Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

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Agroforestry in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+): Africa, where are you?
(Eckhard A. & Maxi D. (eds.), 2015) Andrew, S.
This paper highlights the position of agroforestry in post-Kyoto arrangements, particularly the mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). It summarizes the prospects to mitigate global climate change and adaptation, especially in Africa, where the majority of agroforestry systems occur. Since long agroforestry is known as a management approach to sustain farms and landscapes, enhance livelihoods of smallholder farmers, and to promote biodiversity conservation, particularly in the tropics. This is possible by constant supply of multiple important goods and services, and by increasing land productivity and rural incomes. However, the importance of agroforestry has received recently high attention from both industrialized and developing countries. It provides sustainable and low-cost opportunities to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) concentrations in the atmosphere, and as natural adaptation measure to climate change effects. Current global prediction models show that area under agroforestry management will increase substantially. Thus, it reveals even more opportunity to capture and store CO 2 (C sequestration) and to enhance GHGs sinks. In conclusion, this paper highlighs efforts to incorporate agroforestry into national REDD+ strategies in Africa.
Allometric models for estimating tree volume and aboveground biomass in lowland forests of Tanzania
(International Journal of Forestry Research, 2016) Mugasha, Wilson Ancelm; Mwakalukwa, Ezekiel Edward; Luoga, Emannuel; Malimbwi, Rogers Ernest; Zahabu, Eliakimu; Silayo, Dos Santos; Sola, Gael; Crete, Philippe; Henry, Matieu; Kashindye, Almas
Models to assist management of lowland forests in Tanzania are in most cases lacking. Using a sample of 60 trees which were destructively harvested from both dry and wet lowland forests of Dindili in Morogoro Region (30 trees) and Rondo in Lindi Region (30 trees), respectively, this study developed site specific and general models for estimating total tree volume and aboveground biomass. Specifically the study developed (i) height-diameter (ht-dbh) models for trees found in the two sites, (ii) total, merchantable, and branches volume models, and (iii) total and sectional aboveground biomass models of trees found in the two study sites. The findings show that site specific ht-dbh model appears to be suitable in estimating tree height since the tree allometry was found to differ significantly between studied forests. The developed general volume models yielded unbiased mean prediction error and hence can adequately be applied to estimate tree volume in dry and wet lowland forests in Tanzania. General aboveground biomass model appears to yield biased estimates; hence, it is not suitable when accurate results are required. In this case, site specific biomass allometric models are recommended. Biomass allometric models which include basic wood density are highly recommended for improved estimates accuracy when such information is available.
Amending traditional substrate rice straw with agroforestry tree foliage increases production cycle and nutritional value of pleurotus floridanus
(AJOL, 2021) Andrew, Samora M.; Mbwambo, John R.
The recent heightened attention on mushrooms has not considered shortening the production time and increasing nutritional value using substrates from agroforestry trees in addition to traditionally used agro-industrial residues. This study therefore, examined harvesting time, protein and essential minerals of Pleurotus floridanus grown on rice straw amended with Gliricidia sepium foliage in Morogoro, Tanzania. Mushrooms were cultivated in 30 x 40 cm 4 kg dry weight polythene bags in randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment. Results showed that the addition of 5% G. sepium into rice straw reduced total time between spawning and first harvest of P. floridanus. Gliricidia sepium increased significantly (P < 0.05) protein contents of the mushrooms by up to 40%. The addition of 5–10% G. sepium into rice straw increased significantly (P < 0.05) manganese, copper and zinc in the mushrooms. The decrease in production time and high increase in protein and mineral contents indicate that agroforestry trees have the potential to increase production cycles and nutritional value of P. floridanus. Therefore, use of foliage from agroforestry trees in combination with traditional substrates for mushroom production could help fight malnutrition, improve food security and enhance income.
Appropriate plant growth regulators and genotypes for propagation of jojoba (simmondsia simmondsia chinensis l.) cuttings in semi-arid areas of voi, Kenya
(2016) Inoti, Shadrack; Chamshama, Shabani; Lulandala, Lulther; Thagana, Wilson; Dodson, Rob
Jojoba is a dioecious desert shrub which produces high quality oil used in cosmetics and lubrication. An experiment was conducted to identify the most appropriate plant growth regulators and genotypes for Jojoba propagation. A 4x4 factorial arrangement laid down in a randomized complete block design was used with 16 treatments replicated 3 times. Treatments comprised of 4 factors of growth regulators and 4 types of genotypes. The Th e experiment was carried out for 5 months in 2013. The variables sampled included roots, leaves and shoot. ANOVA was carried out using SAS statistical package and means were separated using Duncan , s Multiple Range Test at p ≤ 0.05. Results showed that Anatone Anat one growth regulator gave significantly superior rooting of 24.2% for cuttings compared with the control (11.5%). The male genotypes showed significantly higher rooting of 24.2 24.2-37.6% compared with the females (2.2-7.6%). (2.2 7.6%). Anatone is recommended for propagat propagation of cuttings in a polythene sheet tunnel since it is also cheap and readily available from agri agri-veterinary shops. Further research is recommended on screening of a wide range of genotypes especially the females and plant growth regulators for future propagation pro of Jojoba
Are miombo woodlands vital to livelihoods of rural households? Evidence from Urumwa and surrounding communities, Tabora, Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis, 2013) Njana, Marco A.; Kajembe, George C.; Malimbwi, Rogers E.
This study investigated contribution of miombo woodland resources accrued from Urumwa Forest Reserve (UFR) to income of rural households. Data and conclusions are based on 84 randomly surveyed households in four villages adjacent to UFR. Using descriptive statistics, the analysis was guided by the sustainable livelihood framework conceptual model. Results show that the miombo woodlands of the UFR account for 42% of total household income. Further analysis reveals that woodlands contribute 28% and 59% of non-monetary and monetary income, respectively. This demonstrates a significant role played by miombo woodlands. Woodland resources contribute to household income through various livelihood activities. Accordingly the woodland resources accrued from the UFR cover human basic needs. Results from this study empirically demonstrate the vital role played by miombo woodlands in either supporting current consumption or serving as safety net. It is, therefore, recommended that current and future management strategies in the forest sector emphasize forest and livelihood dimensions for sustainability of both livelihood and forest and woodland resources.
Assessment of effective control methods for parthenium weed in maize fields
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2019) Wambura, H. D.; Kudra, A. B.; Andrew, S. M.; Witt, A.
In the near future, labour to assist in weed management in the villages will become scarce and expensive, because of population drift from villages to cities. It is necessary to develop cheaper methods of weed management that will reduce weed impact on maize yield. A field experiment was conducted at the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI), Arusha-Tanzania during the long rain season of 2017, to identify control methods for parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Treatments were hand hoeing (twice), mulches (dry grass and cowpeas), application of 2, 4-D (twice), weed free plots and un-weeded plots. Data collected include plant height at flowering (m), leaf length and width (m), number of leaves at flowering, number of days to (tasseling, silking and milking), tassel length (m), number of days to maize maturity, plant height at maturity (m), number of plants harvested, ear length and diameter (m), number of kernel rows/ear, number of kernels/row and grain yield (t/ha)at 12% moisture content, parthenium weed plant height (m), canopy width (m), and number of parthenium plants before weeding, height (m) and number of parthenium plants at maize maturity. Statistical analysis was performed using Genstat software (16th edition) and means were separated by Tukey’s mean separation test at p≤0.05. The results show that, mulches significantly reduced parthenium height and population in the maize crop at maturity (p<0.05). Plant height at flowering, leaf length and width, number of days to tasseling, tassel length, number of days to silking, milking, maturity, plant height at maturity and number of plants harvested were not significantly affected by any of the weed management methods. Thus mulching and 2, 4-D were found to be the best methods for controlling parthenium weed growth and population.
Assessment of the current status of wildlife captive facilities in Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2022) Mng'ong'o, Z. G.
Wildlife captive facilities (WCF) in Tanzania include; wildlife ranches, wildlife farms, proposed orphanage centers, and zoos. However, information on species composition, abundance, the users of different WCF, costs and benefits of operating WCF is scarcely known in Tanzania. The study was conducted in 71 WCF found in 16 regions of Tanzania, within five TAWA Management zones. Key informant interview was used to collect data from either WCF (owners, managzers, care takers) and Conservation officers from TAWA. Direct observation and counts were used to collect data on the types and numbers of animal species respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to determine frequency and percentage of type and purpose of establishing WCF, origin of species and number of users of WCF. Cost-benefit analysis of WCF was analyzed through Gross Profit Margin. The results showed that Tanzania has a total of 71 WCF, (28 active and 41 dormant and 1proposed orphanage center) and the major purpose of establishing WCF were business and community services (education and recreation). About 182 different species are housed in different captive facilities. The most abundant species are Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) (279), Impala (Aepyceros melampus) and (172), Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) (111). The major sources of animals are capturing from wilderness and acquiring from other Wildlife captive facilities. The main users of WCF are both local and foreign visitors. Annually 223 404 local visitors and 1 781 foreign visitors visit WCF. Main source of revenue in WCF is visiting fees. Most WCF run under loss, specifically zoos by 78.9%. Also, WCF facing the following challenges; Long process to streamline investment and high costs of operation, lack of consultancy, poor relationship between investors and moderator, and lack of banks recognition to the investors. Generally, the study recommends further studies on monitoring the existence of WCF with emphasis on the international standard requirements for establishing, operating and managing of WCF.
Assessment of the effects of uranium exploration on wildlife, vegetation and tourism in Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation, 2023) Mariki, S.B.; Azihou, A.F; Assede, E.P.S; Sengelela, M; Byamungu, R.M.
Mineral resources are potential for economic development of any endowed country. However, mining is generally associated with serious negative impacts on existing ecosystems where operations are carried out. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of uranium exploration on wildlife population, vegetation, and tourists’ visitation in Selous ecosystem in Tanzania. Data collection took place in different periods from 2016 to 2017 through household questionnaire surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations, nested plots, and secondary data reviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 20 software. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis through systematic coding and theme identification. Findings show that poaching was a leading illegal activity (55%) in the area. Further effects reported and observed were habitat fragmentation, introduction of alien species, and noise pollution. About 478.57 trees (with dbh greater than 5 cm) per ha were removed to expand the main road to the mining site. However, the number of tourist visitation in the area was almost constant. This study recommends that the government, through its ministries, should address the weakness identified and put measures in place that will reduce adverse impacts during mining process.
At the heart of REDD+: a role for local people in monitoring forests?
(Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 2011) Danielsen, Finn; Skutsch, Margaret; Burgess, Neil D; Jensen, Per Moestrup; Andrianandrasana, Herizo; Karky, Bhaskar; Lewis, Richard; Lovett, Jon C; Ngaga, Yonika; Phartiyal, Pushkin; Poulsen, Michael Køie; Singh, S. P; Solis, Silvia; Sørensen, Marten; Tewari, Ashish; Young, Richard; Zahabu, Eliakimu
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+) is a policy mechanism now agreed under the United Na- tions Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from developing countries through the sustainable management of forests, while providing co-benefits of biodiversity conserva- tion and livelihood support. Implementation challenges include linking remote sensing and national forest inventories of carbon stocks, to local implementa- tion and measuring carbon loss from forest degradation. Community-based forest monitoring can help overcome some of these challenges. We show that local people can collect forest condition data of comparable quality to trained scientists, at half the cost. We draw on our experience to propose how and where local REDD+ monitoring can be established. Empowering communities to own and monitor carbon stocks could provide a rapid and cost-effective way of absorbing carbon dioxide emissions, while potentially contributing to local livelihoods and forest biodiversity conservation.
Bamboo: a potential resource for contribution to industrial development of Tanzania
(Researchgate, 2019) Lyimo, J. P.; Malimbwi, R.; Samora, A. M.; Aloyce, E.; Kitasho, N. M.; Sirima, A. A.; Emily, C. J.; Munishi, P. K.; Shirima, D. D.; Mauya, E.; Chidodo, S.; Mwakalukwa, E.E.; Silayo, D.S.A; Mlyuka, G. R.
Bamboo is an important non-timber forest product and a major wood substitute. Itcan be processed and fabricated into different products as a substitute for wood products at an industrial scale. However, the available information on bamboo resources availability, its properties and potential for contribution towards Sustainable Development Goals is limited. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the potentials of bamboo resources for sustainable industrial development in Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at exploringavailable bamboo resources, unique propertiesand its potential for contribution to Sustainable Development Goals in Tanzania. We conducted a comprehensive literature review in Tanzania mainland, supported by field visits to validate the National Forest inventory bamboo data. We used meta-analysis to generate descriptive statistics of the variables of interest. Results show that bamboo covers about 1,025,033 ha in Tanzania mainland, dominated by Yushania alpina, Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa bambos and Oxytenanthera abyssinica. Bamboo has unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties compared to wood, steel, cements and plastics, ithas many unique properties related to strength, elasticity and lightness, which could be used to contribute towards Tanzania industrial development ambitions.Use of bamboo resources can contribute to achievement ofsix of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
Biomass and carbon storage of a tropical montane rain forest ecosystem in Nothern Tanzania
(2004-01-14) Munishi, P; Maliondo, S; Msanya, M; Malimbwi, E
Field measures of tree dimensions and chemical soil analysis for organic carbon were used to quantify and estimate the biomass and carbon storage potential of a tropical montane rain forest ecosystem in Kilimanjaro, northern Tanzania. Permanent sample plots measuring 20m x 20m were established in six different sites in the forest and all trees > 6cm DBH enumerated. Samples from thirty trees representative of the forest were weighed in the laboratory for biomass determination. The sample tree data were used to develop biomass equations as a function of diameter at breast height (DBH). Carbon content was computed as 49% of the biomass for each site. Soil organic carbon was obtained by laboratory analysis of soil samples taken at different depths of a soil profile dug at each plot centre. The developed biomass equations and the soil organic carbon were used to estimate the biomass and carbon storage per hectare for the forest. The soil carbon storage was significantly higher than that in tree biomass: the aboveground and root carbon of trees averaged 17.64 tons/ha, while the soil carbon averaged 1424 tons/ha. The decrease of soil carbon with depth results from the greater accumulation of organic matter in the surface horizons. The higher carbon content of the soil is attributed to large quantities of organic matter resulting from leaf fall. The high density of small roots in the soil may also be a factor. The potential of this ecosystem to act as a carbon sink and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions is evident.
Biomass and volume models based on stump diameter for assessing degradation of Miombo woodlands in Tanzania
(Hindawi, 2019) Manyanda, Bernardol John; Mugasha, Wilson Ancelm; Nzunda, Emannuel F; Malimbwi, Rogers Ernest
Models to estimate forest degradation in terms of removed volume and biomass from the extraction of wood fuel and logging using stump diameter (SD) are lacking. The common method of estimating removals is through estimating diameter at breast height (D) by applying equations relating measured D and SD. The estimated D is then used to estimate biomass and volume by means of allometric equations, which utilize D. Through this sequence of procedures, it is apparent that there is an accumulation of errors. This study developed equations for estimating volume, aboveground biomass (ABG), and belowground biomass (BGB) using SD in miombo woodlands of mainland Tanzania. Volume models were developed from 114 sample trees while AGB and BGB models were developed from 127 and 57 sample trees, respectively. Both site specific and regional models were developed. Over 70% of the variations in BGB, AGB, and volume were explained by SD. It was apparent that SD is inferior compared to measured D in explaining variation in volume and BGB but not AGB. However, the accuracy of BGB and volume estimates emanating directly from SD were far better than those obtained indirectly, i.e., volume or BGB estimates obtained from estimated D from SD, since the latter is affected by accumulation of regression equation errors. For improved accuracy of ABG, BGB, and volume estimates, we recommend the use of site specific models. However, for areas with no site specific models, application of regional models is recommended. The developed models will facilitate the addition of forest degradation as a REDD+ activity into the forthcoming FREL.
Bird flight initiation distances in relation to distance from human settlements in a Tanzanian floodplain habitat
(Springer, 2014-09-26) Bjørvik, Linn M.; Dale, Svein; Hermansen, Gudmund H.; Munishi, Pantaleo K. T.; Moe, Stein R.
Human activity affects wildlife in many ways, but there have been few studies of how wildlife behav- ioural responses to human disturbance vary with distance from centres of human activity. Theory suggests that fear responses may be either higher in areas with high distur- bance (disturbance avoidance) or lower in such areas (e.g. due to habituation). We used flight initiation distance (FID) to study how fear responses of 16 bird species varied with distance from villages (range 0.1–11.6 km) within the Ramsar site of Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. A linear model indicated that FID was not related to distance from villages, but varied between habitats. However, a piecewise linear model (linear response up to 2 km, flat response [2 km from villages) provided a better fit and suggested that there may be a small decrease in FID close to human settlements, in particular for the Common Bulbul (Pycn- onotus barbatus) and a few other species, although the majority of species still showed little change in FID with distance from human settlements. Our results suggest that a few species may respond to human disturbance with a decreased FID, whereas the majority of species showed little variation in FID in relation to distance from human settlements, and may therefore be negatively affected by increasing frequency of human disturbance.
Bird species composition and diversity in habitats with different disturbance histories at Kilombero Wetland, Tanzania
(SciRes, 2013-11) Ntongani, W. A.; Andrew, S. M.
Wetland natural grasslands are important habi- tats for avian populations throughout the world. Unfortunately the increase of human population and rise in demand for settlements and agricul- tural land have degraded these habitats in many tropical wetlands. To effectively restore these natural grasslands and conserve avifaunal bio- diversity, understanding of the relationships be- tween habitat conditions and bird community structure are central. We used a combination of information from nearby villagers and field sur- veys to establish two important grassland habi- tats with low and high disturbance histories, and related the habitats to bird community structure. We surveyed a total of 119 sites in the two habi- tats to examine variation in the abundance, rich- ness, diversity and composition of birds at Kilo- mbero Wetland Tanzania. In total, 3049 indivi- duals, 126 species, 88 genera and 45 families were recorded from Kilombero grasslands. Our results show that grasslands with low human disturbance had more number of bird species, genera, families and diversity (both Shannon- Wiener and Simpson) than the most disturbed grasslands at p < 0.05. However, the abundance and Shannon evenness of birds were not dif- ferent (p > 0.05) between low and highly dis- turbed grassland habitats suggesting that other factors including variety of foraging sites are important. This study confirms that the wetland grasslands of Kilombero are important for con- servation of birds including rare and endemic species. It is recommended that anthropogenic disturbances should be minimized including control of fire, regulation of agricultural activities and population of cattle within the wetland sys- tem to restore and conserve biodiversity.
Capturing and explaining preference heterogeneity for wetland management options in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2014) Speelman, S.; Mombo, F.; Vandermeulen, V.; Phillip, D.; Van Huylenbroeck, G.
Wetland degradation has recently received considerable research attention. Although wetlands are valuable ecosystems, their actual value is difﬁcult to measure because the services they provide often do not have market values. The current study seeks to investigate the preferences for wetland management options in the Kilombero Valley, central Tanzania using choice modeling. The results show that both respondents from the Kilombero Valley and Morogoro Municipality desire improvements in the condition of the wetlands. This indicates that the ongoing degradation is not socially optimal. A second ﬁnding is that the preferences for wetland conservation are heterogeneous and can be linked to livelihood characteristics. Communities living in the area, for example, are highly dependent on the wetland for their livelihood and would be impacted by conservation measures. Therefore, in order to reduce the pressure on wetlands, it is necessary and imperative to explore the options for alternative income-generating activities or to focus, for example, on technologies to improve efﬁciency and effectiveness in crop production.
Capturing household preferences on solid waste management services in urban areas of developing countries
(Scientific Publishing Group, 2017) Bigirwa, D.; Mombo, F.
Solid waste generation is an increasing global problem. The problem is more pronounced in developing countries due to experienced budget constraints and lack of strong institutions in the management of waste collections and disposals. Local government authorities in Tanzania have made efforts to ensure proper solid waste management especially in urban areas. Despite these initiatives solid waste management is still a key environmental problem in most urban areas of the country. This may be due to non-inclusion of household preferences on solid waste management when designing solid waste management services. A Choice Experiment Method was used in this study to determine household preferences on solid waste management services in order to design sustainable solid waste management services in Kinondoni municipality. The results showed that both low and high income households in Kinondoni Municipality prefer solid waste management services. The mostly preferred solid waste management service attributes were frequency of solid waste collection and use of vehicles while provision of polythene bags attribute was not preferred by households. The findings showed that are high variations in household preferences for solid waste management services caused mainly by socio-economic characteristics such as income. In order to improve solid waste management in Kinondoni municipality, policy makers and solid waste management service providers should incorporate household preferences on solid waste management services when designing these services.
Carbon stocks of Hanang forest, Tanzania: An implication for climate mitigation
(Academic Journal, 2014-03) Swai, Godgift; Ndangalasi, Henry J; Munishi, Pantaleo K.T; Shirima, Deo D
The study assessed carbon stocks of Hanang mountain forest, Tanzania. Thirty-four sample plots (40 × 50 m) were established along an altitudinal gradient. All trees with diameter at breast height ≥10 cm were identified and measured, and herb species and soil were sampled from four 1 × 1 m quadrats -1 within 10 × 10 m subplots. Mean carbon stock was 48.37 and 0.26 t C ha for tree and herb species, -1 respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was 64.2, 41.93 and 31.0 t C ha in the upper, mid and lower layers, respectively. It was found that there was significant difference in tree carbon (p<0.05) along an altitudinal gradient. However there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in herbaceous carbon and SOC in the three layers along an altitudinal gradient. Tree carbon was low compared to other tropical areas where allometric models were employed. In contrast, SOC was high compared to other similar forests in the tropics. Anthropogenic threats will likely diminish the SOC hence conservation measures are needed.
Carbon storage, structure and composition of miombo woodlands in Tanzania’s Eastern Arc Mountains
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011) Shirima, Deo D.; Munishi, Pantaleo K. T.; Lewis, Simon L.; Burgess, Neil D.; Marshall, Andrew R.; Balmford, A.; Swetnam, Ruth D.; Zahabu, E.M
We determine the aboveground biomass and carbon stor- age (ABGC) of trees and the herbaceous layer in miombo woodland in the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) of Tanza- nia. In four 1-ha sample plots in Nyanganje and Kitonga Forests, we measured all trees ‡10 cm diameter alongside height and wood mass density. The plots contained an average of 20 tree species ha )1 (range 11–29) and 344 stems ha )1 (range 281–382) with Shannon diversity values of 1.05 and 1.25, respectively. We weighted nine previously published woody savannah allometric models based on whether: (i) the model was derived from the same geographical region; (ii) the model included tree height ⁄ - wood mass density in addition to stem diameter; and (iii) sample size was used to fit the model. The weighted mean ABGC storage from the nine models range from 13.5 ± 2 to 29.8 ± 5 Mg ha )1 . Measured ABGC storage in the herbaceous layer, using the wet combustion method, adds 0.55 ± 0.02 Mg C ha )1 . Estimates suggest that EAM miombo woodlands store a range of 13–30 Mg ha )1 of carbon. Although the estimates suggest that miombo woodlands store significant quantities of carbon, caution is required as this is the first estimate based on in situ data.
The challenges and opportunities conservation initiatives may present on livelihoods to smallholders in Mgori Community Based Forest Reserve
(2012) Abdallah, J.M; Majule, A.E; Mwakisu, A. I.
Changes of conservation initiatives aim at balancing sustainability of forest resources and rural livelihoods. Little is known on influence of conservation to livelihoods. This study assessed people’s livelihood assets and the way conservation institutions modify access to the assets, and its implications to poverty. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Ninety seven households were randomly selected from three villages. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data while SPSS computer software was used for quantitative data analysis. There was reduced access to livelihood assets especially natural assets attributable to conservation initiative. Respondents (60%) felt that they pay for conservation more than they benefit from the conservation. Household income sources were: agriculture (54.1%), environmental income (5.6%) and non-farm and off-farms contributed (40.3%). The total household income increased with increase in agricultural crop sales (especially finger millets) and the relationship was significant (P<0.01). Majority (75%) perceived that climate change may impact smallholders’ livelihoods directly through a change in rainfall and temperatures, but 90% observed that mitigation such as REDD initiatives may also lead to serious challenges to smallholders due to restrictions on access to land. Restrictions attributable to conservations (environmental income), increased income inequality. The inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient increased significantly without environmental income in Mughunga (0.1), Ngimu (0.01) and Pohama (0.01). Generally, without environmental income, the overall Gini coefficient decreased to 0.08 units. Community’s perception on increased conservation initiative e.g. towards REDD for poverty reduction was negative. Under current conservation initiative the wildlife conflicts were reported high (88%), among them 58% of the respondents attributed the extent of conflicts due to conservation. Pressure on land around Mogori Community Based Forest Management increased due to population growth and the demand for cultivating drought resistant crops (e.g. finger millets). REDD introduction, should be handled in a broader context in order to try avoiding adverse effects on smallholders’ access to resources and, hence, to their livelihoods.
Challenges of producing quality tree seeds to support afforestation in Tanzania
(Tanzania Forest Fund (TAFORI), 2018-10) Msanga, H. P.; Masunga, E. W.; Andrew, S. M.; Fandey, F. H.
There is an increase of awareness among local communities, NGOs, the private sector and government agencies on the importance of afforestation in fostering the supply of important environmental goods and services. However, in order to sustain the afforestation initiatives and realize the anticipated impacts, quality seed production is critical. The history of tree seed production in Tanzania started as early as the 1902. In the 1970’s, the Government launched the national tree planting campaigns which led to the establishment of the National Tree Seed Programme (NTSP) in 1989. Following Government reforms, NTSP was transformed to Tanzania Tree Seed Agency (TTSA) in 2003. TTSA mandate is to produce and market high quality tree seed and other propagating materials. Currently, there is an increasing demand for quality tree seed for afforestation both locally and internationally. This paper identifies the challenges facing the production of quality tree seeds such as seed quality, low investments in tree seed industry, inadequate policy, and specific law to regulate and control tree seed quality, human resource limitations, and inadequate institutional integration with related expertise, research and climate change. Others issues include, problems of seed dormancy for some species, inadequate data on individual seed protocol for storage and germination. In addressing these challenges, the paper recommends investment in establishing as many seed orchards as possible, integrating institutions with related discipline at each node to create a multiplier effect on abundance, quality, and distribution as well as financing the tree seed industry, support training and recognition of the tree seed industry through policy and legal mechanisms.

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