Department of Tourism and Recreation

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Assessing community perceptions about the contributions and impacts of Wildlife tourism to rural livelihoods: Wildlife management areas perspective
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2022) Mgonja, J.T.
Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) refer to protected areas in a village land, set aside for conservation of wildlife and tourism activities. Existing studies on WMAs have focused more on the establishment, governance and conservation consequences of WMAs. Relatively few studies have been conducted on the contributions of wildlife tourism from WMAs perspectives to rural livelihoods in Tanzania. The objective of this study was to assess community perceptions about the contributions of wildlife tourism and conservation to livelihoods of communities residing in WMA, using Ikona and Makao WMAs as a case study. Crosstabs analysis using Chi-square ( 2 ) was applied to analyse data collected using questionnaires. Overall, the findings indicate that most people (74.1%) are proud of their villages being in WMA, (59.8%) are aware of tourism activities in their WMA, (71.5%) accept wildlife conservation and (33.6%) agree that WMA increases livelihood options. Overall, the findings indicate that wildlife tourism contributes to local peoples’ livelihoods at a community level but not at a household level. The study recommends WMA authorities to integrate local communities at a household level in all facets of wildlife tourism in WMAs so as to enhance the contribution of WMAs and wildlife tourism to sustainable livelihoods.
Assessment of factors moderating community attitudes towards wildlife tourism And conservation: a case of Ikona and Makao wildlife management areas
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2022) Mgonja, J.T; Uswege, D.N.
The purpose of this study was to assess community attitudes towards the impacts of wildlife tourism and conservation interventions in Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) to community livelihoods. The study used Ikona and Makao Wildlife Management Areas as a case study. A cross- sectional study was conducted from October to November 2018 using a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 559 randomly sampled respondents were interviewed. Data were analysed using SPSS General Linear Model-Univariate. The findings revealed that Social Economic Status (SES) of the respondents significantly influenced respondents’ attitudes while gender and origin of the respondents marginally influenced their attitudes. Majority of the respondents accept WMA in their villages though are not satisfied with the benefits accrued from WMA. Most of the respondents mentioned crops damage and livestock depredation as major factors undermining their attitudes towards WMAs. The study provides empirical evidence that without local communities realizing direct and tangible benefits, it will be difficult to associate conservation and livelihood improvement, a condition that undermines wildlife conservation. The study recommends WMAs authorities to find sustainable solutions to crops damage and livestock depredation problem. The study also recommends introduction of wildlife conservation to schools to create and increase awareness among youths from childhood stage.
Assessment of forest conditions, threats and management effectiveness in the catchment of Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands, Urambo District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Heriberth, Joseph Adam Haulle
This study assessed the forest conditions, threats and management effectiveness of selected catchment forests of Malagarasi-Muyovozi wetlands in Urambo District, Tanzania, particularly Mpanda Line Forest Reserve. The level of disturbance was obtained through disturbance assessment methodology while threats through threat reduction assessment tool. The World Commission on Protected Areas tracking tool assessed management effectiveness and socio-economic factors was obtained through structured questionnaires. The results showed that forest disturbance for both trees and poles in the three strata were significantly different (p<0.05). The forest disturbance as well as the use intensities were highest in the open woodlands followed by closed woodlands and wooded grasslands, implying high human impacts in the open woodlands. The threat reduction assessment index was 16%, indicating that the reserve is highly threatened. Major threats were wildfires, illegal logging, overgrazing, and encroachment. The management effectiveness assessment score was 28% implying that the reserve is poorly managed and therefore it stands a chance of loosing its status as biodiversity conservation and wetland catchment area if the situation is not attended adequately. Lack of clear reserve boundaries, management plan, secured funding, adequate law enforcement, appropriate and well-trained staff and local community involvement were the major shortfalls. Socio economic factors that significantly influence human disturbance in the reserve include age, ethnicity, and demand for forest products and services. A number of conservation initiatives were revealed, which may contribute in reducing the threats facing the reserve and increasing the management effectiveness. Contribution of Sustainable and Integrated Management of the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site Project, Ugalla Community Conservation Project, Robin Hurt and Safaris Company and Friends of Urambo and Mwanihala was acknowledged. It is recommended that a management plan, land use plans, and collaboration between local communities and the government are pertinent to the conservation of the catchment and maintenance of local livelihood benefits.
Background of Forestry and Climate Change
(Mkuki na Nyota, 2017) Abdallah, Jumanne; Juma, S.R; Sirima, Agnes
This chapter provides an overview on forestry education and the emergence of participatory forest management (PFM), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and their link to climate change in Tanzania. Other emerging issues discussed in this chapter are community perception, the need for paradigm shift, value chain development, governance, and entrepreneurship development.
Coastal Gastronomy: Envisioning a South Carolina Seafood Trail
(Journal of Gastronomy and Tourism, 2018-03) Jodice, Laura W; Ramshaw, Gregory; Sirima, Agnes; Goris, Lynn
Promotion of local seafood and related culture has become an important strategy for enhancing economic sustainability of struggling commercial fishing businesses in coastal tourism destinations. Theme-based tourism trails can be catalysts for identifying, recognizing, and sustaining important aspects of culture, heritage, and industry in rural regions. Food-based trails have become a popular strategy for enhancing the economic viability of local food producers while highlighting the authentic qualities of a tourist destination. This study explored potential for development of a seafood-themed trail on the coast of South Carolina (USA) where communities represent varying levels of economic dependence on commercial fishing and tourism. Methods included 31 personal interviews with stakeholders from the seafood and tourism sectors across the region and a follow-up survey (n = 13) and workshop (n = 15) to facilitate input and consensus. Stakeholders supported formation of a coast-wide seafood trail as an education and decision-making tool targeting tourists. They highlighted collaborative capacity for marketing and partnership, diversity of local seafood products and experience, and economic benefits and improved competitive advantage for local businesses as strengths and opportunities. Challenging issues for development and long-term viability included limits to local seafood supply, regional differences in both heritage and seafood products, financial constraints, maintaining interest among stakeholders and visitors, establishing leadership, and defining membership criteria.
Communities displacement from national park ad tourism development in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania
(Current issues in tourism, 2013-08) Sirima, Agnes; Backman, Kenneth F
Land-use-change conflicts have shaped the conservation and tourism activities and human livelihood debate in the Usangu Plains over the last 10 years. This has led Ruaha National Park to become the largest national park in Tanzania and the second largest in Africa. The need to understand the rationale behind the expansion of Ruaha National Park and the local communities' views on tourism activities has become increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to examine land-use change in the Usangu Plains and its implication to local communities. Community members in five villages, Ikoga Mpya, Igomelo, Nyeregete, Mahango and Luhango, were surveyed using semi-structured interviews, focus groups and field notes. This resulted in a total of 79 semi-structured interviews, 4 focus group discussions and field observation data to analyse the situation in Usangu Plains. Data were analysed using NVIVO computer software for coding and themes’ generation. Major themes that emerged from the analysis were land-use change, tourism as a form of land use, tourism benefits and coping mechanisms. The findings from this study suggest that local communities do not perceive that they are benefitting from the change from agricultural to tourism practices. Changing the way local communities perceived themselves and are involved in conservation activities is the key to achieving the best conservation results and community residents’ involvement in future tourism activities in their areas
Competence in French connected speech: A study on Tanzanian pre-service secondary school French teachers
(International Research Journals, 2017) Chiwanga, F. E.; Iddy, S.
This paper discusses the competence of Tanzanian pre-service French teachers in connected speech. The study particularly aimed at measuring the extent to which they are capable of comprehending the message through the stream of words from French native speakers and producing a text naturally with liaison and enchaînement. The study was conducted at the University of Dar es Salaam covering 46% of 2014/2015 academic year B.A. Education finalists who were randomly selected. Data were collected through watching a video-clip, and oral discourse test (ODT). As for the analysis, interpretive content analysis was used with the aid of tables. The results show that the subjects scored excellently at 17% in both liaison and enchaînement but had more challenges in enchaînement than in liaison as the scores in the production of liaison ranged from 60% to 77% while that of enchaînement ranged from 53% to 73%. However, the comprehension of native speakers’ conversation was excellent at 33% implying that the subjects were better at understanding than producing the aspects of the French connected speech. The inability of the subjects to comprehend and produce precisely the said features was caused mainly by the influence of the learner’s Bantu L1 and L2 which are deprived of the liaison and enchaînement, lack of enough oral exercises, contact with native French users and poor learning environment. The study recommends that all the factors should be dealt with severely through communicative approach which is the best in the today’s modern teaching-learning process.
Competence in French connected speech: A study on Tanzanian pre-service secondary school French teachers
(2017-06) Chiwanga, F. .E.; Iddy, E.
This paper discusses the competence of Tanzanian pre-service French teachers in connected speech. The study particularly aimed at measuring the extent to which they are capable of comprehending the message through the stream of words from French native speakers and producing a text naturally with liaison and enchaînement. The study was conducted at the University of Dar es Salaam covering 46% of 2014/2015 academic year B.A. Education finalists who were randomly selected. Data were collected through watching a video-clip, and oral discourse test (ODT). As for the analysis, interpretive content analysis was used with the aid of tables. The results show that the subjects scored excellently at 17% in both liaison and enchaînement but had more challenges in enchaînement than in liaison as the scores in the production of liaison ranged from 60% to 77% while that of enchaînement ranged from 53% to 73%. However, the comprehension of native speakers’ conversation was excellent at 33% implying that the subjects were better at understanding than producing the aspects of the French connected speech. The inability of the subjects to comprehend and produce precisely the said features was caused mainly by the influence of the learner’s Bantu L1 and L2 which are deprived of the liaison and enchaînement, lack of enough oral exercises, contact with native French users and poor learning environment. The study recommends that all the factors should be dealt with severely through communicative approach which is the best in the today’s modern teaching-learning process.
Conserving Nostalgia: Exploring Private Land Protection Patterns
(Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2018-06) Seaman, Alana N; Farmer, James R; Chancellor, Charles H; Sirima, Agnes
The dramatic loss of open space in the USA over the last 50 years has led to increased conservation efforts by public, private, and non-profit entities. Amongst private landowners, conservation easements, or conditions written into a property’s title that permanently limit how it may be used, are a popular form of land protection. Private land protection is vital for both the conservation of America’s characteristic open spaces, and to ensure the future of many threatened and endangered plant and animal species. Yet little is known about the people who are placing conservation easements on their properties, the landscape features and land use practices currently being protected under conservation easements, or the ways in which these conservation patterns will continue into the future. Regardless, private land conservation efforts are shaping the American landscape; therefore, a thorough understanding of their characteristics is needed. Given that nostalgia, or an idealized and simplified notion of the past, underlies many of the motivations private landowners have for protecting their properties, this study suggests that there is a link between the type of nostalgia motivating private land protection and the types of land and land use practices being conserved. Further, the authors contend that this phenomenon is worthy of further investigation given its potential for environmental, social, and economic impact.
Contribution of indigenous knowledge to the conservation of wild medicinal plants in Mvomero district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Mbilinyi, Gaston Thom
Wild medicinal plants are used and conserved based on indigenous knowledge. The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of indigenous knowledge to conservation of wild medicinal plants. Four villages were selected based on their proximity to the forest reserves. Data were collected through household questionnaires with 133 respondents, focus group discussions (FGDs), and transect walk. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and MS Excel computer software tools were used to analyse qualitative and quantitative data respectively. One hundred twenty-seven out of 133 respondents (95%) reported using WMPs. A total of 91 WMPs reported to be used as traditional medicine by communities were identified and documented. Ten out of 91 WMPS were reported to be grown mainly on home gardens while the rest (81) are wild- harvested. Roots (57%) and leaves (57%) were reported to be harvested from grown and wild harvested WMPs respectively. Farmland, public land, homesteads and forest reserves were reported to be sources of WMPs. Though public land was reported to be the main source (39%), the study noted that most of the WMPs were harvested from the forest reserves as most of the identified WMPs were from forest reserves. Nine traditional practices were mentioned to be used in conservation of wild medicinal plants. These included domestication, beliefs in sacred plants and forests, respect of cultural forests, protection of plants at the burial sites, selective harvesting, secrecy on plants name, location, collection of deadwood for firewood, and use of energy-saving cooking stoves. The logistic regression test results showed that indigenous knowledge has an influence on conservation. The Likert-scale response categories of the respondents showed that 99% of the respondents had positive attitude towards local conservation methods. The study found that indigenous knowledge contributes to conservation of wild medicinal plants in the communities around Mvomero Distric
Cultural community-based tourism in Tanzania: Lessons learned and way forward
(Routledge, 2015-02-13) MGONJA, J, T.; SIRIMA, A; BACKMAN, K, F.; BACKMAN, S, J.
Cultural tourism programmes (CTPs) provide opportunities for rural communities to supplement their income. While these programmes are intended to empower local people and reduce poverty, the mechanisms used for choosing the targeted ‘communities’ remain largely unexamined. This paper analyses the planning, structure and implementation of CTPs as a form of community based tourism in selected areas in Tanzania. Data were collected from two CTP groups (10 people in total) and five government officials at the national level using in-depth interviews. Analysis was carried out using NVIVO for theme generation. Major themes derived include lack of clear description of who constitutes CTPs and that existing CTPs differ greatly in terms of structure, size, development level and resource capacity, and many lack clear benefit-sharing mechanisms. There is a need for the government to continue supporting these initiatives at all levels, to nurture newly created CTPs and to provide continual technical support for the existing ones.
Desires of Community Participation in Tourism Development Decision Making Process: A Case Study of Barabarani, Mto Wa Mbu, Tanzania
(World Scholars, 2013) MUGANDA, M; MGONJA, J, T.; BACKMAN, K, F
Over the last decade, tourism in Tanzania has recorded significant growth, with the industry’s contribution to the country’s steadily growing GDP. However, poverty and unemployment rate in the country is still very high, which raises questions regarding local community participation in decision making. Participation in the decision-making process is a crucial determinant in ensuring that the benefits accrued by local communities from tourism are guaranteed, and that their lifestyles and values are respected. This paper examines the nature of community participation expected by local people in tourism development decision-making process in Tanzania using a case study of Barabarani village, Mto wa Mbu, Arusha. The paper incorporates a questionnaire in a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) approach in data collection. The findings showed that local people, regardless of the location they came from, their gender, occupation, and education, wish to have a voice and actively take part in the decision-making process, to ensure that their needs, priorities and interests are well considered when decisions about tourism development are made in their areas. The paper contributes to the wider scientific discussion on community participation in tourism industry, and uncovers vital infor-mation for tourism managers, planners, policy makers and academicians.
Development of tourism destinations and its impacts on tourists’ satisfaction, residents’ livelihoods towards quality of life in Northern Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2023) Mwongoso, Alpha John
Tourism in Tanzania is largely concentrated in wildlife protected areas (PAs) and in areas that border and serve as entry points to PAs, known as gateway communities (GCs). As part of PA ecosystem, the GCs have become tourism destinations attracting tourists for over two decades. Tourism in GCs have been considered an alternative and crucial source of livelihoods to pastoral and agro-pastoralists enduring low productivity due to semi-arid and typical Savannah grasslands of northern Tanzania. Despite the existence of tourism in GCs for over two decades, there is unclear understanding on the extent of tourism development and its impacts. Review of studies on nature-based tourism in Tanzanian GCs indicates two areas requiring research initiatives. Firstly, there is inadequate knowledge about the development of tourism destination (i.e. tourism development stages). Secondly, unclear understanding of tourism development-impacts on tourists’ satisfaction on one hand, and residents’ livelihoods (i.e. change in livelihood assets) and quality of life (i.e. life satisfaction on well-being conditions), on another hand. This study was set to address these knowledge gaps by evaluating the development of tourism destination and it’s impacts on tourists’ satisfactions, residents’ livelihoods towards quality of life. Specifically, this study sought to: i) identify development stages of the life-cycle that tourism destinations have passed over the years up to the on-going stage in year 2019, ii) examine to what extent tourism development has created impacts through shaping the tourist perceptions on relative importance and performance of destinations’ attributes influencing tourists satisfaction, iii) evaluate whether tourism development has established impacts to reduce vulnerability through access to livelihood assets between tourism beneficiaries and non-beneficiary households and iv) to evaluate impacts of tourism development on residents quality of life, using community capitals. The study involved 18 villages from three GCs: Burunge, Loliondo and lake Natron. Both primary and secondary data were required to meet the aforementioned research objectives. Primary data were collected using semi-structured key informant interviews (122 individuals), 18 focus group discussions, participants and field observations and survey to 422 randomly selected tourists as well as random selection of 418 tourism beneficiaries and 432 non-beneficiary households. Secondary data comprised the official reports of tourism revenues, spending pattern of tourism revenue, number of tourists visiting these destinations over the years, investment trends and review of relevant literature on tourism development. The main method of analyzing qualitative data was thematic analysis while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (i.e. mean, variance and frequencies) and inferential statistics: paired sample t-test, independent samples t-test and Logistic Regression and Difference in Differences impact estimator using Stata15 software while Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling were analyzed using AMOSv.21 software. The study found that: i) in 36 years (1982-2018), all three destinations have experienced exploration, involvement and are currently at the development stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle model, ii) tourists’ satisfaction is derived from performance of four factors namely, Amenities, Accessibility, Core attractions and Ancillary services. It was also found that, attributes reflecting on “core attraction factor” (i.e. game viewing and cultural products) are the most important in shaping tourists’ perceptions and also performed well. Although, the overall satisfaction of tourists was high, some attributes reflecting on accessibility, amenities and ancillary services factors were perceived to be underperforming, thus demanding immediate attention of destination managers to optimize tourists experience for the development of tourism destination, iii) within a period of ten years (2008/9-2018/19) tourism has significantly increased livelihood capital assets index by 8%, thus, enabled the tourism-beneficiaries to reduce vulnerability to drought, livestock diseases, rise in food prices and illness, by effective shock-coping activities, iv) residents’ actual and perceived quality of life is influenced by resident’s satisfaction with both materials and non-materials tourism benefits which in turn led to residents support for further tourism development. These results led to the general conclusion that development of tourism destinations in GCs consistently abides to the life cycle stages, while on one hand, the natural and cultural attractions underline tourists’ satisfaction. On the other hand, tourism development-impacts on increased livelihood assets among residents led to reduction in vulnerability to multiple shocks and in turn, affects positively the residents’ quality of life. For further development of tourism destination with greater capacity of improving residents’ quality of life while optimizing tourist satisfaction, the following are recommended: i) initiatives should be done to improve road conditions, possibly using Public Private Partnership (PPP) investment arrangements; build capacity (e.g. training and grant/loan) to local residents to co-own and manage tourism assets like camps and lodges, ii) destination managers should allocate more resources to recruit professional chef, improve interior décor, address unhygienic environment (i.e., ensure cleanliness of washrooms) and moderate the perceived unreasonable high prices for food and accommodation. These actions are expected to optimize tourists’ experience and increase duration of tourist staying beyond three days, iii) development stakeholders should disseminate knowledge to local residents on efficient farming and grazing. This entails technical know-how in micro catchment rain-water harvesting and the production of higher yield-drought resistant crops while encouraging pastoralists adaptation of their livestock breeding and grazing practices confined to fixed boundaries within land zoned for general-use while maintaining the hunting-use zone and wildlife corridor-use zones.
Diagnostic model for assessing traceability system performance in fish processing plants
(Elsevier Ltd, 2013) MGONJA, J, T.; LUNING, P; Van der Vorst, Jack G, A, J.
This paper introduces a diagnostic tool that can be used by fish processing companies to evaluate their own traceability systems in a systematic manner. The paper begins with discussions on the rationale of traceability systems in food manufacturing companies, followed by a detailed analysis of the most important indicators in the designing and executing traceability systems. The diagnostic tool is presented in four grids through which fish companies can evaluate their own developed traceability system. The paper argues that if a company operates at a higher level of contextual factors, then design and execution of traceability system needs to be at a higher level as well so as to achieve a higher level of traceability system performance. The paper concludes that companies that are able to systematically assess their own developed traceability systems are able to determine food safety problems well in advance, and thereby take appropriate corrective actions.
Domestic tourism status in Tanzania: a case study of Tanzania national parks
(University of Greenwich, 2005) Kishe, Edward Steven
Although tourism is a major economic undertaking in the world, however, domestic tourism has not received adequate attention especially in many developing countries. This study focused on domestic tourism in Tanzania looking at issues relating to the promotion of domestic tourism. The study rationale is based on the fact that, despite Tanzania being recognized for its wildlife rich national parks for tourism, the majority of tourists are foreigners. Domestic tourism has received little attention. The study therefore, was designed to bridge this gap in knowledge by assessing the current status of domestic tourism. The overall aim of this study is to document means of improving domestic tourism in Tanzania as an alternative way of supporting the country’s National Parks as well as raising the level of conservation awareness of Tanzanians. The study used social surveys (questionnaires and interviews) as the main method of gathering information. Three National Parks that are close to each other were chosen for sampling as well as urban dwellers of two major urban centers close to these Parks. Five target groups living close to the Parks were surveyed, which included, primary school teachers, local community leaders, domestic tourists, urban dwellers and Parks officials. A total of 336 questionnaires were administered to these groups between June-August 2005. Field visits and interviews were conducted during the same period. The main findings of the study indicated that tourism policies needed harmonization to be in line with the prevailing situation. The results further showed that there is slow growth of domestic tourism in Tanzania. On the other hand there is reluctance by Tanzanians to pay Park entry fees. At the National and Park level, the study showed that the sources of public information were not fully utilized resulting in a weakness in domestic tourism promotion. Local communities leaders adjacent to the Parks studied valued their existence but were not ready to contribute to conservation. For the future the prevailing image for the-primary school teachers showed general support on the establishment of conservation education in schools and wildlife clubs. Economic hardship stood high as a determinant factor in planning Parks visits and the major areas of concerns were transport, food and accommodation. Park entry fees appeared to be a problem to a segment in the sampled target groups. As for domestic tourists’ statistics, there is little information available so far, sometimes creating confusion even in determining who really is a domestic tourist. This is due to the way statistics are collected and interpreted. That aside, it appears that urban dwellers were more knowledgeable about the Parks and ready to pay the current Park fees rates although some were ready to pay more. Based on the main findings for this study, the report concludes that domestic tourism is poorly promoted due to weak policies, strategies and plans. It is further ascertained that the current slow growth in domestic tourism needs to be reversed so that its contribution to Parks’ income increases. The study concludes with the justifications to promote domestic tourism, encourage conservation education in schools and find ways to reduce costs for Tanzanians of visiting National Parks. Lastly, it is recommended to harmonize the national tourism policies to be in line with the public, private sectors and the communities. At the same time, it is necessary to initiate domestic tourism research, regional tourism, to undertake aggressive marketing and to provide conservation education curricula in schools for the youth.
The economic of water in paddy and non-paddy crop production around the Kilombero valley ramsar site, Tanzania: Productivity, costs, returns and implications to poverty reduction
(Journal of Agriculture Science, 2011) Musamba, Emmanuel; Ngaga, Yonika M; Giliba, Richard A; Boon, E. K; Sirima, Agnes; Chirenje, L I
Water scarcity is globally getting worse in the light of increase in demand for water use. Human and ecosystem health and economic development are affected by problems of water scarcity and water pollution. This paper assessed the net benefit of water resource in crop production around the Kilombero Valley Ramsar Site in Tanzania. Specifically, the study determines and estimates costs and benefits in crop production and quantify its monetary value using both market and non-market techniques. Household questionnaires, checklist for key informants, participant observation and participatory rural appraisal techniques were employed for data collection. Questionnaire survey was administered to 120 households to establish the major agricultural activities, crops, costs of production and income accrued from these activities. Data relating to household characteristics and water related economic activities were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereby the cost for production, inputs and returns were analysed and compared using Microsoft Excel. The residual imputation approach was used to estimate the value of water in crop production. Findings revealed that, 88.3 percent of the respondents own land and 11.7 percent of them rent the land for crop production. The net values of water for irrigated paddy and non-paddy crops were estimated to Tsh. 273.6 (US$ 0.23) and Tsh. 87.7 (US$ 0.073) per m3 of consumed water respectively. The average productivity of water for paddy and non-paddy crop production is estimated at 0.85 kgm-3 and 0.69 kgm-3 of consumed water respectively. Furthermore, the returns from agriculture are less compared to returns from other water uses. Nevertheless, since majority of households are depending on agriculture this study recommends that emphasis should be put on effective and efficient use of water to improve its productivity.
Ecotourism in Tanzania
(2017-05) Mgonja, J. T.
In recent years, Tanzania has experienced a remarkable growth in nature-based tourism following major transformations in its tourism policies (Wade, Mwasaga, & Eagles, 2001). The contribution of tourism industry in terms of GDP is about 17%. Overall the tourism sector directly employ around 600,000 people and up to 2 million people indirectly (URT, 2015). By 2025, Tanzania’s tourism sector is expected to grow at a rate of 6.2% per annum, against an expected world average growth of 3.7% (WTTC, 2015).
The effect of agricultural intensification on ecosystem Services around Ihemi cluster
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2021) Sirima, A; Kashaigili, J.J; Kamau, F.
As the world population continue to increase, the demand for food also increases which necessitate the need for agricultural intensification. Agricultural intensification affects large parts of terrestrial area, therefore, assessment of its contribution to the decrease of ecosystem services is critical for successful conservation in the future. A study was conducted in five districts of Iringa and Njombe Regions, part of Ihemi cluster, to assess the effects of agricultural intensification on ecosystem services. A total of 607 household surveys and 19 Focus Groups discussions were conducted. Descriptive and cross tabulation were used for quantitative analysis while content analysis was used for qualitative data. Findings reveal that there are several benefits communities get from the ecosystem that play a great role on their livelihood. Across all villages, firewood is preferred due to its affordability and availability. Other ecosystems goods such as traditional medicine and mushrooms are hardly available due to clearing of land for agricultural activities, as well as settlement expansion. Community activities, such as valley bottom farming was mentioned as a practice that jeopardize the long-term sustainability of ecosystem resources within the Cluster. Agricultural intensification by investors was also mentioned as a sources of ecosystem depletion. Sustainable agricultural intensification, if adopted, might be one among the solutions to serve the ecosystem around the cluster
The effectiveness of customer-centric approach in understanding tourist behaviour: Selected tour companies in Arusha, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2022) Shemwetta, B.D; Rotich, D
Experience shows that the best way to attract and keep customers is by responding positively to their preferences. The best solution is to understand customer needs and behaviour. Customer-centric approach is predicted on successful understanding and management of customer preferences. However, there is no credible information on the effectiveness of this approach, especially in the East African tourist market. This study examined effectiveness of the approach in understanding tourist behaviour. It specifically assessed influence of customer preferences management and customer- business alignment on tourist behaviour. Out of 446 tour companies licensed in 2018 in Arusha, Tanzania, 210 were randomly selected and studied. Key respondents were sales/marketing managers purposively selected from the samples. The study adopted a quantitative research approach where a semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis and multiple regression for hypothesis testing Findings show that the approach was significantly effective in understanding tourist behaviour (p < 0.001; r = 0.984) through customer preferences management (r = 0.334) as well as customer- business alignment both internally (r = 0.464) and externally (r = 0.318). This study recommends automation of tour operators’ business practices focusing on understanding and addressing new tourist expectations.
Effects of drought on cultural tourism: selected cases of Maasai tourism groups surrounding Tarangire National Park in Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis (Routledge), Journal of Tourism & Cultural Change, 2016-11-11) Lwoga, N. B.; Asubisye, E.
This study explores the effect of drought on cultural tourism by applying the case study approach using the Maasai women’s groups surrounding Tarangire National Park (TNP) in Tanzania. Semi-structured interviews and observations were used to collect data from 30 purposefully selected Maasai women and 30 tourists. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings show that drought affects tourism both positively and negatively. Positively, drought forges unity among individuals, and creates the community’s external links that are crucial for tourism development. Negatively, drought interferes with the development and delivery of tourist products, thus destroying their quality and service delivery. Despite the challenges tourism faces during times of drought, including the scarcity of raw materials for making cultural products, 50% of the respondents would rather continue with tourism as a strategy to curb the effect of drought than their traditional livelihoods. Theoretically, the study shows the importance of the cultural ecology and livelihood lenses in investigating the effects of drought on tourism in a cultural setting. Practical recommendations for tourism authorities and stakeholders, as well as areas for future research, are provided.

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