Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

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Browsing Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology by Subject "Antibiotics"

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    Occurrence and distribution of sulfonamides, Tetracyclines and Quinolones in livestock manure in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
    (iMedPub Journals, 2017-11) Mohameda, H.S.A; Anders, D; Uswege, M; Robinson, H.M
    Antibiotics are deployed in large quantities both in human and veterinary medicine. They have played a major role in improving human health and supporting livestock production. However, the relevance of non-therapeutic and therapeutic applications needs a time-to-time re-evaluation due to its significant relationship to increased emergence of resistant pathogen strains both in humans and animals. This is due to widespread discharge into the aquatic environment from both domestic and agricultural sources of antibiotics which are not completely metabolized (original compounds) or metabolites of which are recycled through drinking water under low doses. A study was conducted to analyze the presence of sulfonamide, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline in swine, cattle and poultry manure in Morogoro municipality. A total of sixty grab manure samples from poultry, swine and cattle were analyzed. Twenty samples for each type of livestock manure were collected from Morogoro municipality for analysis. The respective antibiotics were analyzed by ELISA. The highest mean concentrations in manure sample were 1320.9967 ± 710.06372 μg/ kg, 2083.2640 ± 826.64583 μg/kg and 1573.7528 ± 222.95739 μg/kg, Sulfonamide, Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline respectively. In overall, higher concentrations of the antibiotics were detected in poultry and swine manure than in cattle. This indicates heavier usage of veterinary antibiotics in poultry and swine husbandry in the study area as compared to cattle. The findings of this study provide basic information on the risk of environmental antibiotic contamination from animal effluents.
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    Occurrence and removal of three antibiotics in two wastewater treatment plants in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
    (2021-06) Mohamed, H.S.A 1; Robinson, H.M; Uswege, M
    Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are among the main sources of antibiotics release into various compartments of environment worldwide. These antibiotics have aggravated increasing anxiety, particularly as no legitimate requirements have been set for discharge into surface water bodies of these ubiquitous, persistent and biologically active substances. Massive quantities of antibiotics are used in human and veterinary medicine in all parts of the globe to treat diseases with bacterial, fungal and parasitic origins. These are also largely used in animal operations for growth promotion and for disease prophylaxis .These are often partially metabolized depending on type of antibiotics. After administration a significant fraction of the antibiotic can be excreted as a parent compound, metabolites or in conjugate forms that can be converted back to parent antibiotic. The residual antibiotics from human and animal use can enter the environment via various pathways, including wastewater, runoff from land in which manure or human waste has been applied and leaching. In this study occurrence and removal of three selected antibiotics, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and quinolones were studied in two large wastewater treatment plants in Morogoro Municipality using ELISA technique. Results indicated that the highest mean concentrations were 27.2753±2.83878μg/l, quinolones 48.7615±7.9343.91μg/l tetracyclines and 18.7492±5.4906μg/l sulfonamides. The elimination of antibiotics through these wastewater treatment plants was incomplete. The removal efficiency was 28.50% tetracyclines, 11.33 % quinolones and 82.32% sulfonamides at mafisa wastewater treatment plant. At Mzumbe wastewater treatment plant removal efficiency was 2.5% tetracyclines, 7.259% quinolones and 2.28% sulfonamides.
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    Quantitative determination of selected antibiotic residues in Water from rivers, dam and wastewater in Morogoro, Tanzania
    (2019-09) Sango, Ally, Mohamed Hamed; Mdegela
    The anthropogenic load of antibiotics in Morogoro Municipality water bodies was estimated using the ELISA technique. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits commonly used for detection of tetracyclines, sulfonamides and quinolones residues in meat, milk, eggs and honey were adopted for analysis of these antibiotics in surface waters. Thirty-three sampling points were selected, including two rivers, one dam and one wastewater treatment plant. Results showed that there were detectable levels of the selected antibiotics in all the sampling sites. In rivers there were slightly higher mean concentration of antibiotics in the downstream rivers in close vicinity to high human activities. High mean concentrations of antibiotics were also found in wastewater treatment plant. In rivers, the maximum mean concentrations detected were 7.74±2.45, 8.76±2.65 and 8.94±3.83μg/l quinolones, tetracyclines and sulfonamides, respectively. At Mindu Dam, mean concentrations were, 1.61±0.17, 4.84±1.23 and 3.65±1.37μg/l, quinolones, tetracyclines and sulfonamides, respectively, while at Wastewater Treatment Plant mean concentrations were 31.55±11.23, 48.89±21.82 and 37.94±14.05μg/l quinolones, tetracyclines and sulfonamides, respectively. Differences in mean concentrations in Rivers, Dam and Wastewater Plant were attributed to the fact that in wastewater treatment plant antibiotic residues are continuously poured through human domestic and hospital waste, while at Mindu Dam and Rivers antibiotic residues are poured mainly through run-off during rainy season, hence high mean concentrations in Wastewater Treatment Plant than in rivers and dam. The presence of antibiotics residues in rivers, Mindu Dam and Wastewater Treatment Plant although in very low concentrations poses risks to population who take antibiotics at low doses. This can be through drinking water and consumption of crops produced through irrigation using water from these sources; this can lead to acceleration of antibiotic resistance through selection pressure; also can harm organisms in water ecosystem in long time exposure