Department of Forest and Environmental Economics

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Adaptive capacity to climate change of pastoralists in Kilosa District, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2020) Kitasho, N; Abdallah, J.M; Zakayo, R.
A study was conducted to investigate the adaptive capacity of pastoralists in Kilosa district to climate change. Specifically, the study assessed the trend and impact of climate change in the area, adaptive elements of pastoral communities against climate change and determined the contribution of state agencies in enhancing pastoral system’s resilience to climate variability in the district. Data were collected using household questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observation. The data was analysed using Excel and SPSS computer software programs. Results revealed that in the period 1972-1974, there was a significant shift of rainfall in the study area from bi-modal to unimodal. This trend has been consistent with climate change scenarios in recent decades of lower rainfall and more severe droughts. Most pastoralists were aware of climate change impacts namely water scarcity, increase of livestock diseases and increased distance to grazing lands. The capacity of pastoralists to adapt to climate change stress depends largely on the number of livestock. Pastoralists owning more livestock are more likely to adapt to climate change. This study recommends that the community should diversify to other sustainable economic activities rather than relying on livestock only while climatic conditions are not favourable for this economic activity. The Government should put more effort on supporting pastoralists in their adaptive strategies as well as make regular review of policies to favour adaptation measures.
Alternative pricing mechanism of teak forest plantation saw-logs in Tanzania
(Sokoine University Of Agriculture., 2007) Chamuya, Nuru-Kauye Athuman
The main objective of the study was to analyze the various pricing mechanisms that can be used in setting prices for teak saw-logs and the prevailing market characteristics influencing prices in Tanzania. Primary data on the factors influencing auctioning and stumpage appraisal and, teak saw-logs production and trading costs were collected through questionnaires and field observations from Mtibwa and Longuza teak forest plantations, FBD head offices and inners of the various auctions conducted between 1998/1999 and 2005/2006 in the country. The visited stakeholders also provided data on the royalty fee and ublic auctioning stumpage values of the teak saw-logs. Secondary data were obtained from various reports and documents. From the data collected, the appraisal stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were calculated and, ompassions were made between royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms to know which one among the three generates more revenues to the teak saw-logs producers and, what market structure favours each pricing mechanism. The results of the study indicate that the Tanzania government’s effort to generate more revenues through selling her teak saw-logs by public auctioning instead of royalty fee has significantly increased revenues. However, conditions that favour pure competitive market structure, in which public auctioning operates effectively are lacking. The study further found out that there is a significant difference among the stumpage values of the logs obtained through royalty fee, public auctioning and appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanisms. For example, in the last auctioning (2005/2006) conducted at Mtibwa plantation forest the royalty fee and public auction stumpage values of the teak saw-logs were TAS 55 759/m3 and TAS 108 000/m3 respectively; while, the appraisal stumpage value of the same logs was TAS 219,000/m3. This shows that the royalty fee stumpage value was 51% of the public auctioning stumpage value and only 25% of the appraisal stumpage value. The auctioning stumpage value was only 41% of the appraisal stumpage value. However, the appraisal stumpage value was 73% of the FOB price (TAS 300 000/m3) of the 2005/2006 auctioned teak saw-logs. This information shows that the appraisal stumpage value of the teak saw-logs has the highest value compared to royalty fee and public auctioning pricing mechanisms and, it estimates the timber value at production site closer to its market value. Therefore, in order to generate more income through timber selling the government of Tanzania could consider charging her timber by applying the appraisal stumpage value pricing mechanism. It is ommended to use the appraisal stumpage values as a floor price when auctioning publicly timber and, a review of the training syllabus for certificate and diploma courses to incorporate the application of stumpage appraisal timber pricing echanism, which many foresters are not conversant with.
Analysing ecosystem services at watershed scale: implications for conservation in Upper Kikuletwa Sub-Catchment, Tanzania
(DAAD, 2014) Lalika, M. C.S.; Meire, P.; Ngaga, Y. M.; Ngowi, S. E.
Catchment forests perform myriad ecological functions including provision of ecosystem services. They are, however, increasingly degraded due to anthropogenic activities in such a way their capacity to regulate and supply watershed services is significantly dwindling. We carried out this study in order to identify and document ecosystem goods and services in Upper Kikuletwa Sub-Catchment, Tanzania. A structured questionnaire was administered so as to solicit socio-economic data. Qualitative data was collected through group focus discussions and formal and informal interviews. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to compare means and MS excel was applied to generate figures. T-test and one-way ANOVA was applied to test the variation between location and across villages. Wild fruits, vegetables, grasses, birds, mushrooms are the ecosystem goods available in the area. Ecosystem services encompass control of soil erosion, climate regulation, water flow regulation, production of hydroelectricity, water purification, etc. The reason for WTP was people’s reliance on irrigated agriculture. We concluded that sustainable supply of ecosystem goods and services in depends largely on how forests and watersheds are conserved. Therefore, we recommend designing of a feasible PWS scheme that could ensure increased and sustainable supply ecosystem goods and services especially water flow for irrigated agriculture.
Analysis of climate variability, perceptions and coping strategies of Tanzanian coastal forest dependent communities
(2013) Kashaigili, J. J.; Levira, P.; Liwenga, E.; Mdemu, M. V.
Climate variability and change are among the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Like in many other areas globally, the coastal communities of Tanzania have always been facing climatic variability at various time scales. Using focus group discussion and a household survey, this study analyzes the perceptions of climate variability and change and the strategies for coping and adaptation by the selected coastal rural and peri-urban communities in Tanzania. The perception of climate variability and change is complemented with the time-series analysis of rainfall and temperature data from Julius Nyerere International Airport Met. station and Kisarawe using Instant Statistical Software. Results indicate that households are aware of climate variability and identify indicators of climate change and variability as being decreasing rainfall trends, increasing incidences of droughts, unpredictable rainfall patterns, disappearance of wetlands and failure to predict on-set of rainy season using traditional knowledge. Households primarily attribute reduced crop yields to changes in rainfall pattern and increasing incidences of drought leading to soil moisture stress. The implications are that the agriculture dependent households are now food insecure. As a way of coping to the observed changes, the coastal communities among others have shifted to production of high value horticultural crops and use of forest resources. Nevertheless, the increased use of forest resources is threatening the existence of coastal forests and contributes to the decline of forest resources and disappearance of wildlife in the forest reserves. It is concluded that the communities studied are aware of climate issues as revealed from perceived indicators of climate variability and changes. The results from statistical analysis of 30 years climatic data are consistent with community’s perception of climate variability and change. The study recommends examining the present coping strategies for the sustainability of the coastal forests and in designing of alternative adaptive strategies such as alternative energy options, crop diversification and environmental friendly activities such as beekeeping.
Analysis of drivers and agents of deforestation and forest Degradation in masito forests, Kigoma, Tanzania
(2016) Kessy, John Francis; Nsokko, Edwin; Kaswamila, Abiud; Kimaro, Freddy
A study to assess the direct and indirect drivers and agents of deforestation and forest degradation was carried out in Masito forests in Kigoma Region. Several methodologies were deployed including review of key literature, focused group discussions, household level interviews and review of “smart phones” database of disturbance incidences in the forests. Results revealed that despite forest protection measures taken by the government and other actors for purposes of REDD+ carbon trade, deforestation and forest degradation are problems that are being experienced in the study area. Evidence of deforestation and degradation were provided through change detection data, forest disturbance incidences and community perception on the drivers of deforestation and degradation. The main drivers of deforestation and degradation were characterized to fall into direct drivers and indirect drivers. The demand for land and forests resources was responsible for a number of direct drivers. Indirect drivers were perceived to entail underlying causes of deforestation and degradation forming a complex interaction of socio- economic, political, cultural and technological variables that cause deforestation and degradation. Characterization of the main agents of deforestation and degradation revealed that human actors in various capacities and functions have served as agents. The assessment of leakage risks revealed that the risk of shifting destructive activities to non-REDD+ project villages was mitigated. In order to address the drivers and sustaining the REDD+, the study recommends the need to address forest tenure; provision of alternatives to the agents of deforestation and degradation, extension support to non-REDD+ villages for capacity building in forest protection; and ensuring that the process of REDD+ piloting is finalized to the level that communities finally sell carbon to get tangible benefits.
Analysis of drivers and economic consequences of wetland degradation along Ruvu Riverine in Coastal Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Liberath, G.
The current study intended to analyse the drivers, communities’ awareness and economic consequences of wetland degradation to local population living along the Ruvu riverine in Morogoro rural and Kibaha districts. The study deployed a number of methodologies including household questionnaire survey, interview, focus group discussion and review of satellite images of land use change in the riverine to collect data. Data were analysed using Statistical Software for Social Science, content analysis, Land Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System and ArcGIS 10 software. The findings from satellite imagery analysis indicate the prevalence of wetland degradation within the study area. Findings from field survey show that livestock grazing is the main cause of wetland degradation accounting for 53% (n=122) of the degradation, arable farming was ranked as the second most prominent driver accounting for 48% (n=122), brick making was ranked as the third significant driver contributing 46% (n=122) and fishing was ranked as the fourth prominent driver contributing 39%. The findings also revealed that the majority of the respondents were mostly aware of direct benefits of wetlands. About 75% of the respondents confirmed that floods are the main consequence of wetland degradation in the area. The findings show further, that the local community perceive wetland degradation as having great negative effects on their economic status especially with regards to accessing food and generating income. Furthermore, independent variable was able to explain about 33.2 % of the variation in the dependent variable. The study concludes that anthropogenic activities associated with low awareness on values of wetland significantly results to wetland degradation which has serious economic costs to the local communities and the government. The study recommends that awareness on the direct and indirect benefits of wetlands and proper land use practices should be raised among the communities to enable proper use of wetlands.
Analysis of economic determinants for households involvement in fishing for livelihoods in Coastal villages of Bagamoyo district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Mfinanga, Heavensophy
This study was undertaken to analyse economic determinants for households involvement in fishing for livelihoods in coastal villages of Bagamoyo District. Specifically, trend in the number of fishers for ten years in coastal villages were determined, factors influencing household decision to be involved in fishing were examined and household income structure was analysed. Three villages were randomly selected and thirty households were randomly selected from each village. Primary data were collected through questionnaire, checklist and Focused Group Discussion. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis while quantitative data were analysed by descriptive statistics, binary logistic model and ANOVA. Results indicate the trend on the number of fishers was increasing over the years. Binary logistic model result reveal significant factors that were negatively influencing households decision to be involved in fishing at p<0.05 are alternative income generating activities, access to credit, land size, organisation participation and education while household size had positive influence. Perceived influential factors were family business, available fish market, short time of earning income, small initial capital and free access of water bodies. Furthermore, results show that 72.2% of the households’ were involved in fishing. Results showed that fishing was the major source of income to household as it contributes (45.3%) to overall households income which is greater than income from other sources, which are wage labour agriculture and petty business. Overall annual average income was 1 065 420 per household whereby fishing had larger mean (TZS 482 220) than other income sources. ANOVA results indicate average annual income from fishing per household was statistically significant higher than other sources at p<0.05. The study concludes that alternative income sources, income from available sources and credit access are key areas for concern. The study recommends promotion of alternative income generating activities, accessible credit facilities and encourages organisations formation.
Analysis of factors influencing the consumption of honey in Mwanza City, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Okick, R.
Beekeeping practice in Tanzania contributes to foreign earnings, employment, food and industrial raw materials. This study was stimulated by the increased tendency of honey consumption in urban centers of Tanzania. However there was little information on present quantity consumed and factors influencing the choice for honey consumption in Mwanza City. Specifically, the study determined the present quantity consumed, examined factors influencing the choice for consumption and forecasted the demand of honey for year 2020 through 2025. Purposive sampling was used to select three strata based on residential cost categories and random sampling technique was employed in selecting 120 households with 40 households from each stratum. Both descriptive and quantitative statistics were used. Binary Logistic Regression was used in modeling the choice for honey consumption, and income demand and population models were used in forecasting future demand of honey in the study area. The results show that total annual quantity of honey consumption was 423 871.8 kg and per capital consumption was 0.6 kg in 2014. Binary Logistic Regression results show that, taste and preference, natural healing characteristic and freeness of cholesterol and dangerous sugar contents and education level of household head were significant at 5% (P< 0.05) influencing the consumption of honey in the study area. The estimated consumption income elasticity was 0.312 and the forecasted market demand for honey is expected to reach approximately 824.4 and 1,742.5 tons in 2020 and 2025 per year, respectively. The study concludes that honey is consumed in the study area and adjustment in each one of the significant variables can significantly influence the probability of household choice for honey consumption in the study area. The study recommends awareness creation on the benefits of honey, develop mechanism for traceability and promote beekeeping activity.
Analysis of formal institutions and power relations along timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Magiri, Mary Chuzi
Timber is among rising highly value product worldwide. The utilization of timber can help in promoting jobs to as many people as possible through its value chain. In Tanzania, most past studies conducted on timber value chain concentrated on market analysis and illegal activities that are undertaken along the chain, fewer studies assessed the institutions and power relations along the chain. This study therefore analysed formal institutions and power relations guiding timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. The study followed an institutional framework from which a sub framework of legal and regulatory framework was formed. Therefore, a definition provided by Douglass North on institutions was adopted. The study defines institutions as the rules of the game. The study also follows an Actors’ interface framework which was developed by Norman Long an English socialist who studied the behaviours of actors in agriculture value chain context. In the theory, actors in the interface are characterized by discontinuities in interest, values and power. There are however power struggles that cannot be avoided in the actor’s interface but they can be solved through negotiations and accommodations of all stakeholders thinking or ideas. This study was conducted in Liwale and Ruangwa districts located in the southern part of Tanzania. The study adopted an exploratory cross sectional study design, in which qualitative data were collected through in- depth key informant interviews, formal and informal talks with people who are working along the timber value chain, focus group discussion (FGDs), researchers own observations and document reviews. Purposive and simple random sampling were used to select participants for this study. 20 timber dealers, 5 forest officers, 4 TFS agents, 15 members from the VNRCs, 3 representatives from MJUMITA, MCDI and TFCG and 2 representatives from FORVAC were involved in the study. Qualitative data were analysed following six steps of thematic analysis including transcribing interviews into text, going through the text, coding the text, grouping the codes to form themes, reviewing the themes, describing the themes and assessing their relationships. Dedoose platform was used for qualitative data analysis. Findings show that institutions which are the rule and regulations created to guide value chain activities, largely affect the development of timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. The government remains to be the sole regulator of the value chain through established rules and regulations. It was also discovered that all actors along the timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts operate under the same regulatory framework. Furthermore, the study finds that there are power relations that exist among the timber value chain actors in Liwale and Ruangwa districts respectively. These are institutional, strategic and supportive power relations. In addition to that there are power struggles that exists among some of the timber value chain actors. For instance, the forest officers and the Tanzania Forest Service (TFS) agents experience power struggles among themselves this is mainly caused by the desire that these two sides have on getting the revenues collected from the timber dealers when sanctioned. Based on these findings, it is concluded that formal institutions and power relations have a great influence on the development of timber value chain in Liwale and Ruangwa districts. Therefore, the policy makers should include all actors in the timber value chain so as to avoid complaints and power imbalance that comes with the established rules and regulations.
Analysis of potential socio-economic incentives for management of Kondoa rehabilitated areas Dodoma, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Chami, Avit Alex
Communities need motivation in order to effectively participate in environmental conservation. However, potential socio-economic incentives for improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of communities surrounding Kondoa Rehabilitated Areas (KRA) are poorly known. The aim of this study was to analyze potential socio-economic incentives for effectively and sustainably improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of the communities surrounding KRA. The cross-sectional research design was employed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 30 respondents from each of the four study villages, making a total of 120 respondent households. The study villages were Mafai, Ntomoko, Kalamba-Juu and Kalamba-Chini. Data were collected using questionnaires, focus group discussion and interviews. Ms-Excel and SPSS 20.0 computer programs were used to analyze data. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out. The findings revealed that 91% of respondents reported main socio-economic incentives available in KRA being provision of tree seedlings, fertilizer, improved seeds, beekeeping inputs and education programs. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that statistically significant factors influencing adoption of socio-economic incentives in KRA are awareness (P < 0.01), land size owned (P < 0.05) and education level (P < 0.05). Roles of socio-economic incentives in improving conservation were improved afforestation, source of energy, controlled human activities and increased awareness. The study further revealed that 61% of the total annual household income was accrued from practicing activities related to socio-economic incentives. Chi-square test revealed that contribution of socio-economic incentive to total household income was statistically significant at P < 0.05. It was concluded that identified socio-economic incentives had a great potential of adoption in KRA. Beekeeping, tree seedlings and education programs were found to be statistically useful in both improving environmental conservation and livelihoods of KRA surrounding communities. The studyiii recommends capacity building interventions and incorporation of socio-economic incentives in national biodiversity strategies and environmental conservation policy frameworks.
Analysis of socio-economic and environmental effects of urban fish farming in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Kyelu, Anitha
This study was conducted to analyze socio-economic and environmental effects of urban fish farming in Dar es Salaam. Gross Margin was used to determine the profitability of urban fish farming. Results indicate that urban fish farming are operating profitably. The gross margin obtained by tilapia farmers ranges from TZS 658 000/= to 2 515 350/= per pond per production cycle. While gross margin obtained by African catfish farmers ranges from TZS 3 750 000/= to 9 590 000/=. Contribution of urban fish farming on household income was determined. Results indicated that urban fish farming had 7% contribution to total household income. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the effect of urban fish farming on employment creation. The findings showed that 86.7% of urban fish farming household reported to use hired labour for their fish production. Effects of urban fish farming on household food security were determined. Results indicated that urban fish farming play an important role to the household food security because of its provision of high-quality food, generation of household incomes for buying other kind of foods and available food supply to markets. Effect of urban fish farming on environment was assessed and the findings showed that threats and stress of the ecosystem caused by violation of environmental rules and values together with land and water pollution resulting from lack of proper drainage system are the two major effect of urban fish farming on the environment. In conclusion, urban fish farming in general face a number of constraints that hinder the development of sustainable and profitable fish farming. This study has recommended that the constraints need to be addressed by involving government, researchers and private parties in establishing sustainable and profitable urban fish farming in Dar es Salaam.
Analysis of socio-economic impacts of chome nature reserve to adjacent communities in Same District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Burenga, Suleman K.
This study was conducted in Same District, Tanzania to assess the socio-economic impacts of Chome nature reserve (CNR) to adjacent communities. Specific objectives were to: determine benefits accrued and cost incurred on management of CNR; analyze coping strategies of the communities for not accessing CNR; and assess the perceptions of adjacent communities on CNR impacts. A total of 120 household respondents were randomly sampled in 4 villages namely Marieni, Kambcni. Mvaa and Ntenga. Data were collected through household survey using a questionnaire, direct observations, focus group discussion, participatory rural appraisal and literature survey. The Statistical package for social science (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Results showed that, 52.5% of respondents responded that water, firewood, and Non -Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are the benefits accrued and accessible. Approximately 57% of respondents specified the costs such as; high price to purchase forest produces from other sources. long walking distance to access forest produces from other sources, inadequate supply of good quality limber and firewood of high calorific value, high rate of firewood consumption, illegal activities in CNR and other sensitive areas such as rivers. Coping strategies were: agriculture for commercial reported by 40% of respondents, tree planting reported by 29% of respondents, off-farming activities reported by 14.2% of respondents, alternative source of energy and energy saver stoves reported by 10.3% and illegal exploration of natural resources reported by 2.5% of respondents. The variables enhancing the livelihoods and conservation of CNR were;- distance from homesteads to CNR (p < 0.01), income (p < 0.01), land ownership (p < 0.05). In order to enhance net benefits for both conservation of CNR and livelihoods, it is recommended that Government through Tanzania Forest Services (TFS) should strongly involving adjacent communities in management of CNR.
Analysis of staffing and training needs for Effective delivery of extension service in Sustainable land management in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2014) Kessy, John F
An assessment of staffing and training needs for effective delivery of extension services in main- streaming sustainable land management (SLM) practices in Kilimanjaro Region was conducted in June/July 2013. Data collection methods included discussions with key informants at the regional and district levels, consultations with village level stakeholders and potential collaborators, re- view of human resources data both at regional, district and ward levels and collection of individu- al staff bio-data including capacity deficiencies. The staffing situation at the regional and district levels was considered to be adequate for effective mainstreaming of SLM interventions in the re- gion. Staffing at ward and village levels was very poor and largely inadequate for sustainable ex- ecution of extension services. It is optimistically estimated that on average the staffing at ward level needs to be increased by at least 50%. In some districts the deficiency of extension staff at ward level was as high as 80%. Training needs exist at all levels from the region down to commu- nity level. At the regional and district levels both long and short term training programs were re- quired. At the community level required training is more practical and purely focused in main- streaming SLM interventions at individual households and community lands. Potential collabora- tors with local government were identified in four main categories namely, NGOs/CBOs, private sector, government departments and faith-based organizations. The study recommends a capacity building program on specific knowledge gaps identified at regional, district, ward and village le- vels. The study further recommends that immediate measures need to be taken by the district au- thorities to address the staffing problem at ward level including recruitment of volunteers and developing collaboration framework with identified potential partners.
Assessing the influence of climate variability and land cover change on water resources in the Wami river catchment, Tanzania
(SPRINGER, 2024-02-13) Lalika Christossy B. C.; Mujahid Aziz Ul Haq; Lalika Makarius C. S.
Understanding the trend, extent, and effect of climate variability and land cover change are globally important for monitor- ing river catchments water resources. Due to the majority of river catchment from developing countries such as Tanzania experiencing insufficient time series data, the long-term ERA5-Land (1960–2021) reanalysis was used to assess the influence of climate variability and land cover change on water resource in the Wami river catchment. The Mann–Kendal–Sneyer test revealed a change that reflects the effect of land cover change on runoff in 1992, hence the mean annual runoff, precipitation, and actual evapotranspiration decreased by 19%, 9.7%, and 8.9%, respectively, while potential evapotranspiration increased by 5% after the change. Budyko decomposition and climate elasticity methods illustrated that variability change caused a notable contribution to the reduction of Wami River runoff. Hydrological sensitivity analysis revealed that variability of climate is a primary factor that reduced runoff with a contribution of 69%, while land cover change is 31%, this illustrates runoff in the Wami river catchment is more vulnerable to climate variability than land cover change by considering that most of the catchment are classified as arid or semi-arid. Thus, our study emphasizes the importance embracing climate adaptation strategies, particularly a nature-based solution (NbS), to ensure the sustainability of water resources within the Wami river catchment.
Assessing the influence of climate variability and land cover change on water resources in the Wami river catchment, Tanzania
(SPRINGER, 2023) Lalika Christossy B. C.; Mujahid Aziz Ul Haq; Lalika Makarius C. S.
Understanding the trend, extent, and effect of climate variability and land cover change are globally important for monitor- ing river catchments water resources. Due to the majority of river catchment from developing countries such as Tanzania experiencing insufficient time series data, the long-term ERA5-Land (1960–2021) reanalysis was used to assess the influence of climate variability and land cover change on water resource in the Wami river catchment. The Mann–Kendal–Sneyer test revealed a change that reflects the effect of land cover change on runoff in 1992, hence the mean annual runoff, precipitation, and actual evapotranspiration decreased by 19%, 9.7%, and 8.9%, respectively, while potential evapotranspiration increased by 5% after the change. Budyko decomposition and climate elasticity methods illustrated that variability change caused a notable contribution to the reduction of Wami River runoff. Hydrological sensitivity analysis revealed that variability of climate is a primary factor that reduced runoff with a contribution of 69%, while land cover change is 31%, this illustrates runoff in the Wami river catchment is more vulnerable to climate variability than land cover change by considering that most of the catchment are classified as arid or semi-arid. Thus, our study emphasizes the importance embracing climate adaptation strategies, particularly a nature-based solution (NbS), to ensure the sustainability of water resources within the Wami river catchment.
Assessment of community’s participation in conservation of open spaces in Dar es salaam city, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) Hassan, Ahmad
Open spaces in cities like Dar es Salaam are facing problem of encroachments and conversion for residential and or commercial land uses. Many studies have been done to address the failure of the “top-down approach” by the government authorities and recommended participation and empowerment of local community around the open spaces. However, the state of awareness, perceptions and willingness of local community towards participation in conservation of open spaces (COSP) was still not known. This study therefore intended to assess households’ awareness and perceptions towards COSP, with a particular focus on their willingness to participate in COSP. Data was collected using structured households’ survey questionnaire, key informants interviews, focus group discussions and participatory observation at Mkunguni, Minazini, Sharifushamba and Charambe mitaa in Kinondoni and Ilala municipalities, Dar es Salaam city. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) while qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. Results show that majority of the respondent were aware on the types and functions of recreational parks, sports grounds and playing fields compared to other types of open spaces. Majority (67.5%) were aware of Urban Planning Act as enforcing tool while about 94% denied collaboration from statutory bodies in COSP. About 95% and 70.8% perceived that, conservation of open spaces is costing but also beneficent respectively while 73.3% perceived that, existing open spaces have poor quality. Using cross tabulations and regression analysis the result revealed that, 55.8% of the respondents were willing to participate in COSP. Perceived quality, perceived benefits, education and duration of residence were the factors positively influenced households willingness in conservation of open spaces. It is recommended that the modalities should be sought to empower and take into consideration the local community’s interest in conservation of open spaces.
Assessment of edible wild mushrooms value chain and its contribution to livelihoods improvement in Mbinga and Songea districts, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2021) Mavindi, Dorice Clement
Tanzania is one of the countries endowed with high forest diversity in the world. Miombo woodland which influence availability of wild mushroom makes up 90% of all forested land in Tanzania. Despite advantages of edible wild mushroom in contribution to individual livelihoods there is insufficient information on actors and their linkages in edible wild mushroom value chain, and contribution of edible wild mushroom to livelihood improvement. This study assessed edible wild mushrooms value chain and its contribution to livelihoods improvement in Songea and Mbinga disricts, Tanzania. The study identifies species of wild mushroom available in study area, mapped actors along edible wild mushroom value chain, roles of actors in value addition and assessed contribution of edible wild mushroom to livelihood improvement in the study area. Six sampled plots were used for inventory. 30 collectors as sample were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, mushrooms’ inventory, and direct observation. Data were analyzed by descriptive and content analysis. In study total of 42 wild mushroom species were recorded and edible wild mushroom weighted. On average about 4.13 kg of mushroom were collected per plot in 1 hector which means individuals are able to generate income of 4130 up to 10 352 TZS per plot. The prices per kg ranged from 1000 to 2500 for fresh mushroom while for dried mushroom 10 000 up to 12 000 TZS. The value chain of edible wild mushroom in study areas consists collectors and consumers as key actors. Generally, value chain is dominated by women (73.3%) while men comprise of only 26.7%. Collectors collects mainly Amanita, Russula, Cantharellus and Lactarius species. Collection of edible wild mushrooms is done one day up to seven days per week, selection of species to be collected depending on availability, preferences, and storage possibility. The mushrooms that were sold are fresh and dried, 60.0% of respondents sold fresh mushrooms, 33.3% both dried and fresh and 6.7% dried. Edible wild mushroom contributes to livelihood for those engaged in collections and trade as it provides alternative income for accessing social services but also can boost others productive activities. Edibility of the mushroom was identified mainly using local indicators. Training on domestication and preservation was identified as key for increasing commercialization of the product.
Assessment of land use conflicts and their management in mount Meru area, Arusha Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Shio, Constantine John
The study was conducted to assess land use conflicts and their management in Mount Meru area of Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania. The main objective was to study the nature and types of land use conflicts in order to discern the underlying causes and come up with appropriate management approaches to mitigate these conflicts. Primary data were obtained through PRA, discussion with key informants, questionnaire survey and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from the available archive. Multiple linear regression model was used as a tool for analysis. About 91.9% and 92.7% of respondents indicated that land is not enough for crop production and livestock grazing respectively. Moreover, 32.0% of respondents indicated that conflicts emanate from grazing illegally in the forest. Among the factors involved in regression model, big number of livestock had positive influence on illegally grazed livestock (p = 0.01). About 18.0% of respondents indicated conflicts emanating from farm boundaries, and 16.0% indicated conflict resulting on encroachment into forest and wildlife reserves. 14.0% indicted conflicts emanating from illegal tree cutting from forest reserves for household use and selling, while 11.0% and 9.0% indicated other sources of conflicts e.g. Poaching and illegal fuel wood collection respectively. Finally the study recommended that big herds, which are fed under free-range could be sold and replaced with few stall-fed improved cattle breed. Further, optimization of home gardens productivity can be achieved by planting as many crops in limited space available and use of improved good quality seeds and fertilizers. It is also recommended that formal education and promotion of environmental education be used to create resource conservation awareness. Where appropriate government should redistribute abandoned big farms to landless people and finance part of the establishment costs for people migrating to spacious districts. Further, Management Plans should address the concept of Joint Resource Management
Assessment of socio - economic and ecological values of halfmile strip buffer zone to the adjacent communities of Kilimanjaro National Park
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Aloyce, B. T.
In many developing countries people have viewed buffer zones as a way to accommodate the needs of national parks and other categories of wildlife protected areas and in sustaining livelihoods of the local communities living adjacent to these protected areas. This study was done from September 2015 to April 2016 in eight villages adjacent to Kilimanjaro National Park in order to assess the impacts of annexing Kilimanjaro Half Mile Forest Strip (HMFS) to KINAPA. Household survey questionnaires, key informants interview, focus groups discussion, field observations and secondary data from different sources were used to collect information. The data were analyzed using SPSS computer programme, Graph Pad InStat and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that 64% of respondents reported that they get firewood from their own home gardens and only 25% from HMFS. It was further observed that collection of fodder and firewood is performed by women while beekeeping activities are undertaken by men. Further, approximately 35% of respondents mentioned water to be the most significant ecological value and the forest cover has declined from 47.14% to 12.14% the period between year 2001 to 2014. Nearly 63% of respondents revealed poor relationship with the park management. Local community’s livelihoods were perceived to be affected by the new management of HMFS, which denied them accessibility to forest products and water services. Thus, from this study, annexation of HMFS had a positive impact to KINAPAs ecosystem and negatively affected neighbouring local community socio-economically. The study recommend communities to be allied with eco-tourism to minimize dependence on natural resources only.
Assessment of socio-economic implications of human-wildlife conflicts in communities adjacent to Nyerere National Park, Morogoro, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2024-05) Simasiku, Ivy Nanvula
Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) present a pervasive challenge worldwide, particularly in regions adjacent to protected areas. The IUCN (2023) emphasize the importance of effectively managing HWC to achieve the United Nations for Biodiversity 2050. Despite the introduction of various conservation initiatives to mitigate HWC, the success rate remains low. Conservation management strategies have traditionally focused on addressing dispute level of conflicts focusing primarily on the visible impacts of HWC while neglecting the underlying and identity-based conflicts that drives social conflicts of HWC. Apart from neglecting the underlying and identity-based conflicts, hidden costs associated with HWC remain understudied and poorly documented leading to an exclusion from economic evaluations and mitigation policies. Therefore, there is a critical need for up-to-date studies focusing on addressing the social conflicts and the socio-economic implications associated with HWC. Specifically, the study aimed at (i) assessing the nature and extent of HWC (ii) assessing the current intervention strategies employed across the study area, (iii) identifying hidden costs associated with HWC, (iv) quantifying households’ economic implications of hidden and visible costs associated with HWC, and (v) evaluating the socio- demographic predictors influencing respondents’ attitudes towards wildlife conservation. Cross-sectional data were collected through household interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Data analysis involved content analysis, descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis. Results revealed that HWC resulted in both social and economic implications. in terms of livelihood, majority of households (78%) were engaged in agricultural farming. However, the nature of damage experienced by respondents exhibited a significant difference (χ2=4.393, df= 1, P<0.05). Predominantly, crop damage emerged as the most prevalent form of conflict, mainly attributed to elephant intrusions. Despite livestock depredation being comparably lower than crop damages, respondents perceived it as highly significant and distressing. Poultry losses constituted the highest proportion, with monkeys identified as the primary perpetrators. The study further delineated HWC across three levels of conflict: dispute, underlying, and identity-based conflicts. The prevalence of conflicts at the dispute level was observed to be lower in comparison to underlying and identity-based conflicts, underscoring the limited scope of addressing conflicts solely at the dispute level within the context of HWC. In addition, dispute and underlying levels of conflict r=0.414, (p<0.05); and underlying and identity-based levels of conflict r=0.535, (p<0.05) both indicated a positive significant correlation indicating that an increase in dispute level of conflict leads to an increase in underlying conflict. Dispute and identity-based levels of conflict showed a not significant correlation r=0.328, (p=0.072). Lethal and non-lethal intervention strategies were employed to mitigate conflicts under dispute level. However, no lethal methods were reported for mitigating livestock depredation. The intervention strategies employed including the utilization of chili pepper, fencing, farm guarding, scare tactics, solar torches, reporting to village leaders, firecrackers, smoke, throwing stones at wild animals, pesticides, and car oil/grease, were employed to alleviate crop damages. Enclosures for livestock, supplementary feeding, solar torches, and herding/guarding practices were employed to mitigate livestock depredation, with varying degree of effectiveness among respondents. Additionally, results revealed that respondents faced several challenges in soliciting assistance from local authorities, wildlife authorities and government authorities, including protracted HWC incident reporting process, lack of consolation payment for damages, exclusionary practices and lack of transparency. The HWC incident reporting process was perceived as a protracted chain, necessitating contacting the village leaders before relevant authorities are notified, thereby intensifying HWC cases within the study area. Exclusionary practices manifested in marginalizing affected communities from participating in decision-making processes concerning conservation and HWC-related issues. Lack of transparency further compounded the issue with majority of respondents being unaware of NGOs operating within their communities in addressing HWC. Furthermore, the study revealed that HWC includes diverse dimensions of hidden costs, including opportunity costs, transaction costs psychological and health impacts. These hidden costs present significant implications, particularly for households reliant on agricultural farming and livestock keeping within the study area. Additionally, both visible and hidden costs associated with HWC pose economic implications stemming from crop damage, livestock depredation, monetary opportunity costs, and transactional expenses, with a total estimated annual economic loss of USD 1 455.53 per household. Nonetheless, no consolation payments were made to mitigate the economic losses incurred by respondents. The following variables were statistically significant in explaining the respondents’ attitudes towards wildlife and conservation, namely: household head age, level of education, household size and HWC experience (X2=24, df=7, p<0.05). Finally, the study therefore concluded that solely focusing on addressing HWC at the dispute level leads to a partial understanding of the overall situation and overlooks social conflicts, potentially resulting in recurring conflicts over time. Furthermore, respondents within the study area are faced with a range of hidden costs associated with HWC that not only include direct financial expenses but also non-monetary impacts such as psychological and health impacts. Therefore, the study advocates for the adoption and implementation of a holistic approach aligned with the Conservation Conflict Transformation Model (CCT) model to effectively address HWC, acknowledging their complexity and fostering cooperation among stakeholders to safeguard wildlife and enhance local livelihoods.