Department of Policy Planning and Management

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A review of post-harvest milk losses in Tanzania’s milk sector: lessons from production to consumption
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2023) Lugamara, C.B.; Urassa, J. K.; Massawe, G. D.
Tanzania has engaged in various policies, strategies and programmes in order to increase production, processing and marketing infrastructure for milk and milk products and minimise animal product losses. However, not much is known in relation to post-harvest milk losses. Therefore, the review paper aims to establish from empirical literature the extent of Tanzania’s post-harvest milk losses and the causes in relation to efforts made by the government to minimise the same. To achieve the above, the authors used various databases to locate documents reporting on Tanzania’s post-harvest milk losses whereby 1605 documents were identified and screened remaining with 82 that were deemed relevant. Thereafter, an assessment of the 82 documents led to only 12 being included in the critical review, with ten being dropped due to either being similar or using the same data. Therefore, in the end, only two documents are captured in this paper. Generally, the review shows that there is insufficient empirical information on Tanzania’s post-harvest milk losses with the most recent study having been conducted almost 19 years ago. In addition, the study’s scope was quite limited, covering a sample of 66 respondents and a narrow geographical coverage of only three regions (i.e. Coast, Dar es Salaam and Morogoro). Furthermore, the study used the rapid appraisal approach. Therefore, there is a need for disaggregated information on Tanzania’s extent of post-harvest milk losses at various nodes of the milk value chain so as to inform policy makers and other stakeholders interested in curbing the same. Keywords: Milk losses, milk supply chain, post-harvest losses.
Access to bank loans and smallholder farmers' paddy productivity; a case of Mvomero district, Tanzania
(IJASAB International, 2022) Mpeku, Faraja N.; Urassa, Justin K.
Limited access to credit is one of the main limitations facing smallholders in Africa. Therefore, the study on which this paper is based, aimed at comparing smallholder farmers paddy productivity before and after their access to loans from formal financial institutions. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design whereby data were collected once from 110 smallholder paddy farmers in Mvomero District using a questionnaire. In addition, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to enable triangulation. Quantitative data from the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS whereby both descriptive and inferential statistics were determined. Study findings show that the paddy crop continues to play an essential role in the majority of households in the study area. Paddy productivity, on the other hand, was relatively low. The results from the linear regression show that loan size, age of household, farm size, the use of fertilizer and farming experience were significantly associated with paddy productivity. They further show that the major challenges faced by smallholder farmers in their access to bank loans were high-interest rates, loan inadequacy, and high collateral demand. The results of the paired sample t-test show that there is a difference in productivity before and after farmers accessed bank loans. Despite the importance of paddy farming to household livelihoods, it was reported that access to credit has a positive impact on the productivity of paddy farmers.
Access to reproductive health services and factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Mtwara Region, Tanzania
(2017) Dunor, H.; Urassa, J. K.
Generally, adolescents/teenagers sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs are largely unmet in developing countries despite this group’s size. This paper examines teenage girls’ accessibility to reproductive health services and factors contributing to teenage pregnancy. The study on which the paper is based adopted a crosssectional explanatory design and was conducted in Mtwara Region, Tanzania covering four secondary schools. Teenage girls in the four secondary schools were randomly selected to participate in the study. Data was collected using questionnaires, focus groups discussions and key informant interviews. A total of 156 people participated in the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPPS while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Generally, results show that teenage pregnancy is a major problem in Mtwara and the attributing factors include poverty, culture, desire for money, peer pressure, lack of education on reproductive health issues and poor parental support. Results also show that teenagers in Mtwara lack access to youth friendly reproductive health services. Additionally, the findings show a disparity in terms of access to reproductive health services (RHS) between rural and urban teenage girls: those in the urban area had relatively more access compared with their rural counterparts. It is therefore concluded that access to reproductive health services for teenage girls is a serious challenge in Mtwara region. It is hereby recommended it is recommended that households be empowered to earn sufficient income to provide for their families, particular emphasis should be put on non-farm income generating activities. It is also recommended that youth friendly SRH services be established in the study areas; doing so will improve youth’s access to the same
Access to reproductive health services and factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Mtwara Region, Tanzania
(2017) Dunor, H.; Urassa, J. K.
Generally, adolescents/teenagers sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs are largely unmet in developing countries despite this group’s size. This paper examines teenage girls’ accessibility to reproductive health services and factors contributing to teenage pregnancy. The study on which the paper is based adopted a crosssectional explanatory design and was conducted in Mtwara Region, Tanzania covering four secondary schools. Teenage girls in the four secondary schools were randomly selected to participate in the study. Data was collected using questionnaires, focus groups discussions and key informant interviews. A total of 156 people participated in the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPPS while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Generally, results show that teenage pregnancy is a major problem in Mtwara and the attributing factors include poverty, culture, desire for money, peer pressure, lack of education on reproductive health issues and poor parental support. Results also show that teenagers in Mtwara lack access to youth friendly reproductive health services. Additionally, the findings show a disparity in terms of access to reproductive health services (RHS) between rural and urban teenage girls: those in the urban area had relatively more access compared with their rural counterparts. It is therefore concluded that access to reproductive health services for teenage girls is a serious challenge in Mtwara region. It is hereby recommended it is recommended that households be empowered to earn sufficient income to provide for their families, particular emphasis should be put on non-farm income generating activities. It is also recommended that youth friendly SRH services be established in the study areas; doing so will improve youth’s access to the same.
Adaptation to changes in the coffee value chain And the price of coffee among coffee producers in Two villages in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
(African Study Monographs, 2013) Mhando, David Gongwe; Haller, Tobias; Mbeyale, Gimbage; Ludi, Eva
Market liberalization in Tanzania has eroded the monopoly of the cooperative unions by allowing private coffee buyers (PCBs) to compete with them on equal footing. Similarly, farmers groups and primary societies are now allowed to sell coffee at auction. Thus, farmers have various options for selling their coffee. Similarly, the coffee industry has experienced large fluctuations in prices and stagnation in production. How do farmers react to these changes? Can and do farmers profit from different market conditions and sell to different traders at the lower end of the value chain, or do they remain with cooperatives or farmers groups? This study was conducted in Mruwia and Mshiri villages in Moshi Rural district. Whereas Mshiri village remains attached to the Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union (KNCU), Mruwia has detached from this organization and sells coffee independently. The sample (103) was randomly selected from the coffee farmers in the two villages. Data were collected through surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), and socio-anthropological methods (participant-observation, biographies, and thematic interviews). Results indicate that the selection of whom to sell coffee depends largely on farmers’ dependence on coffee and prices, other benefits accrued, and whether the initial costs are covered by buyers. Additionally, most respondents did not sell coffee to PCBs. Thus, prices, the institutional infrastructure, and the structure of local communities were important when making decisions about how and with whom to trade.
Adoption intensity of bundled sustainable agricultural practices among small-scale maize growers in Morogoro region, Tanzania
(East African Journal of Management and Business Studies, 2023) Mugula, Joseph J.; Kyaruzi, Athman A.; Msinde, John; Kadigi, Michael
The study examined the adoption rate and intensity of bundled sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) among smallholder maize farmers in Tanzania. The SAPs considered include crop rotation, intercropping, manure, improved seeds and crop residual. Using descriptive techniques and ordered probit model, data was collected from 470 farming households from Kilosa and Mvomero Districts through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The results show that education level, occupation, farming experience, sex of the household head, farm size, plot ownership, geographical location, membership in farmers’ organization and production diversity had significant impacts on the adoption intensity of multiple SAPs. In addition, there were greater disparities in the adoption intensity than in the adoption rates; the awareness and recognition of SAPs did not necessarily translate into increased usage. The study recommends that the interdependence nature of agricultural innovations should be considered in designing strategies dissemination of SAPs to provide farmers with a choice among different sets of practices that possess desirable traits. Given that diverse factors influence the usage of different combinations of SAPs, it is important that policymakers should take into consideration the significant factors to ensure that farmers can maximize the benefits of SAPs through provision of training programs to enlighten farmers on the benefits of SAPs.
Adoption of recommended maize production practices and productivity among farmers in Morogoro district, Tanzania
(Springer, 2019) Gahanga, Consolatha J.; Urassa, Justin K.
The chapter is based on a study that aimed at assessing the adoption of recommended maize production practices and productivity between farmers who were members of Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) and those who were not. The study was conducted in Morogoro District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying FFS recommended maize production technologies; determining socio-economic factors influencing farmers’ adoption of the technologies; and comparing maize productivity and income between households involved in FFS and those that are not. Lastly, it determined the contribution of maize sales to the household incomes of the two groups. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design whereby data was collected from 166 individuals through household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), whereby descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were determined. A logistic regression model was used to determine the association of socio-economic factors and the adoption of FFS technologies. Study findings show that age, education, household income and farm size significantly influenced the adoption of recommended FFS practices. Results also show that farmers who participated in the FFS had a higher maize productivity and maize sales were the main source of income in the study area. Thus, extension agents need to do more to encourage more farmers to join FFS so as to get access to improved maize technologies which will enable them to raise their maize productivity and ultimately their income and general living standards.
Agricultural value chain incubation programmes and youth employment: a case of the Sokoine university graduates entrepreneurs cooperative, Morogoro, Tanzania
(TAJAS, 2021) Donge, H; Urassa, J.K
Youth unemployment is on the rise globally Tanzania inclusive. Nonetheless, for Tanzania, the agricultural sector has a potential for employment creation at the various nodes of the agricultural value chain. Therefore, the study generally examines the contribution of the Sokoine University Graduates Entrepreneurs Cooperative (SUGECO) in enabling its graduate’s self-employ while creating employment for others. Specifically, the study examines the contribution of the above- mentioned programme to youth’s employment; identifies challenges facing the programme, and examines the policy gaps. The study is based on the cross-sectional research design whereby data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 88 respondents. In addition, data were collected from five key informants. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPPS and qualitative data through content analysis. Generally, study findings show that SUGECO has the potential to support young entrepreneurs’ development and job creation in Tanzania. Findings also show that SUGECO offers a variety of trainings which equip its graduates with business management and employment skills. In addition, marital status and being trained in agribusiness were significantly (P≤0.05) associated with the graduates’ employment creation. However, the findings show that SUGECO and its graduates face a number of challenges including lack of funding, lack of commitment among the graduates, and unsupportive government policies. Therefore, SUGECO needs to adhere to its pre-defined criteria when selecting candidates for incubation programme so as to only recruit the committed ones. In addition, the Government and non-governmental organizations should collaborate and put some efforts to promote the SUGECO agribusiness incubation programme as it has the potential for employment creation and poverty reduction among the youth.
Assessing the implementation process of Treasury Single Account Operations and Payment Systems in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2020) Sarwatt, U.M
Anchored on stakeholder, management and modern money theories, study on which this dissertation is based assessed the implementation of Treasury Single Account (TSA) in Tanzania. The TSA infrastructure is usually implemented as part of the Financial Management Information System (FMIS) solutions. Therefore, this study assessed the implementation process of Treasury Single Account Operations and Payment Systems in Tanzania. Specifically, the study intended to; assess the legal and regulatory frameworks of the TSA operations; investigate the TSA processes and interbank systems; and examine the oversight mechanism of the TSA. Furthermore, the study employed a quantitative approach, whereby data were collected through a toolkit questionnaire with 44 questions from 60 sample size of respondents. Analysis was done descriptively, in which only frequencies and percentages were considered. In addition, graphs and tables were used to illustrate findings. The findings show the 68.2% of the overall performance in legal regulatory framework; this indicates the average performance as rating in this research. In the process and interbank systems, results show 75% of the overall performance based on the rating implies the effectiveness in this category is good. Lastly, the oversight mechanisms in results indicates 72% of the overall performance, this is categorized as good. Inferential analysis shows that all three predictors i.e. legal regulatory framework, process and interbank systems, and oversight mechanisms were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) to effective implementation of TSA. However, recommendations need the government to learn from other countries which have experienced the implementation of TSA operations for many years of time, the reason is to improve the overall performance of the implementation up to the highest rating score points.
Assessment of community participation in management of water resources in Moshi rural district, Kilimanjaro Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agricurture, 2022) Lyatuu, John M.
Community’s participation in the water resources management is of paramount importance as it contributes to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of water projects and also improving the family’s economy since family members will focus on production more than wasting time on fetching water. However, there is lack of enough information on local community’s participation in management of water resources (MWR) in poor resource countries such as Tanzania. The study on which this dissertation is based assessed local community’s participation in management of domestic water in East Old Moshi and Kimochi Wards in Moshi Rural District in Tanzania. The wards were purposively selected due to a number of water sources from slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, but still community members suffer from water shortage. Specifically, the study sought to: (i) determine the extent of participation of local communities in water resources management, (ii) assess water conservation measures applied by the local communities and (iii) assess institutional and socio-economic factors affecting community members’ choice of types of water conservation technologies. Structured interviews were applied as the main method of data collection whereby 150 respondents who were randomly selected from the two wards were interviewed. Collected data were analysed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Chi-Square test was used to assess the association between respondents’ characteristics and participation in project activities (manual works and project meetings). In inferential analysis, Ordinal Logistic Regression and binary logistic regression was used to assess the factors associated with respondents’ participation in Water Resources Management (WRM) in general and factors influencing the households’ choice of Water Conservation Measures (WCMs) respectively. The ordinal logistic regression analysis results revealed a significant association between overall participation in WRM and respondents’ years of schooling and the days respondents had received water. Binary logistic regression revealed that choice of WCMs was significantly associated with the respondents’ age, marital status and distance to the household’s alternative sources of water. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that education is a major solution to many problems facing community members. Also WCMs applied in the study area depend on status of water availability of the particular place and season. From the findings and conclusions, the study recommends that, in order to improve application of WCMs to local communities, education should be provided especially to elders, people who reside in the upper parts of the community.
Assessment of community perception on proper solid waste management at Household-level in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2024-12-14) Mdetele, Clara; Allan, Tumaini; Ngowi, Edwin
Effective solid waste management is integral to environmental sustainability and public health. The success of waste management initiatives is intricately linked to community perceptions, as their awareness and attitudes significantly influence outcomes. This study, conducted in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania, aimed to assess the community's perception of proper solid waste management at the household level. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional design, data were gathered from 70 respondents across three randomly chosen wards: Mazimbu (26), Mji Mkuu (22), and Mji Mpya (22). These wards were pivotal in capturing a comprehensive view of solid waste management practices, accounting for variations across different areas within Morogoro Municipality. Data were also collected from five key informants using the Kobo Collect survey tool. Inferential statistics, specifically Pearson chi-square tests, were applied to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to explore the types of solid waste generated at the household level. The findings revealed that 38.6% of respondents produced vegetable waste, 28.6% generated leaves/grass, 20% produced plastic waste, and 12.9% generated other types of solid waste. The chi-square tests showed no significant differences in community awareness regarding the importance of proper solid waste management across wards, except for a significant difference in relation to disease outbreak reduction. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the community's perception of obstacles hindering proper solid waste management. To evaluate the community's perception of solid waste management, a composite mean score was calculated; a mean score above 2.00 indicated a positive perception, while a score below 2.00 suggested a negative perception. In conclusion, while the community generally holds a positive perception of solid waste management, factors such as collection fees and inadequate infrastructure hinder its effectiveness and efficiency at the household level. It is recommended that municipal authorities enhance solid waste management strategies and implement educational campaigns to raise awareness within the community.
Assessment of community perception on proper solid waste management at household-level in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2024) Mdetele,Clara; Allan,Tumaini; Ngowi,Edwin
Effective solid waste management is integral to environmental sustainability and public health. The success of waste management initiatives is intricately linked to community perceptions, as their awareness and attitudes significantly influence outcomes. This study, conducted in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania, aimed to assess the community's perception of proper solid waste management at the household level. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional design, data were gathered from 70 respondents across three randomly chosen wards: Mazimbu (26), Mji Mkuu (22), and Mji Mpya (22). These wards were pivotal in capturing a comprehensive view of solid waste management practices, accounting for variations across different areas within Morogoro Municipality. Data were also collected from five key informants using the Kobo Collect survey tool. Inferential statistics, specifically Pearson chi-square tests, were applied to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to explore the types of solid waste generated at the household level. The findings revealed that 38.6% of respondents produced vegetable waste, 28.6% generated leaves/grass, 20% produced plastic waste, and 12.9% generated other types of solid waste. The chi-square tests showed no significant differences in community awareness regarding the importance of proper solid waste management across wards, except for a significant difference in relation to disease outbreak reduction. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the community's perception of obstacles hindering proper solid waste management. To evaluate the community's perception of solid waste management, a composite mean score was calculated; a mean score above 2.00 indicated a positive perception, while a score below 2.00 suggested a negative perception. In conclusion, while the community generally holds a positive perception of solid waste management, factors such as collection fees and inadequate infrastructure hinder its effectiveness and efficiency at the household level. It is recommended that municipal authorities enhance solid waste management strategies and implement educational campaigns to raise awareness within the community
Assessment of functionality in monitoring and evaluation systems of selected agricultural non-governmental organizations in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Evelyne, Manyama
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems have evolved over time as important tools that can enhance the management of programmes and thus facilitate measurement of progress on project implementation. This has raised interest among researchers who have noted the importance to assess M&E system so as enhance the efficiency of the systems. The study aims to assess functionality of the selected agricultural NGOs’ M&E systems to determine the functionality of key M&E components and the challenges of the M&E system in its current status. The study adopted case study research design and data were collected through desk reviews and interviews with M&E technical officers guided by a checklist of items. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics whereas qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Generally, the enabling environment and data and information management well functioned respectively at 88.9% and 91.1%. Specifically, the functionality differed and ranged from 76.7% to 100% from one NGO to another. However, the Kruskal Wallis H Test showed no significant difference at a 5% level of significance among the NGOs. Therefore, the selected agricultural M&E system NGOs well functioned but needed improvement to strengthen some indicators. The study concludes that the M&E system of agricultural NGOs was functioning well with minimal improvements. Challenges were revealed in human capacity, communication and advocacy plan, databases and data dissemination. The assessment of agricultural NGOs revealed that there are improvements needed for the M&E system to be sustainable. These include a more systematic and long-term approach to develop M&E systems, staff training in M&E principles and practices, stronger supervision, feedback loops, and technical assistance and an information system that links program-specific sub-systems
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community health workers on household sanitation and hygiene in rural Tanzania
(International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2025-03-22) Samani, Lina Patrice; Mwanga, Joseph; Basinda, Namanya; Msaki, Evarist; Kadigi, Michael
Background: Access to improved sanitation, adherence to good hygienic practices, and adequate supply of safe water are very crucial factors for the health and well-being of people within the household and the entire community. Household sanitation and hygiene promotion has largely been done by community health workers in most places in Tanzania and worldwide, especially in rural and marginalized areas. Despite the presence of community health workers in Tanzania as primary health providers, WASH-sensitive indicators such as diarrhea, stunted growth, and typhoid are still high. However, little has been done to assess their knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding household sanitation and hygiene. Aim: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices among community health workers on household sanitation and hygiene at Mbarali and Mbeya rural districts in Mbeya region, south-west highlands of Tanzania. Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The sample size was estimated by using Yamane formula for calculating sample size. Data for the study were collected for one month, questionnaire guide and observation checklist were used as data collection methods. Data were entered in STATA version 15 databases by two research assistants, and then data were cleaned, validated and analyzed. Descriptive analyses included frequencies and percentages of socio- demographic characteristics such as age, sex, education, knowledge, attitude, and practice of hygiene and sanitation. To determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and respondents 'KAP, a bivariate chi-square test was conducted. A threshold of 0.05 p-values was used for statistical significance. Results: A total of 391CHWs were recruited. Out of 391CHWs, 184 (47.1%) had adequate knowledge regarding household sanitation and hygiene, while 207(52.9%) CHWs had inadequate knowledge. 74.4% of the CHWs had a positive attitude towards, whilst 25.6% of the participants had a negative attitude regarding household sanitation and hygiene. A total of 128 (33.0%) had good practices, while (67.1%) of the participants had poor practices regarding household sanitation and hygiene. High education level and the short period from the last training on sanitation and hygiene were found to be associated with adequate knowledge (p=0012) and (p=0.008) respectively. Female participants were found to have good practices (p=0.015) than their counterparts. The observation checklist revealed that, of the total 391CHWs, 206(52.7%) CHWs didn’t receive the needed cooperation from the community members, though they had all the necessary equipment for home visits. On house-to-house visits, only 28 CHWs had all the necessary equipment. None of the CHWs had allowance at the end of the visit. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the need to check CHW programs to match their needs as per their roles to strengthen the knowledge, attitude, and practices hence ensuring efficiency in their provision of primary health services and promotion of improvement in household sanitation and hygiene particularly in household sanitation and hygiene.
Assessment of local government's social accountability for poverty reduction in Tanzania
(2016-12-10) Marcossy, A. M.; Urassa, J. K.
Social Accountability is an aspect of governance that links and interlinks other aspects of development and governance, In Tanzania, various forms of social accountability monitoring in have been implemented by CSOs, these include; the holistic st)~al accountability monitoring (SAM) and Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys, PETS, Others are Community Score Cards, Budget Analysis, Citizen Jury, Local needs analysis and Social Auditing. These initiatives fulfill a number of functions, as they enable individuals and user groups at community level to provide feedback and exercise their voice vis-a-vis central, local government and service providers. The main objective of this study has to establish the relationship between social accountability and poverty alleviation in a few selected Tanzanian local councils. Specifically, the study aimed at; describing the forms of social accountability in the selected local government authorities (LGAs), to determine the status of social accountability among the selected LGAs, to empirically link social accountability with identified poverty indicator and to examine the public's perception on social accountability and improvement of people's livelihoods. The study employed a cross-sectional research design whereby data were collected at one point and time. A total of320 respondents were randomly selected from the selected wards and villages using a multi-stage sampling technique from Mwanza City Council (MCC), Kinondoni Municipal Council (KMC), Kibaha Town Council (KTC) and Handeni District Council (HDC). In addition, forty and ten other individuals were involved in focus group discussion (FGDs) and key informant interviews respectively. The study used both primary and secondary data; the former was collected through the use of interview schedules and checklists. Specifically, the study employed Social accountability monitoring tools which included; the Social Accountability Cycle and the Question-Information-Analysis (QIA) tools. Data collected using the QIA were analyzed by the help of participant stakeholders; the CSOs, Businesses, LGA officials, a handful of policymakers and other participants. Generally, the study shows that SAM positively empowers local people not only to engage their governments but, does also influence decisions and the confidence of public officials in service provision. However, there are setbacks in enhancing social accountability in local governments in Tanzania. One such challenge is access to Government information which is inconsistent and preferential. This can further be deduced as showing a strong potential for linking poverty reduction initiatives with social accountability in local government.
Assessment of rice diseases and yield under system of rice intensification (SRI) in Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Mwakasege, Leah D.
The overall objective of the study was to assess the status of rice diseases under system of rice intensification (SRI) and farmer’s production system in Morogoro. A checklist survey in nine farmer fields was done and later experiments at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Crop Museum for two seasons. The experiment was laid down in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The treatments were three different types of spacing 25 cm x 25 cm for SRI, 20 cm x 20 cm for farmers practice one (FP1), random spacing for farmers practice two (FP2). Rice leaf samples were tested for presence of rice diseases pathogens using blotter method. Five rice diseases were observed in the survey. Rice brown spot diseases (RBSD) occurred most frequently in all locations while rice yellow mottle virus disease (RYMVD) was observed in seven locations. Rice sheath blight diseases (RSBD) and rice blast diseases (RBD) were recorded from four locations while rice bacterial leaf blight (RBLBD) in one location. On the other hand three diseases (RYMVD, RSBD and RBSD) were observed in on- station experiments, in all treatments for both seasons. The diseases incidence and severity were significantly different (P<0.001) between rice growing stages. System of rice intensification (SRI) plots appear to have high RYMVD incidence and severity than in FP1 and FP2 while the incidence and severity of RSBD and RBSD were higher in FP2 followed by FP1. The total yield were significantly higher for SRI than FP1 and FP2 (P<0.01). Diseases, water for irrigation and poor rice diseases knowledge were the main factors influencing yields in rice production. Adoption of SRI, farmer’s knowledge on SRI and field management, research on identification and characterization of disease pathogens and development of rice varieties which are resistant to diseases with preferable characteristics required by farmers and consumers is recommended.
Assessment of the implementation of primary education development plan (2002-06) in Mbarali district council, Mbeya region, Tanzania
(Sokoine Universitry of Agriculture, 2010) Chikoyo, Rashid Abdallah
This study assesses the Primary Education Development Plan (2002-06) implementation in Tanzania. The specific objectives are to determine the changes in pupil enrollment and number of teachers, the state of teachers’ qualifications, the quantity and quality of Government support to primary schools before and after the five years of PEDP implementation. The study used both the quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The methods employed to collect data were questionnaires, key informant interviews, field observation, focus group discussions and documentary analysis. Findings revealed that, there are some improvements on access, quality, transparency and management of primary education. The Gross Enrolment Ratio has increased from 77.6% in 1990 to 114.4% in 2007. The Net Enrolment Ratio reached 97.3% compared to 58.8% in 1990 (Okkolin, 2006; URT, 2007a). The pupil - book ratio has increased from one book to fifteen pupils in 2002 to one book to eight pupils in 2006 up to 1:5 pupils in 2009. The teacher to pupil ratio has improved from one teacher to ninety pupils in 2002 up to one teacher to sixty three in 2006. The school buildings have also relatively increased in number. The pass rates also showed some improvement from 10% in 2002 to 24% in 2006. The study revealed some challenges including, unfinished infrastructure and pupils over crowded in the classroom, limited financial and human resources, about 5% of the teachers are under qualified, the school management lacked both relevant knowledge and experince and, extreme poverty was found to be the stumbling block to the PEDP initiatives. The study recommended further study to find out the PEDP successes and challenges in the region and Southern Highlands zone at large.
Assessment of the sustainability of agricultural technologies: a case of “bustani ya tushikamane” (ByT) Programme in Morogoro Region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Mhando, Anna Leonard
The sustainability of agriculture technologies is a topic of growing importance in today's world, as the global population continues to expand, and the demand for food and resources escalates. The study aims to undertake a systematic assessment of the sustainability of agriculture technologies, with a focus on factors affecting sustainability and compliance of the technologies with the Agro ecological principles using the Agroecological Criteria Tool(ACT). The study employed cross-sectional research design with a sample size of 90 participants. Quantitative data was gathered through questionnaire, while qualitative data was collected through interview, focused group discussion (FGD) and observations. The analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as thematic analysis of qualitative information. Factors like market availability (p = 0.000), training (p = 0.021), and cost of the agricultural technologies (p = 0.000) significantly predicted the likelihood of sustainability of agricultural technologies at 5% level of significance. Technologies introduced under the ByT programme were highly sustainable (60%), followed by medium sustainability (27.8%). The findings indicate that the agricultural techniques implemented by ByT have adhered to agroecological principles at every level, including efficiency (86%). This encompasses methods aimed at decreasing the use of resources such as water, pesticides, and fertilizers, while simultaneously enhancing crop yield. It is concluded that training, market availability, and cost of introduced agriculture technologies are crucial factors influencing sustainability of agricultural technologies. Also, the agriculture technologies introduced by ByT program are highly sustainable. This study offers a holistic perspective on the challenges and opportunities associated with sustainable agriculture technologies. The study concludes with recommendations that introduced agriculture technologies by stakeholders should consider the cost of introduced technologies, market availability of agriculture product and training of the technologies so as to ensure sustainability of those technologies. Also, need of future research and policy interventions to foster the sustainable adoption of agriculture technologies and advance the overall sustainability of the agricultural sector.
Attitude of voters towards elections in Morogoro municipality: a reflection on 2015 general election in Tanzania
(Science Publishing Group, 2017-12-22) Muhanga, M
This paper examines the attitudes of voters towards elections in Tanzania following an observed trend of having a great proportion of registered voters who did not vote in the General Elections in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 respectively. The study out of which this paper is based on aimed at assessing the voters’ attitudes towards election and their perception on the importance of participating in election in Morogoro municipality, an electoral constituent which recorded voters turn out of 34.6% below the national turnout of 42.8% in 2010 General Election. A cross- sectional study design and multistage sampling techniques were employed; data were collected using a questionnaire through Computer Aided Personal Interviewing [CAPI] platform from proportionate number of male and female respondents from four randomly selected wards from Morogoro urban in Morogoro region. A total of 14 Likert scale statements were used to assess the attitudes of voters towards elections. Cross tabulation was employed to associate attitudes with other variables. Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS] computer software was used for data processing and analysis. The findings reveal that the minimum and maximum Total Attitudinal Scores were 39.0 and 56.0 respectively with mean at 44.2 and Std. Deviation of 4.01. The study findings show that the overall respondents’ attitude towards elections was negative, with 60% of the respondents scoring less than 44.2 points out of 70, whereas 40% had positive attitude whereby they scored 44.2 points and above. The results show that 73% of the respondents perceived participating in election was important. It is recommended that initiatives should be taken to cultivate positive attitudes of citizens to motivate them to turn out to vote.
Attitudes towards affirmative action policies’ implementation in local politics in Tanzania: a case of Misungwi district, Mwanza region
(2009) Kabote, Samwel Juma
For about two decades, Affirmative Action (AA) policies, particularly Quotas and/or Special Seats have been substantial measures for increasing women’s political representation and participation in developing countries and Tanzania in particular. However, attitudes related obstructions influences AAs’ implementation in the country. With this rationale, this study was conducted in Misungwi District to assess factors influenced attitudes towards AAs’implementation. A key question in this study was: Do sex, awareness/knowledge on Affirmative Actions (AAs) and duration in local leadership positions influences respondent’s views towards AA’s implementation? Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews and documentary reviews. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 13. Findings revealed that, more women had positive attitudes towards AA’s implementation as opposed to men. Knowledge on reasons for Affirmative Action’s introduction was also positive. In addition, respondent’s attitudes were positive for respondents stayed six years and above in local leadership positions. Though it was a case study findings depicted a real picture of most District Councils in Tanzania. The study concluded that negative views towards AAs’ implementation exacerbated women’s under-representation as well as poor participation in local politics. Finally, we recommend that the family, schools and political parties should be entry points to eliminate negative attitudes towards AAs’ implementation in Misungwi District and the nation at large. Public gender awareness campaigns, accompanied with empowerment programmes are also highly recommended in this regard.

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