring
Serum resistance of Pasteurella multocida in avian and porcine sera, and comparative virulence investigations of selected serum-sensitive and resistant strains in chickens
(Taylor and Francis, 2002) Muhairwa, Amandus P; Christensen, Jens P; Bisgaard, Magne
Growth in serum of Pasteurella multocida and related species in chicken, turkey, duck and pig sera were compared, and selected serum-resistant and serum-sensitive strains were inoculated into 18-week-old layers. Eighty-seven field strains of Pasteurella spp. and nine reference strains representing different clones defined by restriction endonuclease analysis ( REA) profiles were used in the study. Serum activity was measured by changes in the optical density ( OD) of the serum after inoculation and incubation at 41°C for chicken, turkey and duck serum and 39°C for pig serum. Serum activity was measured by comparison with previously determined serum-resistant ( P-1059) and serum- sensitive ( CU vaccine ) strains, and classified into highly serum-resistant, moderately serum-resistant and serum-sensitive. Strains of the same REA type were found to have identical growth curves and the same maximum OD values when tested in serum from the same host species. Turkey serum was shown to be less inhibitory to a wide range of P. multocida strains than chicken, duck and pig sera. Serum- resistant strains were demonstrated among avian as well as mammalian strains. Among the avian strains, the proportion of serum-resistant strains was higher in outbreak strains than in strains from apparently healthy carriers. Removal of the capsule from selected strains by hyaluronidase treatment failed to change the serum activity. The most severe lesions in experimentally infected chickens were produced by a serum-resistant strain; however, lesions were also found in chickens infected by serum- sensitive strains, indicating the involvement of multiple factors in the virulence of P. multocida. Further investigations on serum resistance are indicated in order to relate other host and bacterial factors responsible for the development of fowl cholera.
The effect of concurrent infections with pasteurella multocida and ascaridia galli on free range chickens
(Elsevier, 2002-01-26) Dahl, C.; Permin, A; Christensen, J.P; Bisgaard, M; Muhairwa, A.P; Petersen, K.M.D; Poulsen, J.S.D; Jensen, A.L
Pasteurella multocida and Ascaridia galli are observed with high prevalences in free range chickens in Denmark, but the impact is unknown. A study was carried out to examine the interaction between A. galli and P. multocida in chickens and the impact on production. Five groups, each with 20 18-week-old Lohmann Brown chickens were infected. Group 1 was orally infected with 1000 50 embryonated A. galli eggs. Group 2 received 10 4 cfu P. multocida intratracheally. Group 3 was infected with A. galli and subsequently with P. multocida. Group 4 was infected with P. multocida followed by A. galli. Group 5 was the control. The study ran for 11 weeks where clinical manifestations, weight gain and egg production were recorded. Excretion of P. multocida was determined on individual basis and blood smears were made for differential counts. At the end of the study pathological lesions and the number of adult worms, larvae and eggs in the faeces were recorded. The birds were more severely affected when infected with both pathogens compared to single infections with A. galli or P. multocida, respectively. A lower weight gain and egg production was observed with dual infections. A. galli infection followed by a secondary P. multocida infection resulted in more birds with pathological lesions and continued P. multocida excretion. In conclusion a negative interaction between A. galli and P. multocida was observed and it is postulated that free range chickens are at higher risk of being subjected to outbreaks of fowl cholera when they are infected with A. galli. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Influence of complementary food on growth and iron status of infants aged 6-12 months in Kilosa district Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Mamiro Peter Ruwaichi Simon
Childhood malnutrition remains a common and major problem in Tanzania. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies are the major problems that j occur during the transitional phase from breast milk to solid complementary foods J (CFs) in infants. According to WHO (1999), PEM among under-fives in Tanzania stands at 31% while iron deficiency anemia affects 32% of the infants. Others include I'* iodine deficiency disorders (25%) and Vitamin A deficiency (6%). Most studies have ' associated inadequate intake and poor utilization of nutrients at the complementing age as the immediate causes ofthese problems. In the jfirst chapter various literature sources were consulted. General situation with regard >to malnutrition among children including some pertinent causative factors are I . discussed. A brief discussion on breastfeeding, CFs and micronutrient availability ’■ I ♦ from CFs is presented along with the importance of phytic acid in micronutrient availability. Various techniques that have been used to increase energy density ofCFs such as germination and fermentation are described. Quality and safety aspects ofCFs with regard to contamination with bacteria, cyanides and mycotoxins have been reviewed. These are important because they might be the potential sources of various diseases affecting childrens’ health. Production of low cost CFs that can be afforded by the majority of children, who are faced with nutritional problems, especially in the ruralareasofdevelopingcountriesisdiscussed. Finally,successandfailurestoriesof intervention programs that were implemented to solve nutritional problems among communities in developing countries from early senventies to the recent years community trials are presented.
Seroprevalence and factors affecting canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and canine brucellosis in Tanzania
(Roavs, 2012) Muhairwa, A. P.; Msoffe, P. L. M.; Mtambo, M. M. A.; Mwakijungu, E. O.
A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis and Brucella canis in dogs in Morogoro Tanzania. The study was conducted between June and September 2010. A total of 100 randomly selected dogs were tested for the presence of Ehrlichia canis and Brucella canis antibodies using the Immunocomb ® dot-ELISA tests (Biogal, Israel). Epidemiological factors such as age, sex, breed, health status, body condition and tick infestation were studied. E. canis antibodies were detected in 25% (n=100) of the dogs. B. canis antibodies were not detected in any of the study dogs. The difference in seroprevalence between old and adult dogs was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was also a significant difference in seroprevalence between dogs in good and those in fair body conditions (P<0.05). Seropositivity to E. canis was not associated with the other epidemiological factors. This study provides the first serological evidence of E. canis infection but found no evidence of antibodies to B. canis in dogs in Morogoro. Canine ehrlichiosis was found to be a prevalent disease in Morogoro and calls for regular testing and treatment of clinical cases and tick control measures to protect dogs from E. canis infection. The study also points out the need for further investigation on the presence of canine brucellosis.
Awareness, knowledge and practice of pastoralists and agro- pastoralists towards livestock diseases affecting domestic animals in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro Regions, Tanzania
(2013) Chengula, A; Mdegela, R.H; Kasanga, C.J
The study was carried out to assess pastoralists and agro-pastoralists awareness, knowledge and practice in various livestock diseases affecting domestic animals in Arusha Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania. Closed- and open-ended questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interview techniques were employed. Diseases, drought, lack of dipping tanks, insufficient of livestock experts and drugs are the main constraints in the livestock keeping community in the study area. Nineteen diseases have been reported to affect their animals at one time or the other. East Coast fever (ECF, 79.7%), Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP, 60.8%) and Trypanosomosis (50%) have been reported by more than 50% of pastoralists that they affect their animals. ECF and CCPP seem to be the leading diseases with great impact to the pastoralists by causing high mortality rates. Rift valley fever (RVF) and anthrax have been reported by majority to be diseases which appear in form of outbreak in their area. Diseases reported here are said to be controlled primarily by treating with various drugs and Oxytetracycline being a common drug of choice for most unknown diseases. Other control methods include vaccination and deworming, dipping and spray of animals using acariceides. Livestock experts have been reported to play little role in controlling common livestock diseases as majority of livestock keepers tends to treat their animals. Veterinary experts seem to be important during outbreak of diseases or for unknown diseases killing many animals. Eating of dead and improperly cooked meat together with un-boiled milk was found to be common in the pastoral community. This could lead to the spread (if any) of zoonotic diseases easily. Livestock keeping community is aware of most of common diseases circulating in their area but the way they practice to control leads to failure of control of those diseases at individual and national level. Devising a mechanism to educate them so that they know how to handle some common and reporting outbreak diseases such as use of trained community animal health workers (CAHWs) will help control livestock diseases in Tanzania.
Molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever and its socio-economic impact in selected areas of Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) CHENGULA,AUGUSTINO ALFRED
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that cause significant socio-economic impacts. Using the 2006-07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the molecular epidemiology of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and its socio-economic impact in selected areas of Tanzania. Data for awareness and socio-economic study were collected in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants. Molecular epidemiological study used samples that were collected during the outbreaks. Analysis of selected samples was done using RVF Inhibition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results indicate that there was little knowledge on disease (all clinical signs scored <50%) and the difference between the three regions was statistically significant (P=0.00459). Socio-economic impacts of RVF shown by this study included; animal and human deaths, disruption of livestock market chains, inability of pastoralists to achieve their daily demands, inability to obtain protein leading to malnutrition and monetary loss at individual and national level during control of the disease. The proportion of positive serum samples by RVF inhibition ELISA was 39.5% (n=200) and 17.6% (n-108) by RT-PCR. ELISA detected 41 (38.7%). 32 (39.0%) and 6 (50.0%), the RT-PCR detected II (0.2%). 7 (0.2%) and 1 (0.1%) positive results in cattle, goats and sheep respectively. These findings have demonstrated low knowledge of community on RVF and the presence of RVF virus in the country. Thus, more education and engagement is needed to the community together with further characterization of the virus from different geographical locations in order toiii establish the profile of strains circulating in the country and develop more effective and efficient control strategies.
Rapid, sensitive and effective diagnostic tools for foot- and-mouth disease virus in Africa
(2014) Kasanga, Christopher J; Yamazaki, Wataru; Mioulet, Valerie; King, Donald P; Mulumba, Misheck; Ranga, Ezekia; Deve, Jimis; Mundia, Cornelius; Chikungwa, Patrick; Joao, Laureta; Wambura, Philemo N; Rweyemamu, Mark M
Speed is paramount in the diagnosis of highly infectious diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as well as for emerging diseases; however, simplicity is required if a test is to be deployed in the field. Recent developments in molecular biology have enabled the specific detection of FMD virus (FMDV) by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT- qPCR) and sequencing. RT-LAMP enables amplification of the FMDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3D(pol) gene at 63 °C (in the presence of a primer mixture and both reverse transcriptase and Bst DNA polymerase) for 1 h, whilst RT-qPCR amplifies the same gene in approximately 2 h 30 min. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and effectiveness of RT-LAMP against RT-qPCR for the detection of the FMDV 3D(pol) gene in 179 oesophageal- pharyngeal scraping samples (collected by probang) obtained from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo in Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania in 2010. The FMDV detection rate was higher with RT-LAMP (30.2%; n = 54) than with RT-qPCR (17.3%; n = 31). All samples positive by RT-qPCR (Cq ≤ 32.0) were also positive for the RT-LAMP assay; and both assays proved to be highly specific for the FMDV target sequence. In addition, the VP1 sequences of 10 viruses isolated from positive samples corresponded to the respective FMDV serotypes and genotypes. Our findings indicate that the performance of RT-LAMP is superior to RT-qPCR. Accordingly, we consider this test to have great potential with regard to the specific detection and surveillance of infectious diseases of humans and animals in resource-compromised developing countries.
Determination of the presence of babesia DNA in blood samples of cattle, camel and sheep in Iran by PCR
(Belgrade, 2014-10-13) Khamesipour, Faham; Doosti, Abbas; Koohi, Arman; Chehelgerdi, Mohammad; Mokhtari-Farsani, Abbas; Chengula, Augustino Alfred
Babesia species are protozoan parasites that parasitize the erythrocytes of domestic animals and humans, caus- ing anemia in the host affected. These parasites cause a zoonotic disease known as babesiosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proven to be very sensitive for detecting Babesia in blood samples of affected animals, particular in ruminants. The purpose of the current study was to determine the presence of Babesia DNA in the blood samples obtained from cattle, camel and sheep in Iran. In addition, the study aimed at establishing a rapid, reliable, specific and sensitive molecular tool, the PCR, for the detection of Babesia DNA in ruminants and dromedaries. Blood samples were collected from 372 rumi- nants and dromedaries (155 cattle, 95 sheep and 122 camel) kept at the Livestock Experimental Station. The animals came from randomly selected herds located in the important livestock-production regions of Iran of Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary during December 2012 to March 2013. PCR was used to detect Babesia DNA in the blood samples whereby an amplified band size of 428 bp was considered positive for Babesia spp. The results indicated that 7.10% (n= 155), 6.56% (n= 122) and 0.00% (n= 95) of the blood samples from cattle, camel and sheep were positive for Babesia DNA, respectively. The findings from this study revealed that there were Babesia DNA in blood taken from cattle and camel. To our knowl- edge, this is the first report to show the presence of Babesia DNA in blood samples of Iranian ruminants and dromedaries in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari and Isfahan provinces by PCR method. Though, diagnosis of low-level infections by the pa- rasite is important for the epidemiological studies. Our findings support the power of PCR test for Babesia DNA detection in blood samples and could be easily used for routine diagnosis.
Assessing the awareness, knowledge, attitude and practice of the community towards solid waste disposal and identifying the threats and extent of bacteria in the solid waste disposal sites in Morogoro municipality in Tanzania
(IISTE, 2015) Chengula, Augustino; Lucas, Bahati K; Mzula, Alexanda
Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted materials. Health hazards associated with improper disposal of solid wastes to the community were investigated in Morogoro municipality. The aim of the project was to investigate the solid waste disposal practices and their health hazard implications to the community in Morogoro municipality. The study was conducted by considering several solid waste disposal sites based on three methods; observation, questionnaire survey and microbiological analysis. Based on observation method, several solid waste practices were detected including collection of wastes using trucks, wheel barrow, carriers made from elephant grasses and cement bags. Questionnaire survey pinpointed several diseases caused by solid wastes such as malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid and worm diseases from the respondents. From microbiological analysis, several pathogenic bacteria were identified from the solid disposal sites. The bacteria with their frequency of isolation identified were: Salmonella typhimurium (16.7%), Shigella dysenteriae (16.7%), Citrobacter freundii (8.3%), Citrobacter amalonaticus (8.3%), Aerobacter aerogenes (8.3%), Proteus vulgaris (16.7%), Klebsiella oxyotoca (8.3%), Klebsiella (8.3%), E.coli (8.3%). Solid waste generated by the daily activities of the people needs to be properly managed in such a way that it minimizes the risk to the environment and human health. Inadequate collection and disposal of solid waste is a major factor in the spread of disease and environmental degradation.
Photodynamic inactivation of Aspergillus flavus mediated by Bidens pilosa extract
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015) Temba, B. A.; Fletcher, M. T.; Fox, G. P.; Harvey, J. W.; Sultanbawa, Y.
Occurrence of mycotoxins in food and animal feeds poses major health risks to human and animals, and effective control requires integration of crop management strategies both in the field and during post-harvest storage and processing. Photodynamic inactivation is a novel light-based approach which offers a promising alternative to conventional methods for the control of mycotoxigenic fungi. An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of photoinactivation of Aspergillus flavus, a major aflatoxin-producing fungal species, by photosensitization mediated by an extract of the tropical plant Bidens pilosa. Photosensitization was conducted on fungal spores and hyphae in solution using of 420 nm wavelength light at a dose of 60 J cm -2 combined with 0.25 and 0.5 mg ml -1 of the plant water extract. The numbers of viable spores and hyphae were reduced by 4 log colony forming units (CFU ml -1 ) and this was affected by changing temperature but not pH. The findings of this study indicate the potential of using photosensitization technique utilizing natural photosensitizers derived from locally available herbs to effectively control mycotoxins in feeds for improved livestock production.
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-2 alpha participates in axial skeletogenesis during mouse embryo development
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-05-25) Aligawesa, E.; Luziga, C. D.; Bui, T. N.; Kashoma, I. P.; Yamamoto, Y.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2 alpha (CTLA-2α) has been discovered and expressed in mouse activated T-cells and mast cells. Structurally, it is homologous to the proregion of mouse cathepsin L, a lysosomal cystein proteinase. Expressed recombinant CTLA-2α is shown to exhibit selective inhibition to cathepsin L and is localized in the uterus during pregnancy where it is implicated in embryo plantation and development. CTLA-2α has also been demonstrated in the maternal side of the placenta in the deciduas basalis, metrial gland and myometrium layers in mouse but its vivo targets in the embryo are yet to be identified. We carried out studies to investigate the specific cell types synthesizing CTLA-2α protein in mouse embryo and examine its cellular localization. Immunofluorescence labeling showed intense localization of CTLA-2α in the cranium, vertebrae of cervical and thoracic region and the sternabrae. In the visceral organs, staining level was strong in the pancreas. Moderate staining was visible within the brain and remnants of the notochord. The rest of the organs including the spleen, small intestine and lungs were delineated by CTLA-2α. These findings suggest that CTLA-2α participates in an important role from the potential commitment of mesenchymal cells lineages to the ossification of axial skeleton early in embryogenesis.
Dynamics and driving forces of hides, skins, leather and leather goods production and trade in Tanzania
(Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2015-06-02) Mbassa, G.; Luziga, C.; Kilongozi, N.; Muyinga, E.
Hides, skins, leather and leather products are most traded commodities in the world and demand is increasing. Countries with large livestock populations have great opportunity to generate revenue from this resource. Studies were conducted in slaughterhouses, tanneries and leather good factories in Tanzania, aimed at determining quantities, qualities, processing and trade of hides and skins. Productions from slaughters are more than 3 million cattle hides, 3 million goatskins and 1 million sheepskins. Collected and exported quantities were 1,174,585 cattle hides, 1,591,990 and 304,167 goat and sheep skins. Companies from these destinations pre-pay livestock traders in advance and collect hides and skins at slaughter. Hides and skins are chrome or vegetable tanned at several industries including Afro Leather Industries Dar es Salaam while Himo Tanners and Planters and Afro Leather Industries produce finished leather. Qualities of hides were low because of flay cuts and brand markings. There is one leather footwear factory at Moshi and small scale leather goods factories in Arusha, Moshi, Mwanza, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Singida, Morogoro and in other places by individuals, youth groups, Vocational Education Training Authority (VETA) and Small Industries Organization (SIDO). Hides and skins processing is constrained by high international demand for raw hides and skins, inadequate investment in abattoirs, hides and skins collection and storage facilities and lack of trained personnel. Footwear and leather goods are constrained by lack of factories, competition from used goods, synthetic plastics and uninformed market. Investment in hides, skins and leather industry supported by training programmes has potential to generate great monetary revenue.

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