Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

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Consumers’ attitude towards Fairtrade coffee in the UK
(UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, 2012) Nandonde, Felix, Adamu
The rapid worldwide expansion of Fair Trade coffee sales was highly reported to be accelerated by the involvement of large retailers (LRs). The purpose of this research was to understand factors influencing consumers’ Fairtrade coffee purchase intention in the UK. Factor analysis was conducted with sample of 219 coffee consumers with the aid of SPSS 17. The general findings of the study indicates that credence processing attributes defined as ‘ethical’, ‘production techniques’ and ‘fair trade products’ are the major factors that influence consumers intention in purchasing of coffee in the UK. However, credence process content attributes such as ‘quality’ and ‘decaffeinated coffee’ also emerged as the most significant factors in influencing consumers’ attitudes towards coffee.
Consumers’ Reaction towards Involvement of Large Retailers in Selling Fair-Trade Coffee: The Case of the United Kingdom
(AJOL, 2012) Nandonde, Felix, Adamu
Since 2002, the year the concept of own label on fair trade products was introduced in the United Kingdom, grievances have started to come out. The Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO) has continued to be criticised in the commercialisation movement for giving large retailers (LRs) licences to use Fairtrade mark to produce and sell on their own brands. Earlier, the products were produced by alternative trading organisations (ATOs). To reach mass markets, fair trade products need LRs distribution channels and not the old system of using speciality shops as distribution channels, any more. However, the challenge has always been on the use of own label and the willingness of the large retailers to implement the fair trade guiding principles for the benefit of small producers in the South. The purpose of this study is to explore UK coffee consumers’ reactions to the involvement of large retailers in selling fair trade coffee. The analytical techniques used to analyse the data collected in June 2010 in the high street of Newcastle through face to face interviews include: (1) Factor analysis conducted with a sample of 219 coffee consumers- so as to understand factors influencing purchase decision and, (2) Cluster analysis employed to identify customers’ reaction to large retailers’ involvement in selling fair trade coffee. The study indicates that credence processing attributes such as ‘retailers image’, ‘fair deal’, ‘fair trade promotion’, ‘social responsibility’ and ‘against own label’ are the major factors that influence consumers’ intention to purchase fair trade coffee in the United Kingdom. Two clusters have been identified. Cluster one is the male ‘ethical consumers’ group influenced by retailers’ image and social responsibilities activities. This group was found to be in favour of the idea of having large retailers using their own label. Cluster two is female ‘ethical and well being’ consumers group. This group is not in favour of allowing large retailers to use their own label for fair trade coffee. The interesting finding here is that, this group is not against the involvement of large retailers in selling fair trade coffee. Studies have shown that consumers are not in favour of own brand issued to large retailers, but they are willing fair trade products stocked in supermarkets. This alarmed the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO) to review its policy of allowing the large retailers (LRs) to use own brand. The findings of the study need to be interpreted with caution because of two major reasons. The first reason has to do with the sample size used: The size of coffee consumers in the UK is very small. The second reason is the fact that the study is based on the evaluation of hypothetical attributes of coffee and any additional factors, and this may affect coffee purchase.
Understanding corporate social responsibility as implemented by SMES in Tanzania: the case of the Hotel industry
(AJOL, 2012) Nandonde, Felix Adamu
Since Tanzania embarked on private sector reforms that started in mid 1990s, the country experienced a growth of entrepreneurs in the hotel and hospitality industry. While entrepreneurs in the hotel industry form a major part of the booming tourism industry and contribute significantly to economic growth, their potential is being undermined by an unorthodox business practices such as overpricing and provision of substandard services. However, this does not mean they are not participating in corporate social responsibility such as providing food to the needy and supporting people faced with natural calamities such as floods. Despite the growing interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and initiatives of entrepreneurs, little attention has been paid to these small scale entrepreneurs in developing countries such as Tanzania. The purpose of this paper is to understand corporate social responsibility (CSR) implemented by entrepreneurs in the hotel industry in Tanzania. This paper is intended to fill the gaps in the literature of the CSR implemented by entrepreneurs in developing countries. The data were collected in Morogoro and Dar-es-Salaam from October 2011 to January 2012. Samples of 156 respondents were recruited for the study and included managers, owners and managing directors of these hotels. Quantitative approach was employed and a questionnaire was used for data collection. A 37-item, five point Likert scaled questionnaire was administered to 156 respondents. SPSS window 16.0 was employed for data analysis. Cronbach α was used to measure scale reliability and communality to test the suitability of the elements used. The findings reveal six strong factors:, supporting sport, supporting community, environmental concern, cultural events, supporting elder people, and fund raising. The study shows that entrepreneurs in hotel industry in Tanzania paid attention to CSR as capital assets to win the confidence of communities in their business operations
Analysis of Women Small Scale Entrepreneurs Practices during Business Negotiations in Tanzania Agribusiness
(AJOL, 2013) Nandonde, Felix Adamu; Liana, Pamela John
There is a growing interest in the women participation in business ventures in Africa. The move has seen huge endorsements of capital from donors, governments and private sector to entrepreneurial development among women. Despite these efforts business growth among women entrepreneurs seems to be slower than is the case with their male counter parts. Studies that have so far been conducted in Africa have been focusing much on emancipating women from various social cultural and economic barriers. Negotiation is very important in business success. This article explores women entrepreneurs’ business negotiations practices in Tanzania agribusiness. Purposive sampling technique was used for selection of the respondents to participate in the study. The study employed interview-administered questionnaire and 131 women small-scale entrepreneurs involved in selling of agri-food participated in the study. Descriptive analysis employed and data were analysed by using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) window 16.0. In general study indicates that women lack soft skills during business negotiations and feel shy when negotiate with their male counter parts. For the growth of the business owned by women some advice were provided for building business negotiation skills of entrepreneurs.
Exploring Foreign Tourists’ Image of Tanzania: A Factorial Analysis Approach
(Routledge, 2015) Nandonde, Felix Adamu
In the last decade, the economy of African continent and Tanzania in particular has witnessed a business boom of the tourism sector. While the sector has continued to grow and become a dependable source of direct and indirect employment to youths in urban and rural areas, the sector has been awash with challenges. These challenges include terrorism attacks, energy crises and poor infrastructure. However, the impact of these challenges on the image of Tanzania as a tourist destination has not received the deserved attention. This study explores the perception of visitors towards Tanzania as a tourist destination after they have completed their tourist visit. This study employs factor analysis technique to explore country destination image. Questionnaires were administered to visitors at some of the tourists’ hotels and Julius Kamabarage Nyerere International Airport (as a major exit point) in the country. Frontline employees, various tourist sites and access to services emerged to be strong tourist destination image factors. This implies that the efforts of marketing tourism destination should focus on promoting all the sites the country has.
Uptake Of Market ‘Induced Innovation’ by Upstream Actors in Tanzania
(2015) Nandonde, Felix, Adamu; Galinoma, Lubawa; Liana, Pamela John
This chapter investigates the uptake of innovation induced by downstream actors by sunflowers SMEs in Tanzania with the use of an interview-based qualitative study of data collected in Dodoma, Tanzania. This study reveals that SMEs pay less attention to organizational innovation. However, they are much more focused on production innovation in the interest of servicing markets. Furthermore, the study reveals that a major factor that influences the uptake of innovation from downstream are not final consumers, but rather government agencies. For instance, most SMEs involved in the study search for funds to buy small oil refinery machines after government bans of the selling of raw oil. This suggests that processors still think consumers will absorb everything because there is lack of supply and demand is high.
Relationship Establishment in SCM in a Market with Enforcement and Regulation Challenges: Case of Tanzania
(IGI Global, 2016) Nandonde, Felix, Adamu; Nguni, Winnie
In absence of effective state institutions, informal and private sector operations tend to govern the market. This problem is evident in the petroleum industry in Tanzania. However, little is known about how players in petroleum industry operate in those business environments. The purpose of this chapter is to explore establishment of a relationship between supplier-logistic firms in a post planned economy. The study employed case study interview with two petroleum products distributors in Tanzania to achieve its objective. Data were analyzed by thematic analytical techniques. Three major findings regarding buyer-suppliers relationships in developing economies are presented: actors do not prefer to enforce contract that they sign, discretional relationships exist in petroleum business among actors and ‘undugunization’ is the strongest criteria in selection of actors. Study implies that for a supplier-logistic relationship to exist government has a great role to play in enforcement of laws.
"International firms in Africa's food retail business-emerging issues and research agenda
(Emerald, 2016) Nandonde, Felix Adamu; Kuada, John
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the state of the retail sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, to point out the lack of information on some critical issues and to raise some questions about relevant topics for researchers and practitioners in the retail area for the African market.This paper is comprised of a comprehensive review of the literature and integrates the fragmented body of knowledge on the area of retail internationalisation and food marketing. The gaps in the literature identified here may help to understand the sector better and develop academic research agendas on both the growth of the modern food retail sector and the agribusiness sector in Africa. Four major topics were identified in the urban agri-food retail business in the African continent: large global retailers in Africa’s food sector; the internationalisation of African food retailers; the procurement practices of international retailers; and, the food-buying behaviour of Africa’s middle class.
Modern food retailing buying behaviour in Africa: the case of Tanzania
(Emerald, 2016) Nandonde, Felix Adamu; Kuada, John
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore modern food retail buyers’ behaviour in developing economies using the case of Tanzania. This paper provides an insight into the decision-making practice of modern food retail buyers’ behaviour in emerging modern food distribution systems, where the buying task involves balancing the retailer’s commercial interests with more stringent government regulations that shape food business in the region. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative case study approach was used for the study. The researcher used semi-structured interviews with retailers for data collection and corroborated them with secondary data. Data were thematically analysed. Findings – The study shows that the criteria used by modern food retailers in the selection of local food suppliers are reliability, quality, trade credit and legal certification. The task is further complicated by the overlapping food certification requirements of various government agencies, which impose limitations on the buyers’ decision. Due to the exploratory nature of the study and its focus on the context of a particular geographical marketplace, the findings may not be generalizable to other countries. Originality/value – This is the first academic study of the criteria used by modern food retailers in the selection of local food suppliers in Tanzania.
Integrating Local Food Suppliers in Modern Food Retail in Africa: The Case of Tanzania
(Aalborg University, 2016) Nandonde, Felix, Adamu
This study addresses three distinct but interrelated issues in the integration of local food suppliers in modern food distribution in Tanzania. These issues are: What are key factors driving the development of modern food retailing in Tanzania? What factors influence the participation of local modern food suppliers in the industry? And, finally: What policies and strategies can be adopted to increase local suppliers‘ participation in the industry? The study used a critical realism case study approach, in which nine local food suppliers and seven modern food retailers participated. Participants from two food regulators and two private sector support organisations were also interviewed. Data were collected in four regions of Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Morogoro. Interviews were conducted in English and Swahili, and voice recorder and field notebooks were used in data collection. Secondary data were also used for the study and were collected from government reports, newspapers and magazines. Data were stored in Nvivo but were primarily analysed manually. A thematic analytical technique was used for qualitative data analysis. Furthermore, both within-case and cross-case study data analyses were employed for data analysis in the study. This study produced three findings: First, the study shows that the evolution of modern food retail distribution in Tanzania was accelerated by both internal and external factors. External factors are the availability of suppliers, the acceptance of trade credit and return policies by local food suppliers, administrative reason, change in lifestyle, the rise of the middle class, and institutional supports. Internal factors are innovation, quality, the availability of products, safety and return policies. Second, the study shows that the participation of local food suppliers is very low, but is increasing. Findings show that the selection of local food suppliers is influenced by satisfying government requirements, food quality, consumer feedback, packaging, reliability, acceptance of return policies and trade credit, price and adherence to Islamic practices. The study shows that a number of factors influence the establishment of the supplier-retailer relationship. These are: the acceptance of trade credit, return policies and premises visitations. Furthermore, the study shows that territory relationship and social embeddedness influence the formation of relationships between retailers and suppliers. In spite of this, the supplier-retailer relationship study shows that there is a lack of trust and commitment among actors. The study shows that payment delays limit supplierretailer relationships. Finally, the study shows that, in order to increase the participation of local food suppliers in modern food distribution in Tanzania, local food suppliers use different strategies. These strategies are the formation of networks, innovation, outsourcing and the recruitment of ix experienced staff. To increase their chances of participation, local food suppliers embarked on innovation, and the study shows that major sources of innovation are distributors, retailers and government agencies. However, the flow of information to stimulate innovation from downstream actors is limited by trade credit, consumer preferences and government requirements. The study contributes to theoretical and empirical knowledge. The study presents a new look at the formation of the supplier-retailer relationship from the perspective of developing economies in four stages. These stages include: (1) retailer evaluation of suppliers‘ reputation, (2) supplying of samples (3) supply commencing after terms are negotiated and agree upon, (4) consumer/institution recommendation and finally (5) a sustained relationship. The study also proposes a framework for understanding the evolution of modern food distribution in developing economies, with a focus on internal and external factors. In general, previous proposed theories marginalised the influence of external factors on the evolution of retail formats, which seem to be very important in Tanzania. One policy implication study suggested the formation of special financial supports for local food suppliers to help them meet their working capital when engaged in trade credit with retailers by commercial banks in Tanzania. These loan could be granted against invoice based on supply to the retailers who buying on credit. In spite of these contributions, the study has some limitations. For example, it does not employ distributors/wholesalers that are main actors in food distribution in developing economies like Tanzania. Furthermore, distributors of imported food were not included in the study, although they play a major role in the development of modern food retail in Tanzania. I would therefore like to suggest that future research include distributors/wholesalers of local and imported food products.
Agribusiness CSR Practices on the Establishment of Underdeveloped Supply Chains: Evidence from Tanzania
(2017) Nandonde, F. A.; Liana, P.J.; Sachs, P.
The rise of modern food retailing in developing economies is criticised for marginalising the small scale agribusiness actors. The marginalisation is due to high requirements on delivery and set food standards which are obstacles to most of small scale actors. The current project explores the CSR practices of agribusiness entrepreneurs in Tanzania in improving the underdeveloped value chain of fresh meat and processed peanut butter. Interviews were conducted in Arusha and Morogoro in Tanzania with managers, owners and beneficiaries of the practices. By using thematic qualitative case studies of the interviews, the study reveals that trust, regular supply of the products and relationship are very important for the CSR supply chain establishment. Furthermore, the study shows that reduced credit facility and rudimentary technology are major challenges that threaten the practices of linking small scale farmers to modern food distribution in Africa. The recommendations are offered regarding the steps for further improved underdeveloped supply chain. This study adds value on the CSR practices of agribusiness entrepreneurs from developing economies
Commercial Bank Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Tanzania
(Springer, 2017) Nandonde, F. A.; Sachs, P.
The present chapter offers a preliminary exploration of the CSR issues being addressed and reported by five commercial banks in Tanzania. These issues are illustrated through an examination of how CSR is operationalized within the commercial banking industry within Tanzania. The commercial banking industry is chosen for review because its operations affect all aspects of the country’s economy and citizenship. Moreover, the regulatory and reporting requirements of commercial banking allow for ample documentation that can be reviewed to assess the industry’s approach to CSR. Like most countries in Africa, Tanzania faces number of environmental and social challenges. These include, but are not limited to, land degradation, climate change, over exploitation of natural resources (e.g. over fishing and mining), illegal timber harvesting and poor access to social services such as education, health services and utilities. Given this situation, commercial banks play a key role in protecting the interests of the community, especially in distributing financial support to various programmes which sustain the environment, communities and their populace. Content analysis of the banks’ annual reports is presented and discussed. Particular attention is given to mission and values statements, board composition, social and philanthropic activities and compliance monitoring. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy, strategy and research implication of the findings.
Perspectives of retailers and local food suppliers on the evolution of modern retail in Africa
(Emerald, 2018) Nandonde, Felix Adamu; Kuada, John
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of an exploratory qualitative study of the evolution of modern food retailing in Tanzania ( from both retailers and suppliers’ perspectives). Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative case approach was used in this study. Participants were drawn from three sets of actors: retailers, local food suppliers, and government institutions. Data were collected using semi-structured interview format. Thematic qualitative analytical technique was used for the data analysis. Findings – According to the results of the study, seven major factors that account for the evolution of modern food retail in the country were identified. These are availability of suppliers, acceptance of trade credit, innovation, lifestyle change, institutional support, convenience, and availability of consumers. Originality/value – The study has expanded the knowledge of the evolution ofmodern food retail in developing economies by using the relationship marketing theory. Furthermore, the study employed some major actors in the food value chain to understand determinant factors that accelerated the evolution of supermarkets in Tanzania.
Factors determining the rise of modern food retailing in East Africa: Evidence from Tanzania
(Routledge, 2018) Nandonde, Felix, Adamu; Kuada, John
The food retail sector has undergone dramatic changes in the East African Community (EAC) since the beginning of this century. Both African and non-African international retail firms have entered the market and have gradually expanded their outreach to the major towns of the various East African countries. Despite the increasing importance of the changes to consumer behaviors and shopping habits, there is a dearth of empirical knowledge about factors influencing the changes, and the opportunities and barriers to growth of the international retail firms operating in the region. This chapter pulls together fragmented theoretical and empirical knowledge about the roles that international retailers play in the EAC countries and to explore the opportunities and barriers to their expansion. It also reports the results of a preliminary investigation of the impact that supermarkets are having on food consumption habits in Tanzania. The analysis suggests that factors such as the growing middle class and wage employment in East Africa combine with the increasing rate of urbanization and lifestyle changes to provide growth opportunities within the retail sector. However, import constraints, inadequate infrastructural facilities, limited availability of good quality local products and administrative bottlenecks act as barriers to growth.
Academic staff job embeddedness: model dimensionality and validation in Tanzania’s universities
(Granthaalayah, 2018-09-21) Hokororo, Silver J.; Kitindi, Ernest; Michael, Francis
Universities in Tanzania as many others in Africa and the globe are faced with the challenge of retaining their academic staff. This study examined the dimensionality and generalization of Job Embeddedness Theory, a promising perspective for understanding employee retention, in the context of academic staff in Tanzania’s universities. A survey of 314 members of academic staff from 2 Public Universities and 3 Private Universities was conducted, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Split Sample Cross Validation were used in determining the appropriate dimensionality and generalizability of Job Embeddedness Model in the context of study, respectively. Results indicated that that job embeddedness in the context of academic staff in Tanzania’s universities is a seven factors model. The results also indicate that seven variables out of 30 in the model were not stable, hence compromising generalizability of the model in the context of the study. It was recommended that, since Job Embeddedness Theory is a developing perspective, the volatile variables should be considered for revision or deletion in the future studies, before a seven-factor Job Embeddedness model is accepted for generalizability to larger population of academic members of staff in Tanzania’s Universities.
Factors limiting the flow of food innovation ideas from modern food retailers to local food suppliers in Tanzania
(Routledge, 2019) Nandonde, Felix Adamu
This paper explores factors that constrain the flow of innovation ideas among downstream actors in the food value chain in Tanzania. Prior focus was on the improvement of products, but the influence of downstream actors has received little attention from the researchers in Africa. Qualitative method was deemed to be adequate and advantageous because the study was on understanding the challenges of innovation flow among downstream actors in the food value chain in Tanzania. Food suppliers were selected from international or local retailers using contact information of the processers provided on the packaging. The empirical findings of this study indicate that trade credit, government requirements, counterfeit products, consumers’ preference and lack of skilled staff limit the flow of innovation in the food value chain in Tanzania.
A PESTLE analysis of international retailing in the East African Community
(Wiley, 2019) Nandonde, Felix Adamu
Although many retail firms from around the world have established a presence in the East African Community (EAC), not all internalization attempts have been successful. Application of the PESTLE model—which examines various political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental issues—to investigate the barriers and opportunities in the sector highlights several obstacles to effective and efficient commerce. These include poor infrastructure, inadequate skills and training, and lack of legitimacy. In some cases, these deficiencies also hamper the efforts of locally based retailers to expand in the region. Ultimately, business success may depend on the ability of local governments to design policies and practices that enhance rather than hinder trade and development.
Factors influencing consumers’ supermarket visitation in developing economies: The case of Ghana
(Elsevier, 2019) Schmidt, Dadzie H.; Nandonde, Felix Adamu
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the factors that influence consumers in developing economies, and specifically in Ghana into shopping in the supermarkets. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect data in two cities of Accra and Kumasi in Ghana. Using exploratory factor analysis and analysis of variance for 300 respondents, the findings show the curiosity of economic shopper, quality and safety, esthetic motives, and social motives are the four factors that influence Ghanaian consumers to shop in the supermarkets. The study provides areas for further research and strategies to be undertaken by retailers in Ghana.
Building Commitment in Supplier–Retailer Relationship in Developing Economies: The Case of Tanzania
(Sage, 2019) Nandonde, Felix Adamu
This article investigates the establishment of commitment in developing economies between suppliers and retailers. Previous studies in supplier–retailer commitment relationship used data only from one side. Furthermore, knowledge of institutions governing relational exchanges was limited. Network relationship theory and cross-case analysis of sixteen cases that comprised retailers and suppliers were used. The study shows that affective and behavioural commitments are important in understanding the level of relationship between retailers and suppliers in Tanzania. Implications of the study and areas for further research were provided.
Livelihood assessments among small-holder farmers in the Southern agricultural growth corridor in Tanzania: Lessons from households in ihemi cluster
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020) Fasha, G. S; Minde, A.
The study on which this paper is based assessed livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Ihemi cluster. Specifically, the study looked at the identification of institutional factors governing the use of water and land resources, determinants of the factors influencing male and female-headed households’ income inequalities, and lastly, the comparison of agriculture production between male and female- headed households. The methodology involved a cross-sectional research design with a sample size of 150 households. Purposive sampling technique was used to select Ihemi cluster among other clusters of the SAGCOT intervention and stratified sampling technique was used to select respondents. The main method of data collection used were a structured household questionnaire- based survey and focus group discussion. Descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression and independent T-test statistics were used to analyze the data. Descriptively, majority (66.7%) of the respondents in Mufindi and Wanging'ombe district were married followed by Kilolo (56.7%). Very few respondents (3.3%) in Iringa district were single and very few had divorced (3.3%) in Mufindi district. Further, findings indicate that the number of Female Headed Households (FHH) is slightly higher in Njombe district (46.7%) followed by Kilolo (43.3%), Iringa district (40%), Wanging'ombe (36.7%) and relatively less in Mufindi (33.3%). The compounded independent T-test for mean production difference revealed that, there was a significant difference in production scores for male-headed households (M=12.4, SD=9.1) and that of female-headed household (M=9.4, SD= 7.8) conditions; t (142) = -3.233 and p=0.002, indicating significant indifference between male and female-headed households in the cluster. Furthermore, multiple linear regression model revealed that land ownership, access to credit, number of livestock owned, household education level and household size were found had significant influence on male and female-headed households’ income inequalities. On the institutional factors, water sources such as shared taps, private owned taps, wells covered are for domestic purposes only while water sources such as streams, springs and rivers can be used for domestic purposes, livestock watering, watering gardens and irrigation. With this, general hygiene should be maintained and agreed contribution for maintenance in case of breakdowns. The study recommends that, diversification of income sources between female headed households and male headed households should be encouraged, fostering of community- investor linkage and increase access and control over natural resources such as land to female- headed households who are important actors in agriculture in rural areas as thy depend on land for their livelihoods. Conclusively, at the household level, female-headed households should have the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase productivity significantly. Women are good drivers for change towards more sustainable production system.

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