Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

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Browsing Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection by Subject "Africa"

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    Consumption of processed food & food away from home in big cities, small towns, and rural areas of Tanzania
    (WILEY, 2021) Sauer, Christine M; Reardon, Thomas; Tschirley, David; Liverpool-Tasie, Saweda; Awokuse, Titus; Alphonce, Roselyne; Ndyetabula, Daniel; Waized, Betty
    We study household consumption of various categories of processed food, includ ing ultra-processed food and meals away from home in Tanzania. We compare peri-urban versus hinterland rural areas, and large cities versus small towns. Three sets of findings stand out. (1) Contrary to the common view in Africa that processed food is mainly an urban middle-class phenomenon, we found it has penetrated the diets of the rural areas and the rural and urban poor. In rural areas, surprisingly 60% of food consumption comes from purchases in value terms, and processed food accounts for 76% of purchases and 47% of all food consumed. For the rural poor, purchased processed food is 38% of food consumption. In urban areas processed food’s share of purchases (hence consumption) is 78%, similar for the rich and poor. (2) We found that ultra-processed food (such as sugar-sweetened beverages and cookies) and meals-away-from-home (MAFH) have emerged as important in urban as well as rural areas. As these foods tend to be high in oil, salt, and sugar, this is a health concern. The share of ultra processed foods and MAFH is 21% in rural areas and 36% in cities albeit twice as high in large cities compared with small towns and among richer compared to poorer consumers. (3) Our regressions show the spread of processed food con sumption in rural and urban areas, among the rich and poor, is driven mainly by opportunity costs of the time of women and men, and thus the pursuit of sav ing home-processing and cooking time, as well as food environment factors. As these drivers are long term trends this suggests processed food consumption will continue to grow
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    Gender again -views of female agricultural Extension officers by smallholder farmers in Tanzania
    (Elsevier Science Ltd, 1997) Due, Jean M.; Magayane, Flavianus; Temu, Anna A.
    Tanzania attempts to have a village extension officer (VEO) in every village; until recent years most of the VEOs were male. Research indicated that male VEOs did not often visit female farmers and male farmers frequently did not bring extension information home to their wives. Since women contribute more of the agricultural labor than men, it was recommended that female VEOs be hired. Now one-third of the VEOs are female and males and females have the same training. What are farmers’ (male and female) views of the female VEOs? Which gender do they prefer and why? Is the modified training and visit (T and V) extension system working? Since privatization is underway in the country, do farmers want information other than on crops and livestock, which is the current emphasis? The researchers interviewed 240 male and female farmers in one region of Tanzania in October 1995 to ascertain their responses to these and other questions on agricultural extension.
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    Institutional adjustment and transaction costs: product and inputs markets in the Tanzanian coffee system
    (Elsevier Science Ltd, 2002) Winter-Nelson, Alex; Temu, Anna
    Commodity market liberalization can improve incentives for production of export crops by reducing the total costs of transforming products through space, form and time, or by reducing the costs of arranging and completing transactions. While liberalization often leads to reduced costs in output exchange, it can remove opportunities for linked input–output transactions that sometimes lowered the costs of providing finance in state-controlled markets. Assessments of liberalization that focus on output exchange alone obscure the impact of rising transaction costs in finance. This study of liberalization in the Tanzanian coffee market documents declining costs in output marketing, rising transaction costs for financing farm activities, and differential, but generally positive, net impacts on growers.