Development Studies Collection

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Adoption of rainfed paddy production technologies among smallholder farmers: a case of central District- Zanzibar, Tanzania
(2018-02-23) Haji, A. K.; Salehe, F. S.; Msinde, J.
This study intended to determine factors affecting the adoption of new technologies in rainfed paddy production practiced by smallholder farmers in the Central District-Zanzibar, Tanzania. A crosssectional research design was employed. A structured questionnaire, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant (KI) interviews were used to explore issues related to rainfed paddy production. 120 respondents who were engaged in rainfed paddy farming were selected from 4 village clusters (30 respondents in each village cluster) from December 2013 to January 2014. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model. Results show that majority of respondents (55%) were female while 45% were male aging 19-59 years. The study revealed that rainfed paddy production technologies that were adopted by smallholder farmers included row planting, fertilizer application (P=.03), weed control and the use of improved paddy seed varieties (p= .04). Descriptive analysis results showed that the adoption level of technologies was high. The logistic regression analysis showed that extension services, age, off-farm income and distance from residence to the marketplaces were factors that influenced the decisions of smallholder farmers to adopt technologies (p<.05). Researchers recommend that the government of Zanzibar should continue providing efficient extension services to smallholder farmers in order to ensure sustainability in the adoption of rainfed paddy production technologies in Zanzibar.
Assessment of water supply and its implications on household income in Kabuku Ndani ward, Handeni District, Tanzania
(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2017-03-06) Saladi, J. A; Salehe, F. S.
Aims: To assess the water supply accessibility and its implications on household income in Kabuku Ndani ward, Handeni district, Tanga Region. Place and Duration of Study: A cross sectional design was conducted between November 2013 and January 2014 in Kabuku. Methodology: Questionnaire related to water supply and household income was administered to 90 respondents who were randomly selected. Interviews with five key informants’ explored issues related to water supply and its influence on household income. The hypothesis used states that household’s expenditure on water supply does not significantly affect household income. Results: Majority of respondents falls between 26-56 years of age. About 42% of respondents did not attend any formal education while 59% had attended formal education. Marital status and occupation showed a significant influence on water supply (P=0.036 and 0.048 respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that infrastructure, management, occupation, education and age were significant (P=0.05) predictors of household income. People perceived that there was a direct relationship between water supply and household income. Access to water was a big problem which was thought to be caused by insufficient sources of water, outdated infrastructures, administration problems and climate changes. The available water sources could not meet household requirements. In addition long distances from settlements to water sources led people to spend up to 30 minutes fetching 20 litres of water on foot. The water was of poor quality and it could have led to serious waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever. The costs spent on water were alarmingly high and ranged between TZS 36, 000 and 54, 000 per month per household depending on family size. Conclusion: The study concludes that the water supply problem in Kabuku ward has influence on the limited available household income. Therefore addressing water shortage problems combined efforts at local and national levels are required.
Attitudes of community towards female genital mutilation in Manyoni district, Singida region, Tanzania
(2018-04-18) Chingonikaya, E.E; Salehe, F. S.
The female genital mutilation (FGM) has a series of consequences which most of them lead to discomfort, maternity complications and finally deaths of girls and women. In Tanzania as well as other countries, a number of campaigns have been waged against FGM, but to date the practice still persists. This problem requires critical researches to look for the factors leading to the FGM not to end. Therefore, this study intended to assess the attitudes of people towards the FGM and its social value in order to generate information, which would be useful in conducting more successful campaigns against the practice. The study was conducted in Manyoni District in Singida Region- Tanzania from September to October, 2015. A cross-sectional research design was employed. A total of 120 respondents were selected in the three villages namely Aghondi, Kamenyanga and Mkwese. In each village 40 respondents were randomly selected and subjected to a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS computer software programme. From the results it was revealed that the overall attitudes of the respondents were as 66.7% accounted for negative, 20.8% neutral and 12.5% of the respondents had positive attitude towards the FGM. Results further show that majority (79.2%) of respondents mentioned increasing chances for marriage as one of the reasons for undergoing FGM practice, (77.5%) mentioned Lawalawa and (76.7%) mentioned signs for sexual maturity. Generally, many people in the District seemed to have negative attitudes towards the FGM. This therefore, entails that FGM could be eradicated as majority of the people have negative attitude towards the practice.
Choice of desired family size among young women in Zambia: what matters?
(Springer, 2023) Phiri,Million; Shasha,Liness; Musonda,Emmanuel; Muhanga,Mikidadi
In many developing countries, population expansion and high fertility rates have been of concern to individuals, society, and governments. Zambia is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which has been experiencing high fertility for more than four decades since it attained independence. Understanding of factors associ- ated with desired family size, especially amongst young women, is important be- cause their future reproductive behaviour has the potential to influence the country’s course of fertility. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the determinants of family size choice among young women in Zambia. The study analysed data extracted from repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2007, 2013 and 2018. The analysis was done on a pooled weighted sample of 15,528 young women aged 15–24 years. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine factors associat- ed with the desired family size of young women. All analyses were conducted using Stata software version 17 and considered complex survey design. The prevalence of young women who had the desire of at least 4 children has been considerably high in Zambia, at 63.2%. Young women in the age group 20–24 were found to have higher odds (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.66) of desiring at least 4 children compared to those aged 15–19. Women living in the rural areas were (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.79) more likely to desire at least 4 children compared to their counterparts living in urban areas. Age of a young woman, place of residence, level of education, household wealth status, number of living children, and exposure to mass-media family planning messages were significantly associated with desire of at least 4 children. The desire for a large family size remains a social concern for reducing fertility in Zambia. This is because the proportion of young women who desire a large family size has been consistently high. Increasing access to education and sexual reproductive health information to young women especially to those in rural areas is key to changing their reproductive behaviour.
Civil society organisations and HIV/AIDS: A case of Iringa district, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) SAMSON,SUZANA
This study was designed to determine the role of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in combating HIV/AIDS in Iringa District. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Faith Based Organisations (FBOs) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) were selected for the study. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the HIV/AIDS thematic areas in which the CSOs were engaged; the institutional management structure of CSOs; the CSO’s achievements; the challenges faced by CSOs and at determining people’s attitude towards CSOs addressing HIV/AIDS. A cross sectional survey was employed where by both structured and non-structured interviews were used to collect data. Purposive sampling method was used to obtain CSOs that implemented HIV/AIDS interventions whereas stratified sampling method was used to get 18 NGOs, 6 FBOs and 6 CBOs to constitute the sample of 30 CSOs that were interviewed. The collected data were analysed using SPSS computer software where descriptive statistics and cross tabulation were used in presenting the study results. HIV/AIDS interventions implemented by CSOs were in four thematic areas namely awareness raising, impact mitigation, capacity building and HIV voluntary counselling and testing. HIV/AIDS impact mitigation was the intervention implemented by most of the sampled CSOs (41.8% of responses). However CBOs unlike FBOs and NGOs engaged mostly in HIV prevention through awareness raising. Despite of limited monitoring of CSOs’ activities by the government, community members have positive attitude towards CSOs addressing HIV/AIDS issues with the views that the government could not manage to implement all aspects of HIV/AIDS. CSOs’ interventions were affected by limited funding whereby 41.5% of sampled CSOs’ responses indicated that they relied on external funding. It is recommended that the government (both central and local government authorities) has to formulate an integrated programme of implementation together with a monitoring and evaluation system ofiii HIV/AIDS interventions for effective multisectoral approach towards combating the epidemic.
Contribution of local chicken production towards improving peoples wellbeing: A Case of Peri-Urban areas of Kinondoni District, Tanzania
(2018-02-23) Chingonikaya1, E. E.; Salehe, F. S.
Several studies have been conducted on characterization of local chicken production systems in some places of Tanzania, yet clear information is limited regarding to its contribution towards improving peoples wellbeing particularly its socio-economic importance in the country. This study therefore accessed the socio- economic importance of local chickens’ production in peri-urban areas of Kinondoni District, Dar es salaam-Tanzania. A cross sectional research design was employed. The study was conducted in peri-urban areas of Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam Region involving three peripheral wards namely: Kibamba, Kwembe and Mabwepande, between September and October 2014. Both purposive and random sampling was used. Purposive sampling was used in selecting six streets from which local chickens were kept and random sampling was used in selecting 90 local chicken keepers (15 local chicken keepers per street) from the list provided by livestock extension officer. Data were collected using a household questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) and Key Informant interview (KI) methods. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using respective methods of data analysis (SPSS).The study findings found that, the local chicken contributes to peri-urban household’s wellbeing as 92.2% of all the respondents spent some amounts of local chicken earnings to buy food. This shows that local chicken keeping contributes to improving food security at the households of the local chicken keepers.Some households used local chicken for gift giving, rituals and detection of time. Education level, initial capital, experience of local chicken keeping, rearing systems, accessibility to extension services and constraints were significantly influencing production of the local chicken (p<0.05). The researchers conclude that local chicken production improves socio-economies of peri-urban households of Kinondoni District. The study recommends that various stakeholders including the local governments should put more emphasis on promoting local chicken production as it contributes to the smallholder household’s socio-economies.
Contribution of vocational education in poverty reduction in Mufindi district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) NZALI,AGNES STEPHEN
The study was conducted in Mufindi district, Iringa region, Tanzania to determine the contribution of vocational education in poverty reduction among Vocational Education and Training (VET) graduates. The study adopted a cross sectional design by using a questionnaire with both open and closed ended questions from a sample size of 120 respondents (60 women and 60 men) who have completed vocational training in the past three to ten years. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in which Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was done to determine socio-economic status of the respondents’ households. Key findings indicate that the majority (29.2%) of the respondents were engaged in tailoring activities followed by motor vehicle mechanics (20%). The mean income of VET graduates was Tshs. 102 775 per month with the minimum income of Tshs.18 000 and the maximum income of Tshs. 700 000 per month. Their mean income implies that the majority of the respondents earn income above the minimum government salary, which is Tshs. 80 000 per month. Results from the study also reveal that female VET graduates in Mufindi district earn less income compared to male graduates. The mean income of male graduates was found to be Tshs. 119 216.67 while that of female was Tshs. 86 333.33. This is to say men earn 30.1% more than women. The difference was also found to be statistically significant at p < 0.05. However, there was no significant association between income and type of skill, duration of training and form of training (p > 0.05). Study findings also revealed that 20.8% of the respondents’ households were poorest while 19.2% of them were better off. Major problems faced by respondents were inadequate capitaliii and high taxes charged for their enterprises. It was concluded that vocational education contributes a lot in poverty reduction among VET graduates in Mufindi district. Since capital was found to be the main constraint to VET graduates the study recommends that district councils and vocational training centres should help to link them with micro-financing institutions, which can provide them with credit facilities. If possible revolving loan funds should be established for the graduates and link with savings components. This will enable them acquire working capital easily and hence expand their enterprises.
Cultural drivers of zoonotic diseases and impact of the diseases on poverty in Ngorongoro district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) ONESMO,NEEMA PRISCA
There have been a lot of cultural practices which are risky for transmission of zoonotic diseases which are practised by pastoral societies despite efforts to combat such practices. The general objective of this study was to determine cultural drivers of zoonotic diseases and their impact on poverty, whereas the specific objectives were to: (a) assess cultural practices which are risky for transmission of zoonotic diseases, (b) identify the commonest animal and human infectious diseases and (c) determine the impact of zoonotic diseases on poverty. Purposive and random sampling methods were used to obtain a representative sample of 120 households. A questionnaire was used to obtain information in February 2013 from individuals representing the selected households in Orgosorok, Enduleni and Sale Wards of Ngorongoro District. SPSS was employed for data entry and analysis. The findings showed that risky cultural practices which are practised by the Masai community are drinking un-boiled milk, sleeping in the same houses with calves, eating raw or insufficiently cooked meat, drinking raw animal blood, and not cleaning the kraal for animals. The respondents were of the view that livestock infectious diseases such as anthrax, hydatid cyst, brucellosis and tuberculosis were among the leading diseases in the Masai community; they were mentioned by 21%, 18% 16% and 2% respectively of the respondents. Based on multiple linear regression analysis in which the dependent variable was poverty in terms household income and monetary value of assets owned, it was found that zoonotic diseases had negative impact on poverty (P = -0.074), albeit the impact was not significant (p = 0.425). On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that the occurrence of livestock infectious diseases is influenced by cultural practices and that the diseases in turn affect poverty negatively. In view of the conclusion, it is recommended that more education should be given on how to do away with cultural practices which are risky for transmission of zoonotic diseases, and knowledge should be imparted on how to prevent the occurrence of the diseases in order to alleviate poverty among pastoral societies.
Determinants of community health fund membership drop out in Lindi district council of Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) REUBEN,DELFINA
Tanzania, have been implementing Community Health Fund scheme in its government health services since 1996. Lindi District Council is one of the six councils which make Lindi Region. There have been a lot of research and studies on CHF in Tanzania such as determinants for CHF enrolment, reasons for the continuing low enrolment in the district. There is scanty information about the actual factors that determine CHF membership drop out, in the study area. However, the overall objective of the study was to identify the factors determining the CHF membership drop out in Lindi District council. Specifically, the study aimed at determining the perception of CHF members on CHF management, determinants of joining the CHF scheme, duration which CHF members stay under the insurance before they drop out and determinants of CHF membership drop out. Interview and Focus Group Discussions were used to collect data. Statistical Package for Social Science Programme (SPSS) was applied to analyze both qualitative and quantitative data. By using multiple linear Regression analysis, the study revealed the factors that determined CHF membership drop out in the study area. Those factors included socio and economic and demographic characteristics such as ability to pay the premium. Finally the study provides four strong recommendations that could be done to improve CHF membership retention in the study area and other district councils where CHF scheme is implemented.
Determinants of infant mortality in Kisarawe district,Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) MBITTO,WILBERT DACHI
This study was conducted in Kisarawe District, being one of the Districts in Tanzania facing infant mortality (IM). The overall objective of this study was to investigate factors that determine infant mortality in the study area. The specific objectives were to describe neonatal mortality and postnatal mortality; to identify socio-economic factors which influence infant mortality; and to explore the demographic factors which influence infant mortality. A cross-sectional research design was applied in this study. A representative sample of 102 respondents was drawn from the sampling frame. Data from the questionnaires were analyzed statistically using statistical packages for social science (SPSS) and statistical test were done using the chi-squire to test the significant difference between the strata. The study revealed that (30.4%) of the respondents experienced IM, there were 33 incidences and (60.6%) of all incidences occurred at moment of delivery. Breastfeeding and place of delivery (p<0.05) were identified to be the main determinant of infant mortality. Weaknesses were as follows,(75.5%) were primary leavers; (10.8%) earned only 30000 Tsh a month; (68.6%) were not satisfied with medical services provided;(65.6%) gave birth below the age of 20; Traditional midwives are still in demand for (10.8%), all these are circumstances for IM. Yellow fever has been contributing (40.2%) of all death incidences. The study recommends that, the government should improve medical services; NGOs to invest in education and income generating activities; Mothers to seek medical help and attend clinic. Further research should be encouraged in the study area notably on yellow fever and neo-natal mortality which are generally high.
Differences in schistosomiasis knowledge among irrigation rice farming communities in different irrigation schemes in Tanzania
(2013-02-26) Salehe, F. S.; Mattee, A. Z.; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Ensink, J. E. E.
Aim: To assess differences in schistosomiasis knowledge in farmers working in traditional, improved traditional and modern irrigation schemes in Tanzania. Study Design: A cross-sectional survey among farmers practicing irrigation rice farming, in 2 different regions and 6 different irrigation systems. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out between November and December 2011 in the Morogoro and Kilimanjaro Regions, Tanzania. Methodology: Equal number of irrigators in each scheme was employed. Irrigators were chosen randomly by the researcher from the list of all farmers actually engaged in rice irrigation farming provided by the village governments in the six schemes. Two hundred and fourty samples (240) were used, 120 from each region (40 farmers practicing irrigation rice farming in each scheme). Independent sample t-test was used for testing schistosomiasis knowledge differences among irrigators between schemes with the same design and construction of their infrastructures between the two regions. Results: More than 88% of irrigators surveyed in Kilimanjaro schemes had better knowledge regarding to all schistosmiasis items asked compared to those in Morogoro, particularly Chabi scheme-traditional. There were significant difference on irrigators knowledge on schistosomiasis symptoms (P<0.001), and predisposing factors (P<0.001) between Morogoro and Kilimanjaro Modern schemes. Knowledge on predisposing factors differed significantly (P<0.001) between irrigators in Morogoro and Kilimanjaro improved traditional schemes. Moreover significant difference were noted on irrigators knowledge on schistosomiasis symptoms (P<0.001), predisposing factors (P<0.004) and schistosomiasis control measures (P=0.003) between irrigators in Morogoro and Kilimanjaro traditional schemes. Conclusion: From the results it appears that the level of farmers’ knowledge of schistosomiasis is related to: proximity to health facilities of the community, trainings that have been provided to farmers and farmer’s literacy rate. However the government should be responsible to improve health facilities, construct roads and deliver schistosomiasis education to communities in irrigation areas even for schemes which have not been planned, designed and constructed by the government.
Does Attitude Associate, Correlate, Or Cause Behaviour? An Assessment Of Attitude Towards Health Behaviour Under One Health Approach In Morogoro, Tanzania
(International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 2017) Muhanga, M.; Malungo, J.R.S.
Literature doesn‘t empirically posit it very clear whether attitude associates to, correlates or cause certain health behaviours. Yet; little that is known is limited to associating attitudes with health behaviour in the context which did not take into account the interaction of humans, animals and the environment. A cross sectional study was conducted in Morogoro urban and Mvomero districts in Tanzania , aiming at:- (i)assessing attitudes over health behaviour under the interface of humans, animals and the environment; and, (ii) analyzing associations, correlations and causality existing between attitudes on health behaviour and health impairing habits/practices under One Health Approach. The sample comprised of 240 respondents obtained through a multistage sampling procedure. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire using a Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) electronic platform. Associations between attitude and health behavior were modest at p value=<0.001, correlation coefficient was significant with r = .235 and p-value = <0.01, and no evidence of having attitudes directly causing certain behaviours was established. In logit regression analysis, health literacy was found to predict health behaviours too. Individual behaviors performed in a particular context tend to be influenced not only by general attitudes but by a wide range of additional factors.
Efectiveness of participatory monitoring and evaluation on achievement of community‑based water projects in Tanzania
(Applied Water Science, 2020-08-03) Kabote, S.J; Mgoba, S.A
The Government of Tanzania is struggling to implement water projects throughout the country to ensure that 90% of the population has access to clean and safe drinking water by 2025. While most of the community-based water projects fail to deliver as expected, participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E), critical for projects’ achievement, is at an infancy stage. This article determines effectiveness of PM&E on achievement of community-based water projects’ objectives. The article adopted sequential exploratory research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. A random sample of 120 water users in the government and NGOs funded projects was involved whereby 53.3% were women. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews were used to collect qualitative data. SPSS was used to summarize descriptive statistics. Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to compare median differences between the projects, while qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Overall, 51.7% of the respondents reported that community-based water projects’ objectives were achieved except capacity building. The projects funded by NGOs recorded high achievement relative to the government funded projects. In addition, PM&E was effective in achieving water projects’ objectives. There was a statistically significant difference in responses between low, medium and high effectiveness of PM&E (P ≤ 0.05). Majority reported high effectiveness, more so for NGOs-funded water projects. The article concludes that PM&E was effective in achieving projects’ objectives except capacity building. Therefore, it recommends strengthening of capacity building for the local communities to manage community-based water projects effectively. This is a policy issue that needs serious efforts at all levels of the government.
Factors influencing maize crop production at household levels: A case of Rukwa Region in the southern highlands of Tanzania
(2015-03-05) Urassa, J. K.
Production of staple food occupies an important part in Sub-Saharan Africa’s agricultural production. Maize crop in particular is the most important staple food in this area. The article mainly examines households’ socio-economic characteristics affecting maize production in Rukwa in the context of the market reforms carried out in Tanzania in the mid 1980’s. Rukwa region is one of Tanzania’s most reliant maize producers. The article explores the importance of maize to household’s crop production, its production levels and the determinants of its productivity. A number of specific issues are explored including the importance of factors such as farm size, education, and access to key inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agricultural extension services. The study on which the article is based uses data collected from three districts of Rukwa. The findings showed that maize crop continues to play an important role in most households’ livelihood. However, the crop production levels were low. Education was observed to be an important factor in raising yields, suggesting that non-agriculture policies may also be important for improving productivity and welfare of farmers. Despite the importance of maize crop to household livelihoods, several constraints were reported to hinder its productivity including access to fertilizers, improved seeds and other chemical inputs necessary for higher production, and extension services. Therefore, efforts need to be taken by both the local and central government to raise households maize productivity and hence increase the possibility of improving their well-being.
Farm households food production and households’ food security status: A case of Kahama District, Tanzania
(2014) Ngongi, A. M.; Urassa, J. K.
Food is an important basic human need for survival, growth, and good health. Most rural households in Tanzania, Kahama district inclusive produce the food they consume. Despite this reality, a number of households in the district suffer from food insecurity. However, there are inequalities across the district’s ecological zones and administrative divisions. Therefore, the paper aims at determining how farming households in Kahama District cope with food insecurity. Specifically, the paper determines food security status based on Dietary Energy Consumed (DEC) per Adult Equivalent (AE) per day, identifies households’ food insecurity coping strategies and examines factors influencing food production and supply. The paper uses data collected through a survey of 150 randomly selected farm households in Msalala and Isagehe divisions. In addition, some qualitative information on crop production, food security situation and households’ food insecurity coping strategies was collected through focus group discussions (FDGs) conducted in the surveyed villages. Generally, observations based on the 24 hours recall and household income expenditure survey (HIES) indicate that food insecurity existed among households in the study areas based on the recommended average DEC/AE, of 2200 kcal and 2100 kcal respectively. Binary regression analysis results show that five predictors were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with surveyed households’ food security/insecurity. Multiple regression analysis results further show that, total annual income, the amount of maize and paddy produced, household size, the number of plots owned, and the number of cattle owned significantly influenced the surveyed households’ food production and supply. Observations further show that most households rely on less preferred foods as a food insecurity copying strategy. The paper concludes that food insecurity existed among farming households in the study area. It is therefore recommended that, farming households adopt drought resistant food crops, diversify into off-farm income generating activities and that village extension officers (VEO’s) and community development officers (CDO’s ) play a more active role to enable households achieve food security.
Gender perspective in effective utilization of water from Rufiji river for small scale irrigation
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) KONDOWE,GERALD JAMES
The study focused on factors constraining women from effective utilization of water from Rufiji River for improving small-scale irrigation farming. Specifically the study aimed at: (a) determining the types of irrigated crops (b) examining the women’s affordability of irrigation infrastructure, (c) assessing women’s knowledge and perception on irrigation farming, (d) identifying constraints to women’s effective utilization of water for small scale farming. The study was undertaken in Rufiji District in three wards; primary data were collected from 120 women and men farmers, using a structured questionnaire. Secondary data were also collected. Analyses were performed using SPSS and Limped computer software. Hypothesis testing was undertaken at 5 percent level of significance using Chi-square. The study found that major types of irrigated crops in Rufiji District were tomato, paddy, and green vegetables. 89.7% of women cannot afford to purchase irrigation infrastructures. Also 61.64% of women farmers had weak attitude and behavior towards irrigation. The following constrained women from utilizing water from the river for small-scale irrigation: Low income, limited availability of resources, lack of irrigation training and heavy household chores. Results indicated significant relationship between the sizes of land irrigated and the attitudes of women on irrigation. Household income has a significant effect on irrigation farming. The Logistic regression model showed that, the following factors had positive influence on women’s adoption of irrigation technology: size of land suitable for irrigation, primary occupation, irrigation training, income, education and farm’s location. The study recommends the following: provision of irrigation’s start up capital, improving women access to resources and increase in irrigation training.
Gender, biodiversity and local knowledge systems (LinKS) to strengthen agricultural and rural development (GCP/RAF/338/NOR)
(LinKS, 1999) Kauzeni, A.S.
In recent years the notion of local knowledge has gained popularity. An important impetus for this has been problems and failures encountered in development endeavours in developing countries. Development agencies, theorists and academics have come to realise that development efforts that are based on conceptualisations, methods and values of the Euro-American World often fail to bring about appropriate and sustainable development in the communities which they target. In analysing these failures it has become obvious that local people’s needs, values, knowledge and capacities form an essential basis for effective development programmes. However, as a result of years of development interventions, steeped in a Modernisation approach, as well as a general process of globalisation, certain aspects of people’s local and traditional knowledge are disappearing. The current interest in local knowledge is thus motivated by an appreciation of its importance as well as its perceived loss. I believe that the workshop today, which focuses on local knowledge, gender and biodiversity, can be placed within this context. The aim of this paper is to help define the concept of local knowledge, to elaborate briefly on its role in development and to look at some methods and techniques, appropriate to access and record such local knowledge. Congruent with the interest of the workshop in gender, emphasis will be laid on methods which allow a gender analysis.
Get Connected Or Get Destroyed? Adolescents And Mobile Devices In Urban Settings In Tanzania
(International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 2017-09) Muhanga, M.
This study was conducted to assess the impact of the mobile phones among adolescents in secondary schools in Morogoro municipality in Tanzania . Specifically the study determined the influence of mobile phones on students‟ behaviors, and assessed the impact of mobile phones on students‟ academic performance. A cross sectional research design was used to obtain data from both primary and secondary sources of information through structured questionnaire from 90 respondents obtained through simple random sampling. The collected data were coded and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. Findings revealed that, 93.3% of the interviewed respondents‟ access and use mobile phones, and 63.3% agreed that mobile phones usage among secondary school students cause behavioural changes. Also the study revealed that students use mobile phones to organize and maintain their social networks (8.9%), search materials on internet and organize discussion (54.4%), and informing their parents‟ on issues concerning their education (1.1%). A number of impacts on using mobile phones were revealed, including; facilitating engagement of students in sexual affairs (41.1%), decline in moral values (43.3%), decrease in academic performance (91.1%), causing health problems to students (50.0%), cause disturbance in studies (47.8%) and resulting to time wasting (88.9%). This study recommends various measures to be taken by secondary school teachers and parents to minimize the use of mobile phones among secondary school students hence ensuring that students are getting time to concentrate on their studies and improve academic performance.
Health literacy and its correlates in the context of one health approach in Tanzania
(Co-operative and Business Studies, 2018) Muhanga, M; Malungo, J.R.S
Health literacy is an important predictor of health outcomes, health care costs and utilization, yet most countries, Tanzania inclusive, lack health literacy measurements in their health datasets. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Morogoro urban and Mvomero districts in Morogoro, Tanzania to assess health literacy and its correlates in the interface of humans, animals and the environment. The sample comprised of 240 respondents was obtained through a multistage sampling procedure. A structured questionnaire administered through a Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) electronic platform was used to collect data. Health literacy was measured using a context specific One Health Literacy Assessment Tool (OHLT) developed to capture health related aspects reflecting the interactions of humans, animals and the environment. The study used IBM-SPSS (v20) and Gretl software to analyse quantitative data. The results revealed that 36.3% of the respondents had Inadequate Health Literacy, followed with Marginal Health Literacy at 30.8% and Adequate Health Literacy standing at 32.9%. Pearson coefficient correlation revealed health literacy correlating to group of attitudes (r=0.135, p<0.01), levels of engagement in health-related discussion (r=0.609, p<0.05), health behaviours categories (r=-0.648, p<0.05) and category of information seeking (r=0.753, p<0.05). Efforts should be made by the government and non-governmental organizations to promote health literacy in the context of One Health Approach through mass awareness given its importance towards realization of optimal health for humans, animals and the environment.
Home based care and management of people living with HIV/ AIDS in Rufiji district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) DISMAS,JOHN
HIV/AIDS has brought in new challenges of care and support to those who fall sick and the surviving family members. As the HIV/AIDS epidemic worsens, community home based care services are critical in the continuum of care to mitigate the burden of the disease on health facilities and families. The Government of Tanzania has developed different programmes, strategies and models for HBC to PLWHA. However, there is inadequate knowledge about the effectiveness of HBC and management of PLWHA. The current study examines the determinants of effectiveness of HBC and management of PLWHA in Rufiji District. The study specifically determines the characteristics of PLWHA under HBC system, best or bad practices for PLWHA, the types of home based care offered and key stakeholders involved in the caring for PLWHA. Cross-sectional survey using quantitative data collected from a sample of 104 PLWHA and 3 focus group discussion and in-depth interviews were used for the study. The analysis has been done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings show that of all the households of PLWHA that were interviewed, majority were male headed household (MHHs), than female headed household (FHHs). The study has shown that the type of HBC offered is the one which emphasizes on psychosocial support to PLWHA and their families delivering their services primarily through volunteer networks in the community together with program staff, who are not necessarily health professionals. PLWHA do not have information on where to get legal aid an aspects such as inheritance, writing of wills and human rights or PLWHA support groups. The study recommends the introduction and or strengthening of programmes that promote legal aid awareness along side other services provided to PLWHA. Finally HBC programmes cannot be successful unless they are accorded active support and participation from government, NGO’s and communities.

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