Theses and Dissertations Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/54

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 89

Above ground biomass, land cover change and regeneration of tree species under different grazing intensities in miombo woodlands,Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024) Rugambwa, Thadei Tarcis
Tanzania's livestock sector faces challenges due to overgrazing, threatening the ecological balance of critical habitats like Miombo woodlands. This study investigates the impact of grazing pressure on land cover changes, tree biomass, and regeneration potential in these woodlands of Kilosa, Kilombero, and Handeni districts. Despite existing research on the damaging effects of overgrazing, a comprehensive analysis specific to Tanzanian Miombo woodlands is lacking. We address this gap by analyzing high-resolution satellite imagery (Landsat 5 TM & 8 OLI) from 1995 to 2021 to quantify land cover changes across the study areas. Field surveys were conducted to assess grazing intensity, aboveground biomass (AGB), and tree regeneration within representative Miombo woodland sites. Allometric models estimated tree-level AGB, which was then scaled to calculate plot-level AGB (tonnes/ha). Statistical analyses explored relationships between grazing intensity and land cover change, biomass dynamics, and tree regeneration. Results reveal a negative impact of medium and high grazing intensities on AGB compared to light grazing. Satellite image analysis indicates higher tree cover loss under medium grazing (63.5%) compared to high (61.5%) and light grazing (23.2%) between 1995 and 2022. Additionally, grazing intensity significantly affects tree regeneration (number, species richness, diversity, and evenness) (p < 0.05). These findings show the damaging effects of overgrazing on Tanzanian Miombo woodlands. This knowledge can inform sustainable grazing practices, collaborative management strategies, and efforts to mitigate forest cover loss. Further research could explore optimal grazing levels and develop specific recommendations for policymakers and land managers.
Adoption status and management of agroforestry systems and technologies by communities: a case study of Kasulu district, Kigoma, Tanzania
(2013) Chija, Mary Ndengahe
This study was done to assess and document the adoption status of Agroforestry systems and technologies in Kasulu District, Kigoma Region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study determined the current status of Agroforestry adoption by the communities in the district, identified agroforestry systems and technologies practiced, determined the factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry and the measures that would be required to improve its adoption in the district. Data collection methods involved reconnaissance, household and field surveys. Data collected were summarized and analysed using the SPSS and SAS Computer software. The findings show that by 2011, the adoption status of Agroforestry in Kasulu District was 91%. Three Agroforestry systems namely Agrosilviculture, Agrosilvopasture and Silvopasture are currently in use in the district with the Agrosilvicultural system (42%) being the most adopted system. Eight Agroforestry technologies were found to be adopted by the farmers of which the Homegardens (26%), Mixed intercropping (25%) and Integrated tree/pasture management (17%) technologies were the most adopted technologies. Brachystegia spiciforms and Pericopsis angolensis were the most preferred indigenous tree species whereas Senna siamea, Eucalyptus maidenii and Elais guinensis were the most preferred exotic species. Mangifera indica, Citrus sinensis and Persea americana were currently the most preferred fruit trees. Income generation, farmer’s awareness and access to extension services were some of the most critical factors that enhance farmers adoption of agroforestry, whereas lack of knowledge, land shortage and lack of monetary capital were the most limiting factors. Based on the results and discussion it was concluded that the extent of agroforestry adoption in the study area was high. It was then recommended to encourage farmers to maintain the existing agroforestry adoption reached, provide germplasm of the improved tree species, educate and sensitizing farmers to have individual or community tree nurseries that can be accessed easily by farmers.
Analysis of charcoal market system in Handeni, Kinondoni and Magharibi "A" Districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Marandu, William D.
This study aims to analyse the charcoal market system in Handeni, Kinondoni and Magharibi A districts. Despite of the profits gained by charcoal actors in the value chain, the actors are not paying charcoal government fees and unregistered, thus making a significant loss of government revenues through royalties evasion. This study analysed the roles of each actor in value chain, examined the profits gained by each actor, analysed supporting functions and assessed enabling environments for charcoal business in study areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyse the charcoal market system in study areas. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, Indepth interviews and focus group discussion. Results from descriptive statistics show that among the interviewed respondents charcoal actors play a role of paying the charcoal government fees; Charcoal wholesalers were nearly three thirds (74.2%) while producers were less than half (47.1%) and one third (35.7%) were retailers. Charcoal transporters were more than half (52.8%) played a role of transporting charcoal with government payment documents while very few consumers (9.2%) had received charcoal receipts from sellers. There was a high statistical significant difference of profit gained between charcoal actors who were registered and those who are not registered by using Man- Whitney test (P <0.01). On supporting functions, descriptive analysis shows that about 23.5% of charcoal producers from Handeni district trained on charcoal business. Charcoal wholesalers (46.0%) from Magharibi A district accessed the bank loans. About 44.1% of charcoal producers from Handeni district urged roads were in good to support the business. All charcoal wholesalers from Magharibi A district used charcoal selling centres. All wholesalers found in Magharibi A district joined the charcoal groups. Most of charcoal wholesalers (92.3%) from Magharibi A district urged market information support charcoal business. All charcoal producers used earth mound kilns for charcoal productions. Thematic and descriptive analysis used to assess business enabling environments. Five themes emerged: Charcoal business registration, movement documents, revenue collection and records, agreement between TFS and DFNR- Zanzibar and unstainable charcoal production. Further, supporting functions are unavoidable to make charcoal actors to pay government fees and register their business. This study recommends that policy makers should develop charcoal trade guideline between Government of Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar.
An assessment of diversity, abundance and distribution of herpetofauna in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Msindai, Izumbe Mgana
An assessment of diversity, abundance and distribution of herpetofauna in grassland, kopjes, woodland, riverine forest and wetlands habitats of Serengeti National Park (SENAPA), Tanzania was conducted between December 2012 and March 2013. Drift fence with pitfall, wire mesh funnel traps, active search and visual encounter survey, road survey and purposive point count methods were used to obtain data for this study. Besides, focus group discussion and literature review were used to supplement the data collected in the field through the aforementioned methods. A total of 36 amphibian and 48 reptilian species were recorded to exist in SENAPA. Six amphibian species; namely Chiromantis xerampelina, Hemisus guineensis, Mentensophryne sp, Tomopterna cryptotis, Tomopterna turbeculosa and Phrynobatrachus scheffleri are reported for the first time for a handy checklist of herpetofauna in SENAPA. The most abundant amphibian species was Ptychadena mossambica while Agama mwanzae was the most dominant reptile species. The distribution of both amphibians and reptiles varied significantly among habitats. Bufo gutturalis, Ptychadena anchietae (amphibians) and Varanus niloticus (reptiles) were widely spread in all habitats. Species richness also varied among habitats. The highest species richness of amphibia was recorded in the grassland and riverine forests with thirteen and eight species respectively. The highest species richness of reptiles was recorded in woodland and kopjes with 26 and 21 species respectively. Species diversity of amphibians among habitats was highest in riverine forest (H' 1.63) and grassland (H' 1.45). Species diversity of reptilians among habitats was highest in woodland (H' 2.79) and grassland (H' 2.1). The lowest species diversity of amphibians was recorded in kopjes (H' 0.99) while that of reptiles was recorded in wetland (H' 0.69). The study recommends further herpotofauna survey for a complete description of the species within the expansive SENAPA.
Assessment of floristic composition, stocking and disturbance in Mkulazi Catchment Forest Reserve in Morogoro District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) John, C.
This study attempted to assess floristic composition, stocking and disturbance in MCFR. Specifically, the study aimed to assess plant species richness and diversity, stem density, basal area and volume of the trees, intensity and distribution of disturbance and determine land cover changes for the past 41 years in MCFR. A total of 20 clusters with 100 concentric circular plots with radii 2,5,10 and 15m aligned in four transects across the entire forest of 65710ha were used for the study. Data collection involved recording information on species name, diameter at breast height, tree height with diameter ≥5cm, counts and records species of regenerants and human disturbance in each plot. Landsat MSS, TM and OLI image of the year 1975, 1995 and 2016 were used to quantify land cover changes for the past 41 years. Inventory data were analyzed by using MS excel and PAST while Landsat Image were analyzed using QGIS software version 2.8.1. A total of 57 plant species belonged to 23 families were identified.Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson Diversity Indices were 3.086 and 0.9436 respectively. The mean volume of 88.07±25.61m³/ha, stem density of 255.9±61.7 stem/ha, basal area 7.6±2.1m²/ha and volume of stumps 24.5±9.3m³/ha were obtained. Apart from disturbances frequently that affects forest, this study found that MCFR is disturbed by animal grazing 43.5%, footpath 21.7%, camping site 17.4%, car truck 15.2% and fire damage 2.2%. For the past 41 years land cover changed from closed woodland, bush land and riverine to open woodland and bare land by 44.71%, 37.59% and 1.08% respectively. Generally, MCFR has higher species richness and diversity. There were also consistently negative changes in forest cover, relatively to low stem density, mean tree height, and mean Dbh and basal area which were indications of the presence of human disturbance. Therefore, there is a need of resurvey, JFM, good governance and Management plan to be implemented by the MCFR.
Assessment of socio-economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Natai, Margaret Mtemi
This study was undertaken to assess the socio-economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management. Tree planting and solid waste management were taken as indicators of environmental management. The specific objectives were to; document on how urban women contribute to disposal of solid domestic waste and tree planting as indicators of environmental conservation, identify socio-economic factors influencing women participation in domestic waste management and tree planting and assess women’s knowledge and perception on environmental conservation issues. A survey was done in 12 wards of Dar es Salaam City where women from randomly selected households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Focus group discussions done with government officials from solid waste management and forestry departments in all municipals, and women from private solid waste management associations in order to get the opinions and suggestions regarding tree planting and solid waste management in their localities. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Programme (SPSS), Chi-square tests, regression analysis and descriptive statistics. The study revealed that 97 percent of women in the city were involved in domestic solid waste management through collection, storage and disposal of solid waste, while 38 percent were involved in tree planting activities. Participation of women in tree nursery production was mainly motivated by economic gains though it contributes to environmental management through provision of tree seedlings to the community. Generally, household solid waste management was done exclusively by women. Poor storage facilities, poor collection and poor disposal methods were the major problems hampering the efficiency of women participation in domestic solid waste management. On the other hand small plot areas and land ownership were the factors that hinder women contribution to tree planting in the city. Education, land ownership, marital status and income were the most important socio- economic factors influencing women participation in environmental management especially tree planting. Participation in environmental management activities will likely depend on how aware the community is on environmental management issues. Education on the different facets of environmental management will boost women participation in environmental management.
Assessment of the impacts of community participation on the conservation of mangrove resources: A case study of Lindi district, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2001) Machumu,Milali Ernest
The word mangrove refers either to the plants of tropical intertidal forest communities or to the community itself (Semesi, 1991). Mangroves are trees and bushes growing below the high - water level of spring tides (FAO, 1982). "Mangrove" is a general term applied to an association of physiologically specialised plants inhabiting muddy swamps, creeks, deltas and sheltered sea coasts periodically inundated by tides (Banyikwa and Semesi, 1986). The trees are only one component of the complex mangrove ecosystem, which includes associated bodies of water, substrates as well as a variety of other plants, animals and micro-organisms (Semesi, 1986).
Assessment of the status of agroforestry practices in Mvomero district, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Mwakalalile, Emmanuel M.
The present study on assessment of the status of Agroforestry practices adoption in Mvomero District, Morogoro, Tanzania. The study was conducted during September 2020 to December 2021 at Dihombo, Hembeti and Mkindo villages in Mvomero ward. Mvomero with its three villages were purposively sampled, and then thirty households from each village were randomly selected to make a total sample of 90 households, Data collection was done through reconnaissance survey, questionnaires, checklist of probe questions and field survey. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS). The results indicated that Agriculture contributes more than Agroforestry in terms of food and income generation. Also when the Data analyzed descriptively on the contributions of Agriculture and Agroforestry on fire wood and charcoal to the people, it found that, there were very small differences in contribution between Agroforestry ad Natural forest, but on further inferential statistics it found that, there were no significance in differences contributions of fire wood and charcoal as a source of energy between Agroforestry and Natural forest, both used as sources of fire wood and charcoal. From results, it is important to increase efforts on the promotion of the Agroforestry so as to increase on the adoption of Agroforestry which then will help to increase the wide range of food production and will reduce the uses of the fire wood and charcoal from the Natural forestry which then reduces the environmental destruction by cutting down trees as a sources of firewood and charcoal. Also factors that can enhance adoption of agroforestry were analyzed descriptively, the results shows almost all factors were on the similar percentage, also factors which limit the adoption of the agroforestry ware in similar percentages, So all of the factors that enhance adoption of agroforestry and those which limit adoption of agroforestry should be taken in consideration in order for improvements of the agroforestry
Assessment of trade flows of wildlife products: the case of Ruaha landscape, Tanzania
(Sokoine university of agriculture, 2022) Mrosso, Hillary T
Wildlife species are utilized and traded in a wide range of items, including food, clothing, medicines, pets, ornaments, building and construction materials all over the world. However, in many parts of East Africa, the trade patterns of these products are inadequately documented, making it difficult to build good strategic management and long-term conservation plans. The Ruaha landscape in southern Tanzania is home to a potential animal population and is one of the hotspot locations for wildlife trade. The purpose of this research in the Ruaha landscape was to (i) assess the wildlife poaching practices (ii) to assess the temporal variation of illegal hunting and (iii) Map illegal trade flow of wildlife products and facilitation methods in the Ruaha landscape Tanzania. A semi-structured interview was conducted using the Snowball method to gather the necessary information. The data was analysed using Chi-square tests, Social Network Analysis (SNA), and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with Poisson and Binomial error distributions. Impala, did-dik, guinea fowls, kudu, and lions were found to be the most hunted species, and meat, skin, claws, fat, and ivory were the most often collected wildlife products. The majority of the products were utilized for food and as sources of revenue. Domestic dogs, spears, snares, and torches were found being used in hunting and this was frequently being done at night. Occupation, ethnic group, religion, residency time, number of individuals participated in each hunt, presence of moonlight, age, and education of respondents were the factors influencing the hunting. However, during the last five years, the overall tendency revealed a drop in hunting, while animal protection in protected areas increased. According to the findings, 70% of the wildlife products came from Ruaha National Park and MBOMIPA Wildlife Management Areas, with the other 30% coming from villages near these protected areas. Bicycles and walking were the primary modes of transportation for wildlife products. In addition, the findings suggest that respondents have long and deep relationships with their clients and merchants, the majority of whom are friends and relatives. It was also shown that the majority of poachers are motivated to engage in illegal wildlife trafficking by their friends and relatives. Furthermore, in circumstances where customers and sellers lacked cash, commodities such as corn and rice were traded for wildlife products. When it comes to illegal wildlife hunting the findings of this study provide critical information on the importance of taking species and ethnic group peculiarities into account. Wildlife protection, such as day and night patrols, is critical, particularly at night. In order to address illegal wildlife hunting in this landscape, sociological aspects must be taken into account. Increased law enforcement could have a positive impact on the declining trend of wildlife hunting. As a result, it is suggested that providing conservation education, in combination with an employment, may help to reduce illegal wildlife product off-take in the Ruaha landscape.
Assessment of wildlife road kills along urbanization gradient in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2023-05) Mariki, Heavenlight Livingstone
Roads can adversely affect wildlife in two main ways: indirectly, by destroying or dividing their habitats, and directly, by influencing animal collisions with vehicles. There is insufficient of studies regarding wildlife road killing in urban areas, particularly in Morogoro municipal. In order to assess the extent and context of road kill among urban wildlife. The study examined (i) how wildlife road kill composition changes across the urban zones and how road features impact the occurrence of road kills within the municipality. (ii) Assessing conservation awareness among drivers on wild animal kills incidences. Systematic counts of all road kills was conducted along five roads transects cutting across the urbanization gradient in the study area from November to May 2024. Further, questionnaires were administered to drivers within Morogoro municipal to understand the experiences and knowledge on wild animals. A descriptive analysis was employed to show kill abundance across the urbanization zones. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare roadkills between urban zones and within animal taxa respectively. The results showed that, insects had the highest kill abundance and birds had the lowest. There was no significance difference in the overall abundance of road kills between the urban zones. Nevertheless, there was a notable variation in taxa abundance across the urban zones. Speed and animal taxa had a significant positive influence on the number of road kills. Binomial GLM modeling was employed descriptive analysis supported with to understand the factors the mostly influence the perceptions and conservation awareness on the wildlife and animal road kills in urban landscapes. The results revealed that animal collisions occurring outside urban areas (55%) were the most prevalent form of accidents, with mammals being the primary affected group (35.7%). Further, outside of urban areas, the statistical model revealed that the likelihood of animal collision on he road increased as driving hours decreased, whereas inside urban areas, the likelihood of animal collisions increased as driving hours increased. Overall, this study emphasizes the substantial impact of road kills on diverse taxa(classes) and identifies key contributors to these incidents. Three major environmental concerns emerge: the threat posed to urban ecosystem functioning by the significant number of animals killed on roads, including crucial pollinators and seed dispersers like fruit bats and insects; the negative impact of designated road over-speeding on wildlife and the lack of conservation status data for a large proportion of road kills, particularly among insects, underscoring the need for increased efforts in investigating invertebrates(insects) biodiversity in urban landscapes.
Beekeping in magu district, tanzania: status, constraints and contributions to livelihoods
(Sokoine University of Agriculture., 2011) Selele Igunda John
This study was conducted in six villages of Magu district, namely: Igekemaja. Lugeye, Nyalikungu, Ng'haya. Manala and Mkula. The aim was to assess status, constraints and contributions of beekeeping to household income. Data were collected from 180 respondents included both beekeepers and non-beekeepers through household questionnaire surveys, direct observations, interviews with key informants and two PRA techniques. The level of beekeeping community knowledge was analyzed using index scale of awareness. The mean difference in incomes between beekeepers and non-beekeepers was tested using Z-test. The significance of the constraints to beekeeping was analyzed using/5. The relationship between beekeeping education and honey hunting was examined using Pearson correlation. The relationship between socio-economic factors, the beekeeping extent and beekeeping community knowledge was analyzed using multinomial regression. Of the 180 respondents, only 13 were beekeepers with 74 beehives, whereas IO5were non-beekeepers. 62 were honey hunters and about 110 colonies were hunted in 2009. Respondents with beekeeping education were more likely to practice beekeeping and neither of them hunted honey. Four levels of beekeeping community knowledge were identified: 8 respondents (4.4%) were found with “high knowledge". 95 (52.8%) with "moderate knowledge”. 70 (38.9%) with "low knowledge” and 7 (3.9%) with "no knowledge". Alternative sources of income attributed to low community participation in beekeeping. The annual household income for beekeepers was TAS I 023 000±17l 484.69 (Mean±Standard Deviation) and TAS 835 700±l 011 058.71for non-beekeepers. Eight constraints to beekeeping were identified with lack of beekeeping knowledge, fear of honeybee sting and shortage of bee fodder being three top most. Others were lack of capital, alternative income sources and shortage of colonies.The study concludes that for honeybee resources to be utilized fully and sustainably, the community must be provided with beekeeping education and facilitated to obtain modem beekeeping equipment.
Butterfly species diversity across ecological gradients in mpanga kipengere game reserve and surrounding farmlands, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Kasisi, Privatus Maximillian
Butterflies are a species that are particularly sensitive to environmental changes. Identifying indicator species is crucial for assessing ecosystem health and ecological monitoring. Maintaining natural habitats is crucial for preserving insects and other species that indicate environmental changes. However, the Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve and its surrounding farmlands are facing disturbance due to human activities, putting many wildlife species, particularly larger mammals, at risk. To determine the impact of human activities on butterfly species diversity and abundance in the reserve and its surrounding areas, we conducted a study from November 2021 to October 2023. The study had three main goals. Firstly, to determine how altitude affects the composition and diversity of butterfly species in the Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve. Secondly, to assess how habitat impacts the composition and diversity of butterfly species in the same reserve. Lastly, to evaluate the effect of human activities on butterfly species composition and diversity in both the Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve and the adjacent Farmlands. The study was conducted between July 2021 and June 2022 at three different altitudinal levels low altitude, mid-altitude, and higher altitude ranging from 1000m to >2000 above sea level. To study the diversity and similarities in species composition between habitats, butterflies were collected using baited traps and sweep nets. A 1000m long line transect was used in each site for sampling. Shannon Index was employed to calculate diversity, while variations were tested using ANOVA and TUKEY-HSD. Bray- Curti's dissimilarities were used to identify similarities in species composition. The results observed during the study are as follows: A total of 2091 butterfly specimens from 5 different families, which included 124 species were observed. Among these species, there were 2 endemic ones, namely Charaxes Congdon and Harpendyreus Juno. The research showed a significant difference in butterfly species diversity based on altitude, with the Mid-Altitude having higher diversity (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in butterfly species diversity between different habitats (Bray-Curtis’s value < 0.23). Furthermore, the study reveals that Mpanga Kipengere Game Reserve has higher butterflies’ diversity compared to surrounding Farmlands. It is also observed that 77% of the species were recorded in April when there was high temperature and rainfall. These findings are crucial for ecological monitoring and the evaluation of the MPKGR ecosystem. The study concluded that: There is a significance difference in butterfly species composition and diversity between altitudes. There is no significance difference in species composition and diversity between vegetation types. Therefore, the variation is influenced by altitudes rather than habitat types. Butterfly species composition and diversity is higher in MPKGR compared to surrounding farmlands. Therefore, the study find that human activities have direct impact on butterfly species composition and diversity. Most of butterfly species recorded immediately after intensive rain season compared to dry season.
Carbon stock and emission difference by woodland degradation around a REDD+ pilot site in Kilosa, Morogoro Tanzania
(2015) Mangowi, Albert Leonard
Among the major issues in the implementation of REDD+ activities is leakage or displacement‟ resulting from activity shifting associated with the process. This study aimed at assessing potential leakage in terms of carbon stock and emission difference by degradation in REDD+ pilot site and areas around REDD+ pilot project in Kilosa. Data were collected from 84 rectangular plots measuring 20×10m established within the REDD+ pilot site and around REDD+ pilot sites. The numbers of stumps, stump diameter, diameter at breast height (DBH) for trees ≥5cm diameter and species local and botanical names were recorded. The above ground carbon stocks were estimated to be 31.5 tCha -1 in the REDD+ pilot site and 3 tCha -1 around REDD+ pilot sites. The genera Brachystegia contributed the highest amount in both sites with 70% of total above ground carbon in REDD+ pilot site and 55% around REDD+ pilot site. Areas around the REDD+ pilot site had higher stump density of 70 stumps ha -1 than those in the REDD+ pilot site with 12 stumps ha -1 of which majority were Brachystegia microphylla and Brachystegia boehmii. The estimated carbon loss was 1.17 tCha -1 (4.29 tCO 2 e ha -1 ) in REDD+ pilot site and 1.92 tCha -1 (7.05 tCO 2 e ha -1 ) around the REDD+ pilot sites. This is an indication of shifts in utilization resulting from the implementation of REDD+ activity in Kilosa. Such anomalies should be addressed before one can judge the success of the REDD+ project in the area. Key words: Carbon emission, degradation, leakage, REDD+ pilot site
Carbon stocks in the Mangrove ecosystem of Rufiji river delta, Rufiji district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Lupembe, Innocent Bernard
One of the most important ecosystem services provided by mangrove ecosystems is to act as a carbon sink. Despite this role, most carbon storage studies in Tanzania have concentrated on terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, carbon and volume prediction models were developed for the mangrove ecosystem in Rufiji River Delta, Tanzania. The models developed were used to estimate carbon. Soil organic carbon as an important carbon reservoir was also assessed at different depths. Biomass and volume prediction models were developed using linear regression from a destructive sample of 50 trees spanning a wide range of DBH size classes. Soil organic carbon was analyzed by wet oxidation method. Biomass models were developed for stems, branches, roots, leaves and twigs and volume prediction models for total volume. All linear and power form models developed were significant at P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively. The organic carbon was 39.61 t ha-1, 28.04 t ha-1 and 32.85 t ha-1 at 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-60 cm, respectively. The Rufiji River Delta mangrove ecosystem was estimated to have 40.5 t ha-1 of aboveground carbon, 21.08 t ha-1 of belowground carbon (roots) and 98.57 t ha-1 of soil organic carbon. The soil organic carbon (39.61 t ha-1) at surface layer (0-15 cm) was significantly higher than at 15-30 cm (28.04 t ha-1) and 30-60 cm depth (32.85 t ha-1) (P<0.05). Rhizophora mucronata contributed the highest (39.87%) biomass C, followed by Avicennia marina (28.06%). Sonneratia alba (2.58%) and Lumnitzera racemosa contributed the least (1.98%). Volume was estimated at 168.85 m3 ha-1 with Rhizophora mucronata contributing 39.3% and Avicennia marina 27.1% of the total volume. Overall, soil organic C (61.6%) was almost twice that of vegetation carbon contributing 38.4% emphasizing the role of soil as an important carbon reservoir in mangrove ecosystems. The Rufiji River Delta mangrove ecosystem has a high potential as an important carbon sink useful for climate change mitigation through sustainable management.
Carbon storage potential of grassland ecosystems in the eastern ARC mountains: a case study of Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Laswai, Francis Faustine
Grasslands are believed to store carbon in below and above ground. However, little is known on the actual proportion amount of carbon stored in the different carbon pools in the grassland ecosystems. This study aimed at quantifying below and above ground carbon stocks of floodplain and upland grasslands. Quadrants measuring 1 m2 were established systematically along transects in the floodplain and upland grasslands. Above ground vegetation and litter were sampled in 1 m x 1 m plots and below ground roots and soils were sampled in pits of 0.5 m x 0.5 m x 0.6 m. Soil samples were taken from 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm, 30 – 45 cm and 45 – 60 cm depth. Carbon in shoots, litter and roots was determined by Loss on Ignition method. Carbon in soils was determined by Walkley Black method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The above ground carbon in upland grassland was 12.60 } 0.50 t ha-1 and 3.09 } 0.11 t ha-1 for vegetation and litter respectively. Below ground carbon was 7.82 } 0.57 t ha-1 for roots and 40.26 } 1.17 t ha-1 for soils. In the floodplain grasslands above ground carbon was 33.04 } 1.18 t ha-1 for vegetation and 1.89 } 0.08 t ha-1 for litter. On the other hand below ground carbon was 6.22 } 0.25 t ha-1 and 24.63 } 0.88 t ha-1 for roots and soil respectively. In total upland grasslands has potential to store 63.77 } 2.35 t ha-1 of carbon while the floodplain grasslands storage was 65.78 } 2.39 t C ha-1. With exception of roots all other pools showed a significant difference in carbon storage between floodplain and upland grasslands (P = 0.000). Both upland and floodplain grasslands have high potential for carbon storage and emission mitigation.
Characteristics of bee fodder plants of mlele beekeeping zone, Katavi, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Kipangula, Dorothea Clemence
Pollination by insects, particularly bees, is essential for biodiversity conservation and plant reproductive success. Tanzania is characterized by a rich diversity of flowering plants estimated to be over 9000 species. A wide variety of flowering plant species serve as bee fodders and are essential to maintaining healthy bee populations. Mlele District in Katavi region of Tanzania is among the highest honey producing area in the region. Several studies on bee fodder plants characteristics, including their composition and nectar quality have been done in temperate and sub temperate regions with few in the tropics. These studies have reported the impact of environmental and human disturbances on bee fodder plants. Despite the potential of Katavi region for beekeeping, few studies have been done in the region, especially on the characteristics of bee fodder plants incorporating environmental, disturbance and the nectar quality. This knowledge gap results into ineffective conservation of food sources for bees, unsustainable beekeeping practices, low production and quality of bee products. The study overall objective was to determine the characteristics of bee fodder plants of Mlele Beekeeping zone. The study included two objectives, the first objective was to determine the composition of bee fodder plants along environmental and disturbance gradients and the second was to determine the periodicity of floral rewards by the bee fodder plant species. A systematic sampling design was employed to assess how environmental and disturbance gradients impact bee fodder plants composition. A total of 50 rectangular plots of size 50 by 30 m were laid in two transects with 25 plots in each transect. Plant flowers were observed for 10 minutes and were scored as bee fodder plants after at least three bees visited the flower within the observation period. The periodicity of floral rewards objective employed purposive sampling design on the basis of provision of measurable amounts of nectar and enough flowers to conduct the study with repeated measurements. Plants in which the honeybees extended their proboscis into the flowers were determined as nectar rewarding plants and where bees collected pollen were determined as pollen rewarding plants. Data collection on bee fodder plants composition was obtained through a summary of species data list and their abundance values. Climatic data was obtained from the current climate data set downloaded from world climate site with a 30 arc seconds resolution and four subsets of biophysical data were used. Disturbance data was recorded for presence or absence and the disturbance type.550 hours of observation were made for recording of flower visitors on ten bee fodder plant species from 0700 hours to 1800 hours. Nectar was extracted by micro capillary tubes and quality was measured in form of total sugar concentration by the use of a digital handheld refractometer. In the data analysis section, data skewness was addressed by standardization of the data. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was applied to assess the ecological gradient's magnitude within the species composition matrix and to determine the appropriate constrained ordination method. The results gave the option for Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) due to the data's heterogeneity. Log-transformations were applied to species abundance data to meet multivariate normality assumptions. Rare species occurring in fewer than five plots were excluded from the analysis. Stepwise automatic forward selection identified significant explanatory variables for CCA. The chosen variables were then constrained against tree species and community composition. Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance Using Distance Matrices (Adonis) was employed for variance partitioning. The community composition was identified by the use of Bray-Curtis’s dissimilarity and Silhouette validation. Generalized linear models were created to examine visitations and effect of nectar concentration and temperature on bee visitation rate. Overall, 71 bee fodder plants belonging to 25 families were recorded. The results revealed that 23% of the variation in the composition of dominant tree species within the study area could be attributed to the interplay of environmental and disturbance factors. Elevation emerged as the most influential predictor, accounting for approximately 11.6% of the total variation. Annual mean temperature contributed around 3.5% to the observed variation and annual precipitation about 3.6%. Four bee fodder plant communities were identified in the area with first cluster being dominated by Erythrophleum africanum, second with Brachystegia glaucescens, third with Diplorhynchus condylocarpon and fourth Bobgunnia madagascariensis. Nectar concentration was identified as a central driver of bee visitation patterns. The bee fodder plants including Antidesma membranaceum and Friesodielsia obovata, showcased nectar concentration percentages that significantly enhanced their attractiveness to bees. The results of this research study have the potential in providing valuable insights to beekeepers and conservationists for improving beekeeping practices in Mlele Beekeeping zone. It provides understanding into factors influencing bee visitation rates to different bee fodder plant species. It also highlights the significance of nectar sugar concentration and temperature in shaping bee foraging behavior. Environmental factors particularly elevation, annual mean temperature and annual precipitation are seen to be important in shaping the composition of bee fodder plants. The findings recommend prioritizing and promoting planting and conserving bee plant species with high visitation rates such as Antidesma membranaceum, Psorospermum febrifugum and Securidaca longepedunculata to support bee populations and enhance pollination services. Further research is needed into other bee fodder plants traits that attract bee to deepen our understanding of bee interactions. Understanding the relationship between environmental factors and bee plant communities in other locations and other factors such as soil type and land use should be considered. As ecosystems face ongoing challenges from climate change and human activities, such research becomes increasingly valuable in ensuring the health of bee populations and the preservation of biodiversity. Further research in other regions and at different scales is needed to expand our knowledge of these vital relationships and their implications for beekeeping and conservation efforts globally.
Contribution of agroforestry homegardens to household food security and income generation among communities in Mbeya rural district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Nzilano, Billes Luka
The present study was conducted in Mbeya Rural District during December 2011 to April 2012 with the main objective of assessing the contribution of Agroforestry homegardens to household food security and income generation among communities. The study involved four randomly selected wards, one village per selected ward and thirty households from each village, all selected randomly. Data collection was done through field surveys using relevant social survey methods. The findings indicate that 99% of the communities in Mbeya Rural District practice Agroforestry Homegardens as one of their main sources of household food security and income generation. Six sources of household food security and income generation were identified in the study area with Agroforestry homegardens and agriculture being the main sources of life sustenance. Of the Agroforestry Homegardens contribution, seventeen percent (17%) is towards household food security and twenty five percent (25%) towards income generation. According to the communities studied, food security and income generation over the year form 78% of the motivating factors to adopt the Agroforestry homegardens. Crop competition, low capital and unreliable markets, were together the main factors (by 77%) which negatively affected the contribution of Agroforestry homegardens to household food security and income generation in the area. Sixty seven percent (67%) of the communities indicated that credit facilities, knowledge on components arrangements and market availability for homegardens products, were the main interventions required in improving the contribution of Agroforestry homegardens adoption. Based on these findings, Agroforestry homegardens is a major source of food and income generation in Mbeya Rural District. Therefore, there is a need for enhancing and reviving further the Agroforestry homegardens technologies for the benefits of the wider communities beyond the District. This should go hand in hand with the provision of sufficient credit facilities, extension services together with marketing arrangements.
The contribution of mama lishe activities towards household poverty alleviation in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
(Sokoine university of agriculture, 2011) Milanzi, Amina Hashim
Mama Lishe makes one of the largest sources of employment for women in the informal sector. Like other women, they contribute significantly to the capacity of the male members of their households to function effectively in the labour force. Women undertake Mama Lishe activities so as to supplement household income to meet family needs, the income generated from women income generated activities in most cases is small, but it plays a significant role in buying clothes for babies and children, paying school fees and health care. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of Mama Lishe’s income to household poverty alleviation. Specifically, the study identified the nature of Mama Lishe activities in Morogoro Municipality, assessed the income generated from these activities and identified factors limiting these activities. The study was conducted in Morogoro Municipality; about 15 places where Mama Lishe carry their activities were selected. From each area six women were selected randomly (simple random sampling) for the study and hence 90 women were interviewed. Also more detailed information was obtained by interviewing selected key informants such as the Municipal Economist, Health Officer, Tax Officer, Trade Officers, Town Planners and Ward Executive Officers. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, Focused Group Discussions and by reviewing secondary data from several sources. Descriptive and multiple response statistics such as mean, frequencies and percentages were used. Qualitative data from Mama Lishe and key informants were summarized and reported. The findings indicate that 57.8% of respondents contributed between 3 000 – 4 000 Tshs and food from their business per day to the household, 22.2% of respondents contributed between 5 000 – 6 000 Tshs and food per day, 15.6% of respondents contributed between 1 000 – 2 000 Tshs and food per day, 1.1% of respondents contributed between 7 000 – 8 000 Tshs and food per day and 3.3% of respondents contributed food only from their business to the household. It was noted that Mama Lishe business has an important contribution to the household; the findings fromiii study shows the generated income from these business helps the household to buy and pay for their different needs such as food, clothes, school fees and other needs. Moreover the factors that hinder the performance of Mama Lishe businesses are lack of enough capital, business record keeping, lack of entrepreneurship skills and lack of business license. The study recommended improvement in the capacity of the women to run business by training Mama Lishe on the financial management, quality of the services they provide and business opportunity. Government should encourage Non-Governmental Organizations and micro-finance institutions to provide capital to these women with low interest rate.
Deadwood carbon stock and stand structure characteristics in different vegetation types in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2023) Masanja, Sarafina N.
Deadwood is an important element playing an essential role in the maintenance of biodiversity, soil fertility and carbon sequestration. The amount of carbon stored in standing dead trees and other fallen woody debris alive or dead forms an important component of the carbon pools. Previous studies have estimated total carbon stocks for different land cover classes but they did not segregate deadwood in estimating carbon and none had considered levels of uncertainty estimates and the state of the woody decay. Also, there are limited information on stand structure of deadwood and how it is related to deadwood biomass. This study aimed to quantify deadwood carbon stocks in different vegetation types, the relationship between deadwood species structural diversity and deadwood carbon stock along different environmental variables. The study used dataset from National Forestry Resources Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania (NAFORMA). The study revealed that solid deadwoods had higher carbon stocks and emission factor than rotten deadwoods whereby the estimated deadwood carbon stock ranges from 0.11 to 1.01 tC ha -1 , contributing 0.79% of the total carbon from different vegetation types. Compared to other vegetation types, forests and woodlands had higher deadwood carbon stocks and emission factor while grasslands had the lowest. Species abundance and soil moisture were positively significant related to deadwood carbon, with the highest effect shown by soil moisture while species richness and soil organic carbon had a negative significant relationship with deadwood carbon. In lowland forest, deadwood carbon stock of Brachystegia sp.-Pterocarpus angolensis (BP) community was positively significant influenced by soil moisture while in woodlands, deadwood carbon stock for Julbernardia globiflora-Pterocarpus angolensis (JP) community was negatively significant influenced by soil organic carbon and deadwood carbon stock of Dalbergia melanoxylon-Pteleopsis myrtifolia (DP) community was positively significant influenced by soil moisture. Understanding how deadwood carbon and stand structure of deadwood interact with environmental conditions contributes to the understanding of forests and woodlands carbon dynamics. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights for policymaking related to climate change mitigation, carbon accounting and effective biodiversity conservation in tropical ecosystems
Deforestation drivers and effects of livestock grazing on forest structure and composition in the coastal forests of Kilwa District Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Kashenge Salhina Shaban
Coastal forests of Eastern Africa hold considerable importance for the communities residing adjacent or within including forage provision to both domestic and wild ungulates among other ecosystem services. However, the coastal forest ecosystems of Tanzania are facing pressure due to increasing detrimental anthropogenic activities including massive livestock influx which may affect its integrity and vital roles. The present study aimed to provide a better understanding of the effects of livestock grazing on the woody plant composition, vegetation structure, and regeneration capacity of the coastal forests and local communities’ perception of the contribution of livestock grazing and other human activities to the change in land cover of landscape comprising coastal forests in southern Tanzania. The study was conducted in Kilwa District, Lindi, Southern Tanzania. Data collection involved a household survey and ground vegetation survey and analysis of Landsat satellite images. Results indicated that coastal forests at the study site had experienced a 45% decline in cover between 2007 and 2022 at the rate of -3% loss per year, to which interviewed respondents also agreed. Further, 29% of farmland area has increased within the past 15 years. The results revealed further that crop cultivation, livestock grazing, and charcoal production are among the major drivers for forest cover loss. Furthermore, results indicated no and low grazing intensity had higher plant species richness, density, and diversity contrary to moderate and heavy grazing intensities. The moderate and heavy grazing intensities also had low seedling density and diversity. Livestock grazing has also negatively affected the stem distribution of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees indicating degradation of the coastal forests. It can be concluded from these findings that grazing affected plant species composition, diversity indices, and stem densities in the studied coastal forests. Low grazing intensity had higher diversity indices, stem density, and regeneration status similar to or better than no grazing. Therefore, low grazing is suitable under low stocking rates for livestock due to its insignificant effect on woody species structure, composition and regeneration potential/seedling, and sapling density. It is suggested that urgent interventions are required to ensure controlled grazing that halts heavy grazing and detrimental human activities in the coastal forests within village lands. Also, further research involving large-scale study and long-term cattle and goat grazing experiments with varied grazing intensities/stocking rates to discern proper carrying capacities and effects on biophysical factors such as soil, water, vegetation, and wildlife resources in the landscapes with ample coastal forest resources. This information is useful for informing sustainable conservation strategies of coastal forests at the study site and elsewhere with similar environments.

Browse

Browsing Theses and Dissertations Collection by Title