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Meat from goats in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Kyomo, Martin Luther
The shortage of protein of high biological value in the tropics could be decreased by raising larger numbers of indigenous ruminant livestock, and of increasing off take and weight per animal destined for slaughter. In Tanzania, where there are about five million goats and their meat is already very popular, improvement of goats through better breeding, feeding and disease control methods could lead to a several-fold increase in the present annual production of 1.3 million goat carcasses. The paucity of data on which to base goat improvement methods was the major reason for undertaking this study. A comparison was made in reproductive performance, growth rate and carcass yield between the Tanzania indigenous goats and the Tanzania x Boer and the Tanzania x Kamorai goats. The total numbers of animals involved in the study, which was conducted between 1972 and 1976, inclusive, were 7 sires, 177 dams and 559 progeny. The study confirmed earlier untested theories that the Tanzania goat, which belongs to the East African breed type of goat, produces kids throughout the year. There were, however, peak periods in which more dams kidded than in other periods. The total amount of rain falling during a given period was the only environ mental factor affecting the time of conception of the dams (P < 0.001) . This relationship seemed to be an indirect one, in that more rain meant more forage growth-(ii) and availability and therefore better body condition of the dams. Better fed dams ovulate, conceive when mated, and maintain pregnancy to term more readily than underfed dams. The twinning rates and mortality of kids have been reported in the-thesis. The effects of year, sex, seasons and birth type, whether singles or twins, on weight at various ages have been reported. The slight superiority of castrates over the entire male kids in growth rate observed in this thesis calls for more studies to see if the hormonal patterns related to growth were different from those of animals of similar sexes in other domestic livestock. The heritability estimates for weight at birth, weaning, one year and 72 weeks of age were 0.7 ± 0.10, 0.14 ± 0.14, 0.07 ± 0.11 and 0.017 ± 0.16, respectively. The weight of kids could, for practical purposes on the farms, be predicted by the formula : Weight (in kg) = - 4.22 ± 0.15 .+ (0.00806 ± 0.00007 x Girth (in cm) x Length (in cm) . (R2 = 88.2%) The cold dressed carcass percentages of the Boer and Kamorai crossbred and Tanzania purebred kids were 45.57, 45.34 and 45.34 per cent, respectively. The areas of the eye muscle (Longissimus dorsi) measured on the 10th and 11th ribs of the male and castrated kids ranged between 11.77 and 14.27 square centimetres. The castrated kids had more total lean, fat and bone than the entire(iii) male kids. The heritability estimates for cold dressing percentage, total lean, total fat and total bone within the carcass were 0.7, 0.3, 0.04 and 0.4, respectively. It is concluded that this study has contributed to the knowledge on meat goat production characteristics in the tropics and will form a basis on which to plan the breeding and management of commercial meat goats in Tanzania.
Genetic interaction between phaseolus vulgaris and bean common mosaic virus with implications for strain identification and breeding for resistance
(Wageningen, 1978) Drijfliout, E.
DRIJFHOUT, 嚣 TEic Mus with implications for strain identi^-aHon^nd^breeding for resistance. RepJVerllJandbouwk. Onderz.) 872. ISBN 90 220 0671 9. (vii) + 98 p.. summaries. 仙*撷 , 2 加*4两加卅、 Aho: Doctoral thesis, 'Vageningen^ } Various strains of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) occur in susceptible cultivars of bean. To compare compare these strains, a standard procedure for identification ;ind a set of dif- bean. To ferentiM cultivars were established. The differentials are representatives of 11 resistance Roups'determined groups, < ---------- --- by testing - of about 450 lx?an cultivars with 8 to 10 strains. The virus strains and isolates were classified into 10 pathogenicity groups and subgroups, so that 10 strains were distinguished and the others considered as isolates of those strains. Twelve differentials were intercrossed and their F, and tested with most of the strains for genetical analysis of resistance in bean. Seven genes were distinguished: a necrosis gene /, already known from the literature. 5 strain-specific resistance guncs be』, be」,bc・2, bc-22 and bc・3, and a strain-unspccific gene be*, complementary to the strain-specific ones. Genes hc-1 and he-12 were allelic, as were bc・2 and bc・2:. The 5 loci segregated independently or nearly so. The 4 strain-specific genes bc・l to hc-22 had a gcnc-for-gcnc relationship with 4 pathogenicity genes, likely to be present in the virus strains. Gene bc-3 had not been overcome by a corresponding pathogenicity gene. Two bean genotypes were developed with resistance to all known strains. Some implica tions for resistance breeding arc discussed. Free descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris, common bean, bean common mosaic virus. BCM V, breeding for resistance, genetics of resistance, iiost 一 virus relationship, pathogenic varimion, screening for resistance, strain identification. This thesis will also be published as Agricultural Research Reports 872. ® Sc 血 Agricultural Publishing and Documentation ,Wageningen, 1978. No Part of this book may be r:r._. rint, micro- reproduced and/or published in any form, by print, photop film or any other means without wri -• written permission from the publishers.
Coffee in the economy of Tanzania and the implications of membership In the international coffee agreement
(1979) Msuya, M. Michael
We seek in this work to develop recommendations for policies that will enable Tanzania to enhance her gains from trade in coffee, in of the changing environment O’- orally. in the world coffee and economic scene We start in the first chapter with an introduction to the O/j^anian economy and identification of the place of coffee in this - z/r-omy. In the second chapter we review literature relating to the structure of the international coffee market, the commodity problem and justification for international market intervention in the form of the International Coffee Agreement (ICA). The third chapter is an attempt to assess, empirically, the effectiveness of the ICA on Tanzania’s gains, defined in terms of the agreement’s objectives as increased stability and progressively increasing trend in the real value and purchasing power of income derived from trade in coffee. We devote chapter four to a review of Tanzania’s fortunes in the ICA and the trends in world coffee production and consumption. Finally, in chapter five we review ongoing coffee programs and practices in Tanzania and develop the said policy recommendations based on the country’s experience as well as the current and expected market environ ment . Two sets of factors determine the extent to which Tanzania gains from its involvement in the world trade in coffee. First is the group of factors which, for purposes of the present study, we term endogenous factors. Within this group fall such factors as production policies, quality controls and management efficiency, all 1.2. of which factors are largely a function of voluntary actions of agents within the country’s economy. These factors could be government, industry, or grower-determined or - effected. The distinguishing trait is that they are to a large degree within the willful control of agents within the country’s economy. Distinct from this category of tors is the second set of factors, which we refer to as exogenous factors. In this category we include all factors, geographically domestic jr foreign to Tanzania, that are largely beyond the willful control of agents within the country’s economy. Under this category fall such factors as market prices, export quotas, changes in consumer demand and adverse weather conditions (be they domestic or foreign to the country). This second set of factors is further sub-divided into: (a) Exogenous factors that originate from man-made decisions and as such are subject to negotiations within the ICA or other multi lateral or bilateral framework, as would, for example, be the case with coffee export quotas within the ICA, and preferential market arrange ments between the European Economic Community (EEC) and the associated African countries, of which Tanzania is one. (b) Exogenous factors that originate from man-made decisions but whose occurrence is not negotiable. In this category are included such factors as changes in consumer demand, long-term changes in world production patterns, and technological advances affecting either or both production and consumption. (c) Phenomenal occurrences that may have their origins in man-3- made decisions or natural circumstances. Examples of these occurrences include extreme weather conditions such as serious frosts in Brazil, extreme monetary instability such as occurred at the beginning of this decide, and labor strikes affecting a major aspect of the world coffee - omy such as an extended longshoreman strike in major United SlsgU-.es coffee ports of entry. Before we start the intended discussion and analyses of the factors of concern in the present study, it is in order to outline some aspects of the historical and structural background to the Tanzanian economy and the way in which coffee and the commodity’s world trade fit into this economic framework. That is the subject of the first chapter.
Comparative effectiveness of group extension methods in village farming in till coastal zone of Tanzania
(University of Dar es salaam, 1979-07-01) Kauzeni, Athanas S.
This dissertation compares the effectiveness of three group—based agricultural extension methodsi (i) demonstra—tions together with formal scheduled group discussion meetings, (ii) formal scheduled group discussion meetings alone and (iii) informal unscheduled or general meetings or contacts that were applied in 24 villages of the coastal zone in Bagamoyo, Handeni, Korogwe, and I.Iorogoro Districts, Tanzania. economic, political, administrative, educational, and environmental factors that directly or indirectly affect the effectiveness of agricultural extension methods and the extension service in general. The aim of the study is: first, to identify the best or most effective group-based agricultural extension methods Secondly, to identify constraints to agricultural extension < methods and the extension service in general that render agricultural extension workers ineffective and consequently inhibit increased agricultural production. Third, the study aims at making recommendations that will help agricultural extension workers in villages to increase their communication effectiveness which will hopefully lead to increased agricultural production. meetings, (ii) formal scheduled group discussion meetings alone and (iii) informal unscheduled or general meetings or which conform to tire country’s policy for villagization as . ■’ * related to the prevailing economic and social conditions^. It examines social Historically the agricultural extension service has been understaffed, and most seriously under-educated (in basic education), and under-trained (in extension and agriculture ) • Inadequate training, particularly in the extension approach or methods, is alleged to be one of the main causes for ineffectiveness of agricultural extension workers and the extension service in general. The training given lacks understanding and proper emphasis, therefore does not produce extension workers able to communicate effectively Consequently with farmers. extension workers have apparently had a minor impact in inducing changes in farming. Five operational dependent variables used in measuring the effectiveness of the three group-based agricultural extension methods are: (i) Knowledge of recommended farming practices, (ii) Adoption rate of recommended farming Results of the study show that differences exist in effectiveness of the three group-based agricultural extension methods as stated in the hypotheses tested. Some of these differences are statistically significant, others are not. Of the three group-based agricultural extension methods studied, demonstrations together with formal scheduled group discussion meetings proved to be the most practices, (iii) Development increase of the village, (iv) Income per ha and (v) Income per man-day. effective. Formal scheduled group discussion meetings vzere second in effectiveness, and informal unscheduled general meetings or contacts v/ere last in effectiveness. The analytical methods used in arriving at these results include simple and multiple regression and analysis of variance. There are also differences between Districts in relation to the effectiveness of extension methods in respeet of the five operational variables. Some of these differences v/ere statistically significant, other were not. Districts differ in levels of performance in respect to nature of individual) but none of these differences between Districts are statistically significant. on average, statistically significant differences between communal and individual types of farming systems in respeet of the tv/o income variables under all three types of group-based extension methods. Several obstacles affect agricultural information communication in the coastal zone villages: These include poor basic education and professional training of agricultural extension workers, high illiteracy percentage level among farmers, inadequate structural organization of the extension service, poor supervision of village level extension workers, and economic and social disparity between villagers and extension workers. In order to improve effectiveness of the agricultural extension approach and the extension service as a whole, it is recommended that evaluation of the agricultural extension service, particularly extension methods, be made more often. Demonstrations and meetings should be the key educational tool of the extension workers in villages. The entire agricultural training programmes should bo reviewed to insure that relevant subjects have their duo emphasis in the syllabi. The number of trainees should be increased and only form IV and above with high passes in relevant subjects should be recruited in so far as adequate numbers are available. Village-level agricultural extension workers should be employees of villages. Research recommendations for villages should be accompanied by their economic aspects to make them complete and should be written in layman's language for extension workers and farmers to understand. Farmers should be required to adopt complete packages of recommendations for a maximum increase in agricultural production to the extent that they are econonioally viable. There is an urgent need for a socialist credit system to be established to serve villages* Refresher or in-service courses for junior and senior agricultural extension workers should be arranged annually or after every two years. Finally, an intensive political education campaign should be launched for villagers particularly village council members, to enlighten them on the meaning, demands, and relevanoo of socialism in their own context.
Nutritive value of orchard grass for cattle and sheep
(West Virginia University, 1980) Madata, Gaspary S.
A study was undertaken to examine seasonal and growth stage effects on intake and digestibility of orchardgrass by grazing cows and to determine effects of fertilization of orchardgrass with kieserite on its nutritive quality and on its mineral composition and utilization. A series of grazing and digestibility trials on orchardgrass were carried out in 1977 and 1978 using sheep and beef cows. In March, 1978, replicated orchardgrass pastures were treated with and without kieserite at the rate of 2240 kg/ha (equivalent to 390 kg Mg/ha). Chromic oxide was used as an external indicator to estimate the fecal output and regression techniques relating fecal N and DMD(Z) were used to estimate the nutritional value of orchardgrass. In grazing trials run in 1977, it was found that intake of first growth vegetative herbage was higher than intake of the pasture at later growth stages. However, in grazing trials run in 1978, intake of first growth vegetative herbage was not different from intake of herbage grazed in October. Dry matter digestibility (Z) was higher in the early first growth herbage than at other growth stages. The grazing cows on the whole had higher mean DMD(Z) coefficients than the indoor animals. Magnesium fertilizer had no effect (P>0.05) on DMD(Z) and intake of either cut or grazed herbage. ^fertilization significantly increased the concentration of sulfur in herbage, with no effect166 on the concentrations of other minerals. Magnesium fertilization caused a consistent but non-significant (P>0.05) inrrwmp in serum magnesium in grazing beef cows in the two week period after turning the cows out to pasture. Magnesium availability, as measured with wether sheep during the same period, was high and, unexpectedly, fertilization resulted in a depression in apparent absorption of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. In conclusion, there were significant effects of growth stage and season on the nutritional quality of orchardgrass. Fertiliza tion with kieserite showed no differences in the .nutritional quality of orchardgrass.
Alkali treatment of roughages and energy utilization of treated roughages fed to sheep and goats
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1981) Ndelilio, Urio A.,
Two series of experiment were conducted, laboratory scale experiments, and and production experiments. The laboratory scale scale experiments were carried out to develop simple methods of alkali-treatment, and to test the- effectiveness of cheap alternative chemicals lo sodium hydroxide. Pro duction experiments were conducted to tost the effectiveness of an apparently promising "dip" treatment motheJ developed in the laboratory scale experiments. and k.a Ca(CII) The effectiveness of Na9CO3 emu lUn,2 cis roughage treating chemicals were tested in combination with NaOH in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment. The levels of the chemicals tested were 0, 3 and 6 g/100 g of roughage (DM). was used as a test roughage. Wheat straw Neither of the chemicals re- suited in any improvement in the digestibility of the straw’ although Ca(OII)2 showed a slight effect in increasing the enzyme soluble organic matter of wheat straw. Both chemicals showed a somewhat negative interaction with NaOH. Maize stover and Hyparrhenia grass were also treated with increasing levels of Na2COg from 0 to 10 g/100 g of roughage DM. Maize stover did not show any response to Na2CO3 treatment except for its enzyme soluble organic matter which increased with increasing levels of Na2CO3. The enzyme soluble organic matter for the untreated maize stover was 29%, while that for maize stover treated with 10 g Na2CO-/ 100 g of roughage DM was 43.6%. Hyparrhenia grass responded comparatively better to Na?CO3 treatment than maize stover. Addition of herring meal to the roughages resulted in a(X) marked improvement in the digestibility of both roughages. This also improved the response of the roughages to ^2^0^ treatment. Maize stover showed a higher response to the addition of herring meal than IJyparrhenia grass. The chemical composition of 4 samples of local Magadi soda was determined. All the samples had high sodium chloride contents, indicating a possibility of Magadi soda having a positive effect on voluntary feed intake. It was rioted that some samples had rather high fluorine contents. Studies were conducted on the effectiveness of a simple "dip" method which involved dipping straw in a 1.5% NaOH solution overnight, letting it drip, washing with minimum water, and letting it drip again. The lye solution was reused 15 times, the strength of the solution being restored after each treatment. The DM and Na content of the lye solution increased with increasing reuse of the solution. The DM content of the solution increased from 1.9% to 7.2%, while the Na content increased from 0.7 to 1.4%. Both the DM and Na contents of the solution tended to stabilize after the solution had been reused more than 10 times. The IVOMD and ESOM of the treated straw increased with increasing reuse of the solution. The in vivo DM and OM digestibility as well as DE of the straw was improved markedly by the dip method. The digestibility of OM of the untreated straw was 50% as opposed to 73% for the dip treated straw. The diges tibility of DM and OM in vivo was not affected by the reiise of the solution although that of CF tended to decrease slightly after the solution had been reused more than 10 times.(Xi ) In the production experiments a comparative slaughter technique was applied with sheep and goats. Three groups of goats were fed rations based on untreated maize cobs, "dip" treated maize cobs (NaOII-treatment) , and Chlorin gayana hay. The experimental feeding period was 100 days. The DM intake from these rations was the same in the three groups, but the dip NaOII treatment of maize cobs resulted in a higher DM digestibility (G4.1% as opposed to ) higher metabolizable energy intake (4.19 MJ as opposed to 3.40 MJ/d) when compared to the group fed untreated maize The group fed dip treated maize cobs also had sig cobs. nifleant higher gains in liveweight, carcass weight, car- cass fat, and carcass gross energy content. This group, however, did not differ significantly from the group fed Chloris gayana hay in these parameters. It was also observed that, the group fed dip treated maize cobs had a tendency to lay down intestinal fat. Three groups of sheep were also fed on untreated maize stover, dip treated maize stover and ensiled (NaOH-treated) Hyparrhenia grass silage for 100 days. centrate in the DM intake was about 20%. The level of con Although dip treat ment of maize stover increased its digestibility, this did not result in significant differences in performance between the group fed untreated maize stover in all the parameters studied. The groups fed maize stover (untreated or treated) had however significantly bettor performance in all para- meters measured than the group fed NaOII-treated Hyparrhonxa silage.(xii) CorreiaLions wore determined between whole carcass fat Z and carcass weight, and between carcass fat -i and carcass specific gravity. In goats, the correlation coefficient for carcass fat Z on carcass weight was 0.84, while that between carcass fat " and carcass specific gravity was -0.97. These para meters (carcass weight, and carcass specific gravity) can there?fore probably bo used to estimate carcass fat S and consequently carcass energy content in goats. The correlation coefficient between carcass fats and carcass weight in sheep was only 0.52, while that between carcass fat S and carcass specific gravity was -0.79. In addition to those comparatively low relationships in sheep, it was noted that carcass specific gravity was rather sen sitive and difficult to measure in fat carcasses, and liable to technical errors. It is thought that those relationships cannot therefore be applied universally to the heterogeneous sheep of East Africa.
Pedological and edaphological properties of the soils of two soil associations in the Morogoro area, Tanzania
(Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 1982) Moberg, J. P.; Msanya, B. M.; Kilasara, M.
Pedological and edaphological properties of two soil associations forming a continuum from the Uluguru \mountain ranges to the Mindu mountain in the Morogoro area, Tanzania, have been investigated. The general /eatures of the area, including climate, geology and vegetation are discussed as is the movement of soluble salts on the slopes and its effects on soil composition. The investigation shows that there is a close connection between the three soil forming factors, climate, parent material, and relief and the mineral composition of the soils and their edaphological properties. This means that a thorough understanding of the soil forming factors and the soil development processes provides a key to land use evaluation of an area like this, where soil data often are lacking.
Training for agriculture and rural development in Tanzania : an analysis of structural forms, operational procedures and related environmental factors
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1984) Gonsalves, Julian Fa
The role of training in human resource development is assessed through this study of the state of the art in Tanzania* An analysis was conducted of the forces and factors influencing the effectiveness of four training programs with a major focus on 1) identification of the nature of practical problems in planning* organizing* and Implementing training* and 2) generating theoretical notions and concepts pertaining to the various dimensions of villager level training* Following a grounded theory approach* both qualitative and quantitative data were generated using village Level surveys* Interviews* and documentary analysis* Six themes emerged: needs assessment and other training related research; selection and recruitment of trainees* factors affecting the response of villagers to training* delivery systems for training* Instructional content* methods and materials* and post—course follow-up. Current needs assessment efforts were formal* structured and restricted to general village needs* Problem specific studies were found to result In a better design of training* Complex and detailed surveys reduced client control and resulted in inordinate delays* The responsibility for trainee selection has shifted from the extension worker to the village chairperson or the village council* Long duration and/or residential courses adversely affect the attendance of adults* and especially women• Sexually defined roles within the household and on the farm result in a differential response from different family members* Educational background per se did not affect the response to short duration courses* Village based short courses and demonstrations were the most preferred instructional approaches* Training impact was often determined by the quality and intensity of follow— up. The non—availability of material inputs limited the utilization of training skills. The study suggests the need to consolidate rather than expand the existent network of residential centres while gradually increasing their village outreach activities. An Improved representation of adults* especially women was considered necessary. Further research pertaining to socio—psychological determinants of trainee response* cost—effeetiveness/cost—benefits* comparative studies of residential and village based approaches and barriers to women's response are recommended. This study then suggests important areas for theory and program development and the charting of future research efforts.
Nutritional evaluation of sorghum as affected by germination with main reference to dietary bulk and protein quality
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1984) Mosha, Alexander Clemence
The nutritional value of sorghum as affected by germination and different dehulling techniques was studied with emphasis on protein quality, dietary bulk and food intake. Two low-tannin and two high-tannin varieties were investigated. Nutrient content was affected by germination: minor changes occurred in proximate composition, except for a significant decrease in oil in all varieties. Thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content increased. Lysine increased in all varieties and the other essential amino acids in creased marginally. Dietary fibre was unaffected. Tannin content decreased significantly. Traditional and abrasive dehulling decreased the amount of protein, oil, dietary fibre, minerals, tannins and phytic-phosphorous. protein digestibility was Nutrient availability measured in vitro: significantly higher in the low-tannin varieties. Germination and dehulling increased digestibility in all varieties. Cooking reduced protein digestibility in the high-tannin varieties and significantly more than in the low-tannin cultivars. Iron availability was low in all varieties and increased only in one high-tannin variety after germination. Nutrient availability measured in vivo by rat-bio-assay: protein digestibility was high in low-tannin cultivars but low in high-tannin varieties. Germination increased digestibility only in one high-tannin variety. Biological values were higher in the high-tannin varieties. BV and NPU were not affected by germination. In vivo iron availability was higher in the low-tannin varieties and was increased by germination in only one of the high-tannin varieties. Zinc availability was low and was unaffected by germination and tannin content. Dietary bulk and food intake: When preparing weaning gruels, three times as much germinated flour of the low-tannin varieties, as compared to ungerminated, could be mixed into the same volume, while maintaining the same consistency of the gruel. Germinated flour of high-tannin varieties did not have this effect. Addition of 5% germinated low-tannin sorghum flour (enzyme-rich) to thick ungerminated gruels reduced the viscosity to acceptable weaning food consistency. This method of reducing dietary bulk of weaning food was accepted and used by mothers at village level. Food intake by 12-48 months old preschool children was significantly higher for bulk-reduced low viscosity gruel with 20% solids, compared to untreated gruel. It was concluded that sorghum nutrient content is comparable to other cereals except for the high tannin content. Germination generally improves nutritional value through increased lysine, better protein digestibility and reduction of anti nutritional factors, mainly tannins. The use of bulk-reduced high nutrient density weaning foods could eventually improve the nutritional status of young children.
Structural change in the U.S. soybean and soybean products markets: a systematic varying coefficient simultaneous system approach
(University of Illinois, 1985) Rugambisa, Jeremiah Boniface Ishengoma
The soybean industry is an interesting area for investiga- It is extremely complex and has been changing rather t ion. dramatically over the last 10 to 15 years. There exists a high degree of interaction among the markets for soybeans, oil and soybean meal. soybean Recent shocks and changes in the world economic environment have impacted substantially on the industry altering the demand for its products and even changing the participants and their roles in the marketplace.
Tableland soil of North-Eastern Brazil:characterization, genesis and classification
(State University of Ghent, 1986) Barrera, Daniel
The coastal low level tablelands of the State of Alagoas are located in the north-eastern region of Brazil between 8° 25' and 10° 20' south latitude, and from 35° 10’ to 37° 15' west longitude of Greenwich. These surfaces formed by Tertiary Sediments are flat or slightly undulated with slopes rarely higher than 4%. It enjoys a tropical climate with a dry summer and a constant temperature throughout the year. The dominant vegetation is formed by the so-called "Atlantic Forest", presenting also minor areas of "Cerrado". Nine profiles corresponding to the soil types present in, a) the well drained surfaces of the tablelands - which classify as Oxisols, Ultisols and Oxisol-Ultisol intergrades -, and b) in poorly drained depressions - classified as Spodo-sols -, were selected for this work. The influence of the morphogenesis of the landscape and the topographical location on soil development is evident from the soils studied. The properties of the soils are strongly related to geomorphic processes. The soils were characterized in terms of their morphological, physico-chamical, mineralogical and micromorphological properties. The sedimentological analysis of the sand fraction(63 - 2000ym) was also carried out. The mineralogy of the sand fraction is similar in all profiles. The light minerals are dominant ( 91-98% ) and almost entirely composed of quartz grains and no more than traces of feldspars. In the heavy fraction the opaques are dominant, ( 84-92% ); among the transparent minerals zircon dominates, followed by tourmaline and rutile. The composition of the clay fraction is also very similar throughout the region, dominated by kaolinite and minoramounts of gibbsite and oxi-hydroxides of iron and aluminium. With the sole exception of profile 2, all the soils are developed from highly uniform parent materials. At the sametime the parent materials of the different soils are also mutually very similar from sedimentological point of view. " Selective erosion 11 of fine soil components as a consequence of run-off is throughout the plateaux the dominant morphogenetic process, which influences the physico-chemical properties, the classification and the distribution of the soils in the landscape. The micromorphological analysis indicates similar features among the dominant soils of the area; and that the illuviation of clay is present in all profiles, which however is not manifested as clay skins in the field as a result of poor structure development. The soils were classified according to Soil Taxonomy, FAO/UNESCO, the Brazilian System of Soil Classification and under the I.N.E.A.C. ( Zaire ) System.
Local knowledge and gender roles in different livestock production system in Tanzania
(1986) Maeda-Machang’u, A. D; Mutayoba, S; Laswai, G.H; Mwaseba, D; Kimambo, E; Lazaro, E
Women and men participation in the development of the livestock industry in Tanzania is determined by socio-cultural patterns, the livestock production system, local knowledge systems, existing agricultural policies, the educational system and economic and the political situations prevailing in the community. It is difficult to generalise the gender roles in all the livestock production systems, but similar patterns and trends have been unfolding as found out from several studies carried out by the authors. The main points investigated are who owns the animals, who is responsible for their care and how is work divided up and shared out (feeding, watering, milking, stable cleaning and hygienic measures). Other aspects of interest are decision-making, treating and caring of the sick animals, processing and marketing of animal products, the control of family income and assets and access to services such as veterinary, extension, co-operatives and credit facilities. The livestock production studies were conducted in Morogoro, Tanga, Iringa, Mwanza, Mbeya, Mara and Kilimanjaro regions. Districts in these regions were purposely chosen to represent one type production system such as pastoralism, agro-pastoralism and intensive specialized production. The general trend deduced from literature and studies carried out by the authors is that men in all livestock production systems own and are responsible for large animals such as cattle, donkey, sheep, pigs and goats whereas, women are responsible for small ones such as poultry, rabbits and ducks. However, in some systems women feed the large animals and calves, and are called to assist in their health-related issues. Poultry production although very important for women as a source of food and cash, has a very low status in the society and extension services rendered. The pastoralists and agro-pastoralists are still practicing traditional animal husbandry. Intensive livestock farmers have specialized into keeping a few high milk-yielding dairy animals mainly pure-breeds or crossbreeds at zero grazing. Despite advances in veterinary medicines and services, traditional an d local methods of tackling health problems and diseases of livestock were still practised by almost all production systems studied. It was noted that livestock played an important link in the household food security as a source of food and cash for buying other needed food products. This paper will discuss local knowledge systems in the different livestock production systems and its contribution to food security. Analysis will also be made of the quantitative and qualitative participation of men and women in different animal husbandry practices and on other productive, reproductive, socio-cultural activities and access and control over resources. A list of local herbs used for treatment of various animal health problems and diseases will also be discussed.
Classification of soil profiles from alluvial plains of greece (thessaly and pelopennesos) according to the USDA and FAO soil taxonomy systems
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1986) Ala Loannis
Fifty profiles are studied for reclassification according to the USDA Soil Taxonomy System, The data come from soil surveys and investigations carried out since 1977 by the Institute of Soil Classification and Mapping of Larissa and by the Agriculture Faculty of Athens. According to the USDA Soil Taconomy Stystem (1975) the studied profiles are classified in five orders i.e. Mollisols, Entisols, Vertisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols, 7 suborders, 7 great groups, 20 subgroups. In the FAO-Unesco system they fall among the Gleysols, Fluvisols, Regosols, Luvisols, Vertisols, Cambisols and among 15 subunits. There were not sufficient data for the classification purposes and this as well for the chemical analyses (base saturation, cation exchange capacity, extractable cations, sulfidic material, C/N ratio, sometimes organic matter content and amorphous material) as for the particle size analysis (fine sand, fine clay), the physical analyses (bulk density, water retension capacity, n-value, Cole), the mineralogical analyses (clay mineralogy, amorphous minerals, weatherable minirals of 20-200 micron size) and the field observa tions (designation of organic matter, rubbed, dry and moist colour, colour, quantity and size of mottles, depth of cracking pattern, presence of pyroclas tic material, presence of ground water table, orientation, vegetation). Finally many of the chemical analysis should be considered as not accurate
Testing and improvement of a questionnaire to users soil maps
(Geo Abstracts Ltd, Norwich, 1987) Msanya, Balthazari, M; Langohr, R; Lopulisa, C
Ninety-four people from 35 countries responded to a questionnaire on the use of soil maps. Most respondents had used soil maps in the fields of agriculture, of forestry, soil conservation, environmental pollution and protection. 98% of the respondents had used soil maps for locating suitable areas for their professional work, 15% for teaching and research and 13% had also used soil maps to help get financial assistance. Less than half of the respondents had used interpretation maps derived from soil maps. Most maps were produced by government soil survey institutes, but 51% had also used soil maps produced by other government institutions including universities and research stations. Only 19% had used soil maps made by private soil survey organizations. Major problems encountered in using soil maps include poor legibility, problems of location on the maps, vague and complicated terminology. Most respondents felt that soil maps are essential for their projects. Only a few found soil maps completely useless. Based on the problems encountered while using soil maps, recommendations have been made to those involved in soil resource inventories. A revised questionnaire has also been proposed following comments made by the respondents of the previous one
Etiology and control of stem rot of sunflower (helianthus animus l.)
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture, 1988) Bujulu, Joel
Surveys were curried out on the distribution in Tanzania of a new sunflower disease first observed in Morogoro Region. Experiments were conducted at the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (T.P.R.I.) ana Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) to identify the causal agents, assess their pathogenicity to sunflower varieties commonly grown in Tanzania and other crops normally grown in association with sunt lower, and to determine biological activity of some selected fungicides to the disease causing organisms. Out of all eight surveyed regions, sunflower stem rot was confirmed only in Morogoro region. Fusarium moni liforme She Id and F. graminearum Schwabe were identified as the causal organisms inciting the new sunflower disease which was later named "sunflower stem rot". Sunflower- varieties namely Record, Jupiter, Gor 104 and Dwarf comet were found less affected by both Fusarium spp. while Giant 549, IS 894, IS 894 amd 6F5 were more susceptible. Groundnuts, simsim. cowpeas and greengram did not show symptoms upon artificial inoculations with the two Fusarium spp. while maize, sorghum, beans and garden peas showed necrotic symptoms in the areas inoculated. The fungicides Sisthane (fenapanil) and Ridomil (metalaxyl) were not effective against both fungi in laboratory culture tests while Benlate (benomyl) was effective. But Benlate proved inffective in controlling the disease in the field during field tests.iv Severity of sunflower stem rot was more apparent in fields planted a t ve ry close spacing whether it was a monoculture or interplanted with other crops resulting in more plant deaths. It is recommended that sunflower varieties which were found resistant be distributed to peasants in Morogoro Region and that only resistant ij Ten r. .1 be used in crops like groundnuts, simsim, cowpeas intercrop u- f lower and all other Wherever stem rot is endt intercrops should be planted at w’^nr tpacin which favour disease development. . *“het particularly on breeding for more ■e •’void overcrowding ”C se.i <_«> is being suggested t« nt van The suitability of fungicide «_or.- : -I cf .> s. in peasant grown sunflower appears remote an<" .‘:urrLe«r ;.r /e i.^vxuns on this aspect sl.nould be on large farms
Reproductive efficiency traits and viability of calves of Mpwapwa cattle and their crosses
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1988) Das, Shoshinder Sachindra Manmohan
Fifteen years data on reproductive traits and viability of calves were analysed. Data were collected from cattle records at Livestock Production Research Institute, Mpwapwa, in Central Tanzania. The reproductive traits studied were age at first calving, calving interval (CI), dry period (DP), days open and conception rate (CR)., The genetic groups in the study were Mpwapwa, F^-crossline and Backcross having 8.0%, 54.0% and 31.0% Bos taurus genetic propor- tion, respectively. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the influence of genetic and environmental factors on reproductive traits and viability of calves, to estimate repeatabilities for reproductive efficiency traits (CI, DP and days open) and to .evaluate the relationship between reproductive traits and milk production traits. Overall mean age
The incidence, economic importance and control of aphelenchoides Besseyi Christie 1942 on rice
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1989) Gata, Ntombana R.
The distribution, control Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie and 1942 economic on rice importance sativa L) (Oryza cultivars grown in mainland Tanzania was studied. Survey results showed that A. besseyi was widely distributed in stored rice seeds. Hot water treatment (HWT) of dry rice seeds at 54 - 62°C for In dry seed 15 min effectively controlled seed-borne A. besseyi treatment, exposure period rather than treatment temperature was the significant factor for the control of seed-borne A. besseyi. Tested seeds of rice cultivars tolerated dry seed treatment upto 60 0 C' for 20 min in respect of viability, vigour and seedling normality. Seed treatment at 54°C controlled A. besseyi for but also 15 min following affected. The sensitivity presoaked rice seeds to HWT was genetically related following presoaking percentage germination delayed onset, vigour viability, seedling normality of some rice cultivars and of Seeds treated maximum peak, presoaking and actual Although HWT of presoaked seeds at 56°C for 15 min completely controlled A. besseyi, it also killed most seeds. However, HWT of presoaked or unsoaked seeds at 48°C for 20 min did not affect seed germination and emergence. Significant control of seed-borne A. besseyi by HWT following presoaking resulted in 10 - 27% yield increases and, larger and/or better quality grains. Booting stage of rice was the critical stage for control of A. besseyi for improvement of yield. The fifth day after the first sign of booting was identified as the most infection with A. besseyi to adversely critical affect yield stage for attributes.iii Control of A. besseyi with carbofuran applied at planting and at 50% booting stage improved rice yield but HWT of A. besseyi-infested rice seed gave better nematode control and better grain yield. Dry seed treatment to control seed-borne found to be the most appropriate method because it environment is effective, cheap and safe for to A besseyi Tanzanian the was farmers; seed and the environment
A comparative analysis of job design characteristics, organizational structure and personal characteristics affecting job satisfaction of extension agents In two extension organizations in Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1990) Mollel, Naftali Medoti
The present study was designed to compare two extension organizations in Tanzania: Commodity extension and General extension. Comparisons were made at three levels. First, to determine whether the two organizations differ in levels of job satisfaction; second, to determine whether the two organizations also differ in organizational structure, job design characteristics and personal characteristics of extension agents; and third, to determine whether the independent variables could explain the differences in levels of job satisfaction between the two extension organizations. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to extension agents during their monthly meetings. Data for the study came from 120 General extension agents and 64 Commodity extension agents. Additional information was obtained through personal and group interviews and analysis of documents. The major findings of the study are as follows: 1. Both at the individual and organizational level of analysis Commodity extension had significantly higher scores on satisfaction with supervision and satisfaction with promotion. 2. Differences in satisfaction with supervision could be explained by differences in formalization, autonomy and feedback. 3. Differences in satisfaction with promotion could be explained by differences in formalization and years of agricultural training. From these findings the following recommendations are suggested: 1. To enhance satisfaction with supervision extension organizations should develop effective communication channels to increase extension agents’ awareness of rules and procedures governing their jobs. Further, tasks and activities performed by extension agents should be structured to provide autonomy and feedback. 2. Satisfaction with promotion can be increased by developing programs to increase extension agents knowledge of the rules, procedures and communications governing their work and the organization and by developing a promotion policy that takes into account individual levels of agricultural training.
Investigations on the nutritive value and practical ways of feeding cassava roots to pigs
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture, 1990) Lekule, Faustin Paul
The study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of cassava roots in four growth and two metabolic experiments. In the growth studies, feed was offered ad libitum except protein supplement to pigs fed fresh cassava tubers. The pigs were group fecjLand slaughtered as they reached 90 kg liveweight. characteristics and organ weights were determined. Carcass Cassava had no significant effect on growth rate, organ weights, gut fill or carcass characteristics. In experiment 3 and 4, a comparison was made of commercial sow and weaner (SW) meal. the cassava root meal (CRM) diet, soaked cassava root tubers (CRT) diet and rice polishings (RP) diet. The average daily gains were 625 g, 635 g, 609g and 660 g. and feed conversion ratios (kg EM feed/kg gain) 4.44, 4.19, 4.05 and 3.89 for the SW diet, CRM diet, CRT diet and RP diet. respectively. The average daily feed intake (kg dry matter) was 2.58kg, 2.55 kg, and 2.47 kg for pigs fed the SW diet, CRM diet CRT diet and RP diet, respectively. Pigs fed soaked cassava root tubers consumed 3.5 kg cassava/pig/day and required 406 kg cassava tubers and 152 kg protein supplement form 20 to 90 kg liveweight. In experiment 5, cassava root meal and cassava root tubers were again compared with cottonseed cake as the main protein source or a combination of cottonseed cake and sunflower rake. Daily gains feed intake and feed conversion ratio (kg EM/kg gain) were .551 g, 638 g, and 589 g, 1.87 kg, 2.10 kg, and 2.03 kg, and 3.45, 3.36 and 3.56 cottonseed cake, respectively. for CRT + sunflower cake diets, CRM CRM + cottonseed cake + sunflower cake diets Pigs fed fresh cassava root tubers consumed 2.97 kg cassava/pig/day and required 383 kg cassava and 112 kg protein supplement from 20 to 90 kg liveweight. Experiment 6 was designed to examine the voluntary feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion of pigs fed a diet considered as a standard cassava diet (2/3 cassava, 1/3 protein giving a 15% CP diet) under Tanzania conditions. Feed intake was about 30% higher in the ad lib, fed barrows than in the ad lib. fed gilts and restricted barrows and gilts, while growth rate was about 23% higher. It is concluded that cassava is a good energy source for pigs, and where it is relatively cheap and abundant, it could be used as the only energy source in diets of growing-finishing pigs and cottonseed cake could form the major part of the protein supplement.
Studies on the prospects of improving the performance of the local chicken population in Tanzania by crossbreeding
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1990) Katule, Andalwisye M.
The present study was initiated to explore the possibilities for developing high performing dual purpose strains of chickens adapted to low input production conditions in Tanzania. Exotic meat type, egg type and local chickens were compared for performance along with the crosses between these breeds in one year. In the following year the comparison involved the three basic breeds, the second generation crosses (F ), backcrosses, and three breed crosses of these breeds. Additional data were acquired from a crossbreeding experiment in Egypt, in which two Egyptian breeds, two White Leghorn lines from Norway, and crosses between Egyptian and Norwegian stocks were involved. Constant estimates of various genetic components (additive genetic, heterosis and reciprocal ) were obtained as coefficients of a multiple regression equation, in which the observation on each individual for a given trait was the dependent variable. The independent variables consisted of coded values ranging from 0 to 1. The general superiority of the germplasm from exotic breeds to that of indigenous breeds was demonstrated for nearly all traits considered. However, there was an indication for this superiority to decline as environmental conditions deteriorated.•Important heterosis effects were revealed-, mainly for juvenile body weights and egg production traits, including the age of sexual maturity. Evidence was revealed to suggest the existence of negative heterosis for body weights and egg size in some crosses. Reciprocal effects were found to be important in crosses involving heavy breeds and light breeds, as well as in crosses involving crossbred parents. It is concluded from these results that the high potential inherent in exotic breeds for productive traits would not be fully realized under environments pertinent with low input production systems. Some adjustment in the genetic content of the stocks would be necessary in order to make them adaptable to less optimum conditions. One of the most prospective approaches is to make some kind of crosses between exotic and indigenous chickens, followed by selection for high productivity under the sub-optimum conditions. Selection for specific adaptive qualities would be carried out if such qualities were detected.

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