Department of Ecosystems and Conservation

Permanent URI for this communityhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/46

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 264

Above ground biomass, land cover change and regeneration of tree species under different grazing intensities in miombo woodlands,Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024) Rugambwa, Thadei Tarcis
Tanzania's livestock sector faces challenges due to overgrazing, threatening the ecological balance of critical habitats like Miombo woodlands. This study investigates the impact of grazing pressure on land cover changes, tree biomass, and regeneration potential in these woodlands of Kilosa, Kilombero, and Handeni districts. Despite existing research on the damaging effects of overgrazing, a comprehensive analysis specific to Tanzanian Miombo woodlands is lacking. We address this gap by analyzing high-resolution satellite imagery (Landsat 5 TM & 8 OLI) from 1995 to 2021 to quantify land cover changes across the study areas. Field surveys were conducted to assess grazing intensity, aboveground biomass (AGB), and tree regeneration within representative Miombo woodland sites. Allometric models estimated tree-level AGB, which was then scaled to calculate plot-level AGB (tonnes/ha). Statistical analyses explored relationships between grazing intensity and land cover change, biomass dynamics, and tree regeneration. Results reveal a negative impact of medium and high grazing intensities on AGB compared to light grazing. Satellite image analysis indicates higher tree cover loss under medium grazing (63.5%) compared to high (61.5%) and light grazing (23.2%) between 1995 and 2022. Additionally, grazing intensity significantly affects tree regeneration (number, species richness, diversity, and evenness) (p < 0.05). These findings show the damaging effects of overgrazing on Tanzanian Miombo woodlands. This knowledge can inform sustainable grazing practices, collaborative management strategies, and efforts to mitigate forest cover loss. Further research could explore optimal grazing levels and develop specific recommendations for policymakers and land managers.
Addressing pest and disease challenges in the national forest plantations: lessons learned from the National Forest Health Forum
(Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) and Tanzania Forest Fund (TaFF), 2018) Petro, R; Ndomba, O.A; Bakengesa, S; Chamshama, S.A.O; Chidege, M.
This paper presents the results of the work carried out by the National Forest Health Forum (NFHF), which covered five National Forest Plantations: Mbizi (Sumbawanga), Meru/Usa (Kilimanjaro), Meru (Arusha), Shume (Tanga) and Sao Hill (Iringa) for the period of five years (May, 2012 - July, 2017). The problems addressed are diseases caused by pathogens and those caused by inadequacies of various requirements from the soils. Many of the diseases have been soil-borne which gave rise to foliar symptoms, with Armillaria root rot being in the lead. Occasionally, the ravage by insect pests was encountered at Sao Hill and Meru Forest Plantations. These problems threaten the productivity of the plantations against the objective for the plantations of supporting the much needed industrialization process. To a large extent, these problems which were recorded in the visited plantations were noted to be accelerated by two phenomena namely; climate change and taungya. Therefore, this paper describes the problems addressed in the plantations; the steps adopted in addressing them, key findings and recommendations for achieving better plantations.
Adoption status and management of agroforestry systems and technologies by communities: a case study of Kasulu district, Kigoma, Tanzania
(2013) Chija, Mary Ndengahe
This study was done to assess and document the adoption status of Agroforestry systems and technologies in Kasulu District, Kigoma Region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study determined the current status of Agroforestry adoption by the communities in the district, identified agroforestry systems and technologies practiced, determined the factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry and the measures that would be required to improve its adoption in the district. Data collection methods involved reconnaissance, household and field surveys. Data collected were summarized and analysed using the SPSS and SAS Computer software. The findings show that by 2011, the adoption status of Agroforestry in Kasulu District was 91%. Three Agroforestry systems namely Agrosilviculture, Agrosilvopasture and Silvopasture are currently in use in the district with the Agrosilvicultural system (42%) being the most adopted system. Eight Agroforestry technologies were found to be adopted by the farmers of which the Homegardens (26%), Mixed intercropping (25%) and Integrated tree/pasture management (17%) technologies were the most adopted technologies. Brachystegia spiciforms and Pericopsis angolensis were the most preferred indigenous tree species whereas Senna siamea, Eucalyptus maidenii and Elais guinensis were the most preferred exotic species. Mangifera indica, Citrus sinensis and Persea americana were currently the most preferred fruit trees. Income generation, farmer’s awareness and access to extension services were some of the most critical factors that enhance farmers adoption of agroforestry, whereas lack of knowledge, land shortage and lack of monetary capital were the most limiting factors. Based on the results and discussion it was concluded that the extent of agroforestry adoption in the study area was high. It was then recommended to encourage farmers to maintain the existing agroforestry adoption reached, provide germplasm of the improved tree species, educate and sensitizing farmers to have individual or community tree nurseries that can be accessed easily by farmers.
Agroforestry in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+): Africa, where are you?
(Eckhard A. & Maxi D. (eds.), 2015) Andrew, S.
This paper highlights the position of agroforestry in post-Kyoto arrangements, particularly the mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). It summarizes the prospects to mitigate global climate change and adaptation, especially in Africa, where the majority of agroforestry systems occur. Since long agroforestry is known as a management approach to sustain farms and landscapes, enhance livelihoods of smallholder farmers, and to promote biodiversity conservation, particularly in the tropics. This is possible by constant supply of multiple important goods and services, and by increasing land productivity and rural incomes. However, the importance of agroforestry has received recently high attention from both industrialized and developing countries. It provides sustainable and low-cost opportunities to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) concentrations in the atmosphere, and as natural adaptation measure to climate change effects. Current global prediction models show that area under agroforestry management will increase substantially. Thus, it reveals even more opportunity to capture and store CO 2 (C sequestration) and to enhance GHGs sinks. In conclusion, this paper highlighs efforts to incorporate agroforestry into national REDD+ strategies in Africa.
Allometric models for estimating tree volume and aboveground biomass in lowland forests of Tanzania
(International Journal of Forestry Research, 2016) Mugasha, Wilson Ancelm; Mwakalukwa, Ezekiel Edward; Luoga, Emannuel; Malimbwi, Rogers Ernest; Zahabu, Eliakimu; Silayo, Dos Santos; Sola, Gael; Crete, Philippe; Henry, Matieu; Kashindye, Almas
Models to assist management of lowland forests in Tanzania are in most cases lacking. Using a sample of 60 trees which were destructively harvested from both dry and wet lowland forests of Dindili in Morogoro Region (30 trees) and Rondo in Lindi Region (30 trees), respectively, this study developed site specific and general models for estimating total tree volume and aboveground biomass. Specifically the study developed (i) height-diameter (ht-dbh) models for trees found in the two sites, (ii) total, merchantable, and branches volume models, and (iii) total and sectional aboveground biomass models of trees found in the two study sites. The findings show that site specific ht-dbh model appears to be suitable in estimating tree height since the tree allometry was found to differ significantly between studied forests. The developed general volume models yielded unbiased mean prediction error and hence can adequately be applied to estimate tree volume in dry and wet lowland forests in Tanzania. General aboveground biomass model appears to yield biased estimates; hence, it is not suitable when accurate results are required. In this case, site specific biomass allometric models are recommended. Biomass allometric models which include basic wood density are highly recommended for improved estimates accuracy when such information is available.
Allometric tree biomass and volume models in Tanzania
(Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Malimbwi, R. E.; Eid, T.; Chamshama, S. A. O.
The publication is one of outputs of the project on "Development of biomass estimation models for carbon monitoring in selected vegetation types of Tanzania” under the Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) programme at Sokoine University of Agriculture(SUA), The publication has multiple contributors who participated in different different specializations. The main objective of the project was to develop models and methods for assessing and monitoring carbon stocks in Tanzania required for implementation of REDD+ at local as well as national levels. Vegetation types/tree species covered were miombo woodlands, lowland and humid montane forests, mangrove forests, thicket, Acacia-Commiphora woodlands, forest plantations (Pinus patula and Tectona grandis), and coconut, cashewnut and baobab trees. For some vegetation types, both biomass and volume models were developed while for others only biomass models have been covered. For some vegetation types, both biomass and volume models were developed while for others only biomass models have been covered. The book may be useful for scholars who wish to engage in tree allometric modelling. The developed models may also be used in REDD+ estimations and other iicarbon trade mechanisms. It may also be useful to the practicing forester for determination of forest stocking levels needed for forest planning.
Altitudinal distribution and damage of Cypress aphid (Cinara cupressivora; Homoptera: Aphidae) on Cupressus lusitanica (Pinales: Cupressaceae) in SUA training forest, Olmotonyi, Arusha
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Yakuti, Salum
Altitudinal distributionand damage intensity of Cypress aphidon Cupressuslusitanicaof different age classes was investigated at SUA Training Forest. Abundance of natural enemies of Cypress aphidat different age classes (young 1-10years, middle 11-25 and old >25years) and altitudinal ranges (lower 1700-1930 m.a.s.l, middle 1931-2125 m.a.s.l and upper 2126-2300 m.a.s.l) was also determined. Systematic sampling was used, whereby every 5 th tree along the row of the study plot/block was considered as a candidate. Five shoots in lower, middle and upper crown part of selected tree were randomly cut and put in labeled zipped plastic bags for laboratory assessment of the aphids and natural enemies. Results from this study indicated that Cypress aphid was un-equally distributed throughout the altitudinal ranges and age classes. The abundance of Cypress aphid per twig was 19.6, 24.9 and 33.7 individuals for lower, middle and higher altitude respectively and was significantlydifferent (p<0.05 and f=6.57). Also the abundance of Cypress aphid was 33.7, 16.6 and 18.8 per twig for young, middle and old age classes, respectively although the abundance was not significantlydifferent (p<0.05 and f=10.82). Mean damage intensity was 37.62%, 22.02% and 27.03% for young, middle and old trees respectively and the differences was significant (p<0.05 and f=7.04). Younger treesat higher altitude were more attacked by Cypress aphid. Three natural enemies namely Pauesiajuniperunum, Hoverfly larvae and Spider miteswere detected on the affected twigs but they were verylow in numbers. Therefore, in order to reduce the damage and spread of Cypress aphid in Olmotonyi, it is recommended that mature trees must be harvested and release Pauesiajuniperunum bio-control agent which has given positive results in Kenya and Malawi. Key words: Cinaracupressivora, Cupressuslusitanica,altitude, age classes and damage intensity.
Amending traditional substrate rice straw with agroforestry tree foliage increases production cycle and nutritional value of pleurotus floridanus
(AJOL, 2021) Andrew, Samora M.; Mbwambo, John R.
The recent heightened attention on mushrooms has not considered shortening the production time and increasing nutritional value using substrates from agroforestry trees in addition to traditionally used agro-industrial residues. This study therefore, examined harvesting time, protein and essential minerals of Pleurotus floridanus grown on rice straw amended with Gliricidia sepium foliage in Morogoro, Tanzania. Mushrooms were cultivated in 30 x 40 cm 4 kg dry weight polythene bags in randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment. Results showed that the addition of 5% G. sepium into rice straw reduced total time between spawning and first harvest of P. floridanus. Gliricidia sepium increased significantly (P < 0.05) protein contents of the mushrooms by up to 40%. The addition of 5–10% G. sepium into rice straw increased significantly (P < 0.05) manganese, copper and zinc in the mushrooms. The decrease in production time and high increase in protein and mineral contents indicate that agroforestry trees have the potential to increase production cycles and nutritional value of P. floridanus. Therefore, use of foliage from agroforestry trees in combination with traditional substrates for mushroom production could help fight malnutrition, improve food security and enhance income.
Analysis of charcoal market system in Handeni, Kinondoni and Magharibi "A" Districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Marandu, William D.
This study aims to analyse the charcoal market system in Handeni, Kinondoni and Magharibi A districts. Despite of the profits gained by charcoal actors in the value chain, the actors are not paying charcoal government fees and unregistered, thus making a significant loss of government revenues through royalties evasion. This study analysed the roles of each actor in value chain, examined the profits gained by each actor, analysed supporting functions and assessed enabling environments for charcoal business in study areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyse the charcoal market system in study areas. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, Indepth interviews and focus group discussion. Results from descriptive statistics show that among the interviewed respondents charcoal actors play a role of paying the charcoal government fees; Charcoal wholesalers were nearly three thirds (74.2%) while producers were less than half (47.1%) and one third (35.7%) were retailers. Charcoal transporters were more than half (52.8%) played a role of transporting charcoal with government payment documents while very few consumers (9.2%) had received charcoal receipts from sellers. There was a high statistical significant difference of profit gained between charcoal actors who were registered and those who are not registered by using Man- Whitney test (P <0.01). On supporting functions, descriptive analysis shows that about 23.5% of charcoal producers from Handeni district trained on charcoal business. Charcoal wholesalers (46.0%) from Magharibi A district accessed the bank loans. About 44.1% of charcoal producers from Handeni district urged roads were in good to support the business. All charcoal wholesalers from Magharibi A district used charcoal selling centres. All wholesalers found in Magharibi A district joined the charcoal groups. Most of charcoal wholesalers (92.3%) from Magharibi A district urged market information support charcoal business. All charcoal producers used earth mound kilns for charcoal productions. Thematic and descriptive analysis used to assess business enabling environments. Five themes emerged: Charcoal business registration, movement documents, revenue collection and records, agreement between TFS and DFNR- Zanzibar and unstainable charcoal production. Further, supporting functions are unavoidable to make charcoal actors to pay government fees and register their business. This study recommends that policy makers should develop charcoal trade guideline between Government of Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar.
Appropriate plant growth regulators and genotypes for propagation of jojoba (simmondsia simmondsia chinensis l.) cuttings in semi-arid areas of voi, Kenya
(2016) Inoti, Shadrack; Chamshama, Shabani; Lulandala, Lulther; Thagana, Wilson; Dodson, Rob
Jojoba is a dioecious desert shrub which produces high quality oil used in cosmetics and lubrication. An experiment was conducted to identify the most appropriate plant growth regulators and genotypes for Jojoba propagation. A 4x4 factorial arrangement laid down in a randomized complete block design was used with 16 treatments replicated 3 times. Treatments comprised of 4 factors of growth regulators and 4 types of genotypes. The Th e experiment was carried out for 5 months in 2013. The variables sampled included roots, leaves and shoot. ANOVA was carried out using SAS statistical package and means were separated using Duncan , s Multiple Range Test at p ≤ 0.05. Results showed that Anatone Anat one growth regulator gave significantly superior rooting of 24.2% for cuttings compared with the control (11.5%). The male genotypes showed significantly higher rooting of 24.2 24.2-37.6% compared with the females (2.2-7.6%). (2.2 7.6%). Anatone is recommended for propagat propagation of cuttings in a polythene sheet tunnel since it is also cheap and readily available from agri agri-veterinary shops. Further research is recommended on screening of a wide range of genotypes especially the females and plant growth regulators for future propagation pro of Jojoba
Are miombo woodlands vital to livelihoods of rural households? Evidence from Urumwa and surrounding communities, Tabora, Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis, 2013) Njana, Marco A.; Kajembe, George C.; Malimbwi, Rogers E.
This study investigated contribution of miombo woodland resources accrued from Urumwa Forest Reserve (UFR) to income of rural households. Data and conclusions are based on 84 randomly surveyed households in four villages adjacent to UFR. Using descriptive statistics, the analysis was guided by the sustainable livelihood framework conceptual model. Results show that the miombo woodlands of the UFR account for 42% of total household income. Further analysis reveals that woodlands contribute 28% and 59% of non-monetary and monetary income, respectively. This demonstrates a significant role played by miombo woodlands. Woodland resources contribute to household income through various livelihood activities. Accordingly the woodland resources accrued from the UFR cover human basic needs. Results from this study empirically demonstrate the vital role played by miombo woodlands in either supporting current consumption or serving as safety net. It is, therefore, recommended that current and future management strategies in the forest sector emphasize forest and livelihood dimensions for sustainability of both livelihood and forest and woodland resources.
An assessment of diversity, abundance and distribution of herpetofauna in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Msindai, Izumbe Mgana
An assessment of diversity, abundance and distribution of herpetofauna in grassland, kopjes, woodland, riverine forest and wetlands habitats of Serengeti National Park (SENAPA), Tanzania was conducted between December 2012 and March 2013. Drift fence with pitfall, wire mesh funnel traps, active search and visual encounter survey, road survey and purposive point count methods were used to obtain data for this study. Besides, focus group discussion and literature review were used to supplement the data collected in the field through the aforementioned methods. A total of 36 amphibian and 48 reptilian species were recorded to exist in SENAPA. Six amphibian species; namely Chiromantis xerampelina, Hemisus guineensis, Mentensophryne sp, Tomopterna cryptotis, Tomopterna turbeculosa and Phrynobatrachus scheffleri are reported for the first time for a handy checklist of herpetofauna in SENAPA. The most abundant amphibian species was Ptychadena mossambica while Agama mwanzae was the most dominant reptile species. The distribution of both amphibians and reptiles varied significantly among habitats. Bufo gutturalis, Ptychadena anchietae (amphibians) and Varanus niloticus (reptiles) were widely spread in all habitats. Species richness also varied among habitats. The highest species richness of amphibia was recorded in the grassland and riverine forests with thirteen and eight species respectively. The highest species richness of reptiles was recorded in woodland and kopjes with 26 and 21 species respectively. Species diversity of amphibians among habitats was highest in riverine forest (H' 1.63) and grassland (H' 1.45). Species diversity of reptilians among habitats was highest in woodland (H' 2.79) and grassland (H' 2.1). The lowest species diversity of amphibians was recorded in kopjes (H' 0.99) while that of reptiles was recorded in wetland (H' 0.69). The study recommends further herpotofauna survey for a complete description of the species within the expansive SENAPA.
Assessment of effective control methods for parthenium weed in maize fields
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2019) Wambura, H. D.; Kudra, A. B.; Andrew, S. M.; Witt, A.
In the near future, labour to assist in weed management in the villages will become scarce and expensive, because of population drift from villages to cities. It is necessary to develop cheaper methods of weed management that will reduce weed impact on maize yield. A field experiment was conducted at the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI), Arusha-Tanzania during the long rain season of 2017, to identify control methods for parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Treatments were hand hoeing (twice), mulches (dry grass and cowpeas), application of 2, 4-D (twice), weed free plots and un-weeded plots. Data collected include plant height at flowering (m), leaf length and width (m), number of leaves at flowering, number of days to (tasseling, silking and milking), tassel length (m), number of days to maize maturity, plant height at maturity (m), number of plants harvested, ear length and diameter (m), number of kernel rows/ear, number of kernels/row and grain yield (t/ha)at 12% moisture content, parthenium weed plant height (m), canopy width (m), and number of parthenium plants before weeding, height (m) and number of parthenium plants at maize maturity. Statistical analysis was performed using Genstat software (16th edition) and means were separated by Tukey’s mean separation test at p≤0.05. The results show that, mulches significantly reduced parthenium height and population in the maize crop at maturity (p<0.05). Plant height at flowering, leaf length and width, number of days to tasseling, tassel length, number of days to silking, milking, maturity, plant height at maturity and number of plants harvested were not significantly affected by any of the weed management methods. Thus mulching and 2, 4-D were found to be the best methods for controlling parthenium weed growth and population.
Assessment of floristic composition, stocking and disturbance in Mkulazi Catchment Forest Reserve in Morogoro District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) John, C.
This study attempted to assess floristic composition, stocking and disturbance in MCFR. Specifically, the study aimed to assess plant species richness and diversity, stem density, basal area and volume of the trees, intensity and distribution of disturbance and determine land cover changes for the past 41 years in MCFR. A total of 20 clusters with 100 concentric circular plots with radii 2,5,10 and 15m aligned in four transects across the entire forest of 65710ha were used for the study. Data collection involved recording information on species name, diameter at breast height, tree height with diameter ≥5cm, counts and records species of regenerants and human disturbance in each plot. Landsat MSS, TM and OLI image of the year 1975, 1995 and 2016 were used to quantify land cover changes for the past 41 years. Inventory data were analyzed by using MS excel and PAST while Landsat Image were analyzed using QGIS software version 2.8.1. A total of 57 plant species belonged to 23 families were identified.Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson Diversity Indices were 3.086 and 0.9436 respectively. The mean volume of 88.07±25.61m³/ha, stem density of 255.9±61.7 stem/ha, basal area 7.6±2.1m²/ha and volume of stumps 24.5±9.3m³/ha were obtained. Apart from disturbances frequently that affects forest, this study found that MCFR is disturbed by animal grazing 43.5%, footpath 21.7%, camping site 17.4%, car truck 15.2% and fire damage 2.2%. For the past 41 years land cover changed from closed woodland, bush land and riverine to open woodland and bare land by 44.71%, 37.59% and 1.08% respectively. Generally, MCFR has higher species richness and diversity. There were also consistently negative changes in forest cover, relatively to low stem density, mean tree height, and mean Dbh and basal area which were indications of the presence of human disturbance. Therefore, there is a need of resurvey, JFM, good governance and Management plan to be implemented by the MCFR.
Assessment of socio-economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Natai, Margaret Mtemi
This study was undertaken to assess the socio-economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management. Tree planting and solid waste management were taken as indicators of environmental management. The specific objectives were to; document on how urban women contribute to disposal of solid domestic waste and tree planting as indicators of environmental conservation, identify socio-economic factors influencing women participation in domestic waste management and tree planting and assess women’s knowledge and perception on environmental conservation issues. A survey was done in 12 wards of Dar es Salaam City where women from randomly selected households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Focus group discussions done with government officials from solid waste management and forestry departments in all municipals, and women from private solid waste management associations in order to get the opinions and suggestions regarding tree planting and solid waste management in their localities. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Programme (SPSS), Chi-square tests, regression analysis and descriptive statistics. The study revealed that 97 percent of women in the city were involved in domestic solid waste management through collection, storage and disposal of solid waste, while 38 percent were involved in tree planting activities. Participation of women in tree nursery production was mainly motivated by economic gains though it contributes to environmental management through provision of tree seedlings to the community. Generally, household solid waste management was done exclusively by women. Poor storage facilities, poor collection and poor disposal methods were the major problems hampering the efficiency of women participation in domestic solid waste management. On the other hand small plot areas and land ownership were the factors that hinder women contribution to tree planting in the city. Education, land ownership, marital status and income were the most important socio- economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management especially tree planting. Participation in environmental management activities will likely depend on how aware the community is on environmental management issues. Education on the different facets of environmental management will boost women participation in environmental management.
Assessment of the current status of wildlife captive facilities in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Mng'ong'o, Z. G.
Wildlife captive facilities (WCF) in Tanzania include; wildlife ranches, wildlife farms, proposed orphanage centers, and zoos. However, information on species composition, abundance, the users of different WCF, costs and benefits of operating WCF is scarcely known in Tanzania. The study was conducted in 71 WCF found in 16 regions of Tanzania, within five TAWA Management zones. Key informant interview was used to collect data from either WCF (owners, managzers, care takers) and Conservation officers from TAWA. Direct observation and counts were used to collect data on the types and numbers of animal species respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to determine frequency and percentage of type and purpose of establishing WCF, origin of species and number of users of WCF. Cost-benefit analysis of WCF was analyzed through Gross Profit Margin. The results showed that Tanzania has a total of 71 WCF, (28 active and 41 dormant and 1proposed orphanage center) and the major purpose of establishing WCF were business and community services (education and recreation). About 182 different species are housed in different captive facilities. The most abundant species are Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) (279), Impala (Aepyceros melampus) and (172), Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) (111). The major sources of animals are capturing from wilderness and acquiring from other Wildlife captive facilities. The main users of WCF are both local and foreign visitors. Annually 223 404 local visitors and 1 781 foreign visitors visit WCF. Main source of revenue in WCF is visiting fees. Most WCF run under loss, specifically zoos by 78.9%. Also, WCF facing the following challenges; Long process to streamline investment and high costs of operation, lack of consultancy, poor relationship between investors and moderator, and lack of banks recognition to the investors. Generally, the study recommends further studies on monitoring the existence of WCF with emphasis on the international standard requirements for establishing, operating and managing of WCF.
Assessment of the effects of uranium exploration on wildlife, vegetation and tourism in Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2023) Mariki, S.B.; Azihou, A.F; Assede, E.P.S; Sengelela, M; Byamungu, R.M.
Mineral resources are potential for economic development of any endowed country. However, mining is generally associated with serious negative impacts on existing ecosystems where operations are carried out. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of uranium exploration on wildlife population, vegetation, and tourists’ visitation in Selous ecosystem in Tanzania. Data collection took place in different periods from 2016 to 2017 through household questionnaire surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations, nested plots, and secondary data reviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 20 software. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis through systematic coding and theme identification. Findings show that poaching was a leading illegal activity (55%) in the area. Further effects reported and observed were habitat fragmentation, introduction of alien species, and noise pollution. About 478.57 trees (with dbh greater than 5 cm) per ha were removed to expand the main road to the mining site. However, the number of tourist visitation in the area was almost constant. This study recommends that the government, through its ministries, should address the weakness identified and put measures in place that will reduce adverse impacts during mining process.
Assessment of the impacts of community participation on the conservation of mangrove resources: A case study of Lindi district, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Machumu,Milali Ernest
The word mangrove refers either to the plants of tropical intertidal forest communities or to the community itself (Semesi, 1991). Mangroves are trees and bushes growing below the high - water level of spring tides (FAO, 1982). "Mangrove" is a general term applied to an association of physiologically specialised plants inhabiting muddy swamps, creeks, deltas and sheltered sea coasts periodically inundated by tides (Banyikwa and Semesi, 1986). The trees are only one component of the complex mangrove ecosystem, which includes associated bodies of water, substrates as well as a variety of other plants, animals and micro-organisms (Semesi, 1986).
Assessment of the status of agroforestry practices in Mvomero district, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Mwakalalile, Emmanuel M.
The present study on assessment of the status of Agroforestry practices adoption in Mvomero District, Morogoro, Tanzania. The study was conducted during September 2020 to December 2021 at Dihombo, Hembeti and Mkindo villages in Mvomero ward. Mvomero with its three villages were purposively sampled, and then thirty households from each village were randomly selected to make a total sample of 90 households, Data collection was done through reconnaissance survey, questionnaires, checklist of probe questions and field survey. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS). The results indicated that Agriculture contributes more than Agroforestry in terms of food and income generation. Also when the Data analyzed descriptively on the contributions of Agriculture and Agroforestry on fire wood and charcoal to the people, it found that, there were very small differences in contribution between Agroforestry ad Natural forest, but on further inferential statistics it found that, there were no significance in differences contributions of fire wood and charcoal as a source of energy between Agroforestry and Natural forest, both used as sources of fire wood and charcoal. From results, it is important to increase efforts on the promotion of the Agroforestry so as to increase on the adoption of Agroforestry which then will help to increase the wide range of food production and will reduce the uses of the fire wood and charcoal from the Natural forestry which then reduces the environmental destruction by cutting down trees as a sources of firewood and charcoal. Also factors that can enhance adoption of agroforestry were analyzed descriptively, the results shows almost all factors were on the similar percentage, also factors which limit the adoption of the agroforestry ware in similar percentages, So all of the factors that enhance adoption of agroforestry and those which limit adoption of agroforestry should be taken in consideration in order for improvements of the agroforestry
Assessment of trade flows of wildlife products: the case of Ruaha landscape, Tanzania
(Sokoine university of agriculture, 2022) Mrosso, Hillary T
Wildlife species are utilized and traded in a wide range of items, including food, clothing, medicines, pets, ornaments, building and construction materials all over the world. However, in many parts of East Africa, the trade patterns of these products are inadequately documented, making it difficult to build good strategic management and long-term conservation plans. The Ruaha landscape in southern Tanzania is home to a potential animal population and is one of the hotspot locations for wildlife trade. The purpose of this research in the Ruaha landscape was to (i) assess the wildlife poaching practices (ii) to assess the temporal variation of illegal hunting and (iii) Map illegal trade flow of wildlife products and facilitation methods in the Ruaha landscape Tanzania. A semi-structured interview was conducted using the Snowball method to gather the necessary information. The data was analysed using Chi-square tests, Social Network Analysis (SNA), and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with Poisson and Binomial error distributions. Impala, did-dik, guinea fowls, kudu, and lions were found to be the most hunted species, and meat, skin, claws, fat, and ivory were the most often collected wildlife products. The majority of the products were utilized for food and as sources of revenue. Domestic dogs, spears, snares, and torches were found being used in hunting and this was frequently being done at night. Occupation, ethnic group, religion, residency time, number of individuals participated in each hunt, presence of moonlight, age, and education of respondents were the factors influencing the hunting. However, during the last five years, the overall tendency revealed a drop in hunting, while animal protection in protected areas increased. According to the findings, 70% of the wildlife products came from Ruaha National Park and MBOMIPA Wildlife Management Areas, with the other 30% coming from villages near these protected areas. Bicycles and walking were the primary modes of transportation for wildlife products. In addition, the findings suggest that respondents have long and deep relationships with their clients and merchants, the majority of whom are friends and relatives. It was also shown that the majority of poachers are motivated to engage in illegal wildlife trafficking by their friends and relatives. Furthermore, in circumstances where customers and sellers lacked cash, commodities such as corn and rice were traded for wildlife products. When it comes to illegal wildlife hunting the findings of this study provide critical information on the importance of taking species and ethnic group peculiarities into account. Wildlife protection, such as day and night patrols, is critical, particularly at night. In order to address illegal wildlife hunting in this landscape, sociological aspects must be taken into account. Increased law enforcement could have a positive impact on the declining trend of wildlife hunting. As a result, it is suggested that providing conservation education, in combination with an employment, may help to reduce illegal wildlife product off-take in the Ruaha landscape.

Browse

Browsing Department of Ecosystems and Conservation by Title