Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

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Impacts of gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth and yield of green beans (phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northern Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2026-01-15) Leonard, J. A.; Ng’imba, Y. M.; Muhogora, F. E.; Laswai, E. V.; Mwakalyelye, E. M.; SaidI, A. A.; SaidI, A. A.; Aman, N. M.; Muhamba, T. G.
Green bean production in Tanzania ranges from 6 to 8 t/h which is far below the potential yield of 15 to 20 t/ha, which is largely caused by poor soil fertility of most of Tanzania’s land. Gibberellic acids (GAs) are naturally occurring growth-stimulating substances used to promote the growth and development of many plant species. Therefore, the study was carried out to determine the effects of Gibberellic acid growth hormone on the growth and yield of green beans at field conditions. The experiment was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications and five treatments at TARI - Tengeru research farm from May to August 2023. Treatments were negative control, with three rates of Gibberellic acid (6.25 g/ha, 12.5 g/ha, and 18.75 g/ha) and Snow Paushak (500 ml/ha) as positive control. Data on growth and yield variables were collected at 33, 40, 47, 54, and 62 days after planting (DAP). The results showed that the application of GA3 significantly (p<0.05) increased the leaf area index of green beans at 33 DAP. Also, the application of GA3 at 40, 47, and 54 DAP significantly (p<0.05) affected the plant height of green beans whereby GA3 (18.75 g/ha) showed the highest. The highest plant fresh weight was recorded at GA3 at 12.5 g/ha (13.39 t/ha) with the equivalent of 11.86% yield increase, followed by GA3 at 18.75 g/ha (12.72 t/ha) with the equivalent of 6.27% yield increase. This study concluded that the use of 12.5 g/ha up to 18.75 g/ha GA3 can be used as an alternative foliar fertilizer since it has shown a significant improvement in the yield of green beans. This will contribute to economic development and livelihood by engaging communities in the production of green beans. Further study particularly on economic aspects is recommended before upscaling of this practice.
Genetic polymorphism of cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) landraces commonly grown by Ruvuma Region farmers using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) Dominick, Liberatus
The study aimed at investigating the morphological and genetic relationships of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces grown in Ruvuma Region in Tanzania. Thirty nine cassava landraces were collected from farmers’ fields in August, 2006. Purposive sampling was used to select study villages. The cluster analysis and similarity matrix was computed using morphological traits and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers based on Jaccard’s coefficient following the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) method using Sequential and Hierarchical Numeric option (SAHN) program of NTSY-pc. A set of 13 SSR primers out of 20 that were screened generated 75 (84.3%) polymorphic bands out of 89 amplified DNA bands. Morphological characterization, SSR allele diversity and association mapping were performed using 22 morphological characters and 13 selected SSR primers. The jaccard’s coefficient for morphological traits and SSR markers varied from 0.53-0.91 and 0.33-0.88, respectively. The result obtained showed that use of morphological traits and SSR markers readily distinguished the 39 cassava landraces at 0.91 and 0.88 similarity coefficients, respectively. The results, summarized on both dendrograms, showed narrow genetic diversity among the cassava landraces. Further, the dendrogram showed inter and intra-cluster variation among the landraces used providing scope for its improvement through hybridization and selection. In both methods used (i.e. morphological and SSR techniques) no cassava duplicate was identified, the most morphologically closely related cassava landraces were Sindani and Ndingtwaka with similarity coefficient of 0.91. Similarly the most genetically closely relatediii cassava landraces were Mama and Mahuhu that had jaccard coefficient similarity of 0.88. The result from the two methods used in study indicated that only four landraces (i.e. Pesangani, Chilabula, Mwaya and K.asindand') were found to be unrelated both morphologically and genetically. Such findings indicate that these four cassava landraces could be included in National Cassava Improvement Programs (NCIP) in Tanzania.
Pathogenicity of purpureocillium lilacinum and clonostachys rosea against fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) under laboratory conditions
(PLOS One, 2026-03-16) Mussa,Abel Jonathan; Kabota, Sija; Ruboha, Joseph O.; Martin, Martin John; Mwatawala, Maulid W.
Background Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) threatens staple crops across Africa. Integrating entomopathogenic fungi into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) offers a sustainable alternative to sole reliance on insecticides. This study quantified the pathogenicity of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Clonostachys rosea against S. frugiperda under controlled conditions. Methods Second-fifth instar larvae and eggs were exposed to 1 × 107, 1 × 108, and 1 × 109 conidia mL-1 of each fungus; sterile water served as control. Mortality was recorded over 3–9 days after treatment (DAT); feeding reduction was measured gravimetrically. Larval mortality was analyzed with GLMs/GLMMs (binomial-probit); feeding reduction by ANOVA/Tukey; LD50 and LT50 were estimated from dose-response models. Results Larval mortality was significantly affected by concentration × time interaction and declined with advancing larval stage. Peak larval mortality was reached at a concentration of 1 × 109 conidia mL-1 at 9 DAT. Feeding consumption reduction was significantly affected by larval instar, EPF species, and instar × concentration. Feeding reduction reached 60−74% in early instars at the highest dose. Egg mortality was primarily concentration-dependent with maximum values (up to 82% and 88% for P. lilacinum and C. rosea, respectively) at the dose of 1 × 109 conidia mL-1 highest dose. Our findings supported the study hypothesis that efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against S. frugiperda is primarily driven by interaction of spore concentration and exposure time across the host developmental stages, rather than the interaction of fungal species. The consistent susceptibility of early instars and the strong concentration-dependent responses highlight the functional potential of these native fungi as biologically relevant components of sustainable IPM strategies. Conclusions Native P. lilacinum and C. rosea display dose‑, stage‑, and time‑dependent pathogenicity and feeding suppression against S. frugiperda. These species are promising candidates for IPM; field validation and formulation optimization are the next steps.
Floral visitation of European honey bees and hoverflies in selected cultivated cucurbitaceous crops in Morogoro, Eastern-Central Tanzania
(PLOS One, 2025-05-12) Rweyemamu, Elvillah William; Kabota, Sija; Tryphone, George Muhamba; Meyer, Marc De; Mwatawala, Maulid Walad
Cucurbit production in many parts of the world is constrained by the absence of effective pollinators. Due to the decline of European honey bees (Apis mellifera), main pollinators of cucurbits, there is a need to explore other cucurbits flowers visiting insects to supplement pollination services and for their conservation. Studies were carried out in the two agroecological zones of Morogoro Region, Eastern - Central Tanzania. We assessed visitation abundance, visitation frequency and visitation rate of four cucurbits flowers visiting insects under the family Syrphidae [Eristalinus megacephalus, Mesembrius caffer, Paragus borbonicus and Toxomerus floralis] and A. mellifera on cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Citrullus lana- tus) and squash (Cucurbita moschata). Field trials were conducted in a 5 × 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design for two seasons. Results showed significant effects of the interaction between agroecological zones × cucurbit species × season × flowers visiting insects on visitation abundance, visitation frequency and visitation rate (p < 0.0001) of flower visiting species. Apis mellifera was the dominant species in cucurbit flowers at both agroecological zones during the two growing seasons. Given its relatively higher visitation, T. floralis is a promising hoverfly species to be explored for its role in the pollination of C. sativus and C. lanatus. Agroecological zone, season and cucurbit species determined the visitation of European honey bees and hoverflies on cucurbits flowers. Cucurbit growers are suggested to employ management practices on farms that favour the abundance and foraging activities of these flower visiting insects for improved and sustainable cucurbit production.
Enhancing cassava disease detection using CNN models trained from scratch: a comparative study with transfer learning approaches
(East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2026-01-15) Kifyoga F. C.; Ishengoma, F. S.; Mahenge, M. P. J.; Mwaipopo, B; Madege, R. R; Sanga, C. A.
Agriculture is a vital sector, with farmers playing a crucial role in producing food and supporting the global population. However, plant diseases pose significant challenges, leading to substantial crop yield losses and threatening food security. Artificial intelligence models, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are widely used for object identification and image classification. Although transfer learning techniques help reduce computation time, CNNs often struggle to differentiate between highly similar images because of the limited flexibility in configuring and fine-tuning parameters. To address issues related to random configuration, feature selection, and model architecture, we present a CNN model with 15 layers, trained from scratch. This approach allows for a setup and design better suited to the task of distinguishing similar images. The proposed model is compared to two other CNN-based transfer learning models, InceptionV3 and VGG16, which are trained solely on the top layers with fixed bottom layers. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model outperformed the other models by 24%, achieving an accuracy of 84% over 50 epochs. The experimental results suggest that the proposed approach can achieve even better performance with additional training epochs, as the model's training graph was still improving.
Pre-harvest Loss Assessment of Maize crop in Semi-arid Areas in Tanzania Due to Rodent pests
(African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2022) Mlyashimbi, Emmanuel C. M.; Kimaro, Didas N.; Tarimo, Akwilin J. P.; Machang’u, Robert S.; Isabirye, Moses; Makundi, Rhodes H; Leirs, Herwig; Massawe,Apia W.; Mdangi, Mashaka E.; Belmain, Steven R.; Mulungu, Loth S.
Two experiments were conducted, first was to estimate maize seedling damage in farmers’ fields and a simulation experiment. This study aim to investigate the impact of rodent pest species, damage to maize crop in semi-arid areas at pre-harvest, with a view to provide farmers with appropriate information on rodent pest management interventions. In farmers’ fields, damage assessment was done by counting the number of damaged or removed seedlings at each planting hole while yield loss was determined from simulation experiment at five damage levels, viz; 0, 10, 25, 50, and 75% by removing seedlings per plot. Variation of damaged maize seedlings was compared between soil type and fields. The fields with black clay soils had higher damage of maize seedling (mean = 59.201±1.714) as compared to sandy loam soils (means = 49.742±1.714). The damage ranged from 30.17 to 71.91% in different fields. However, no effect was observed between interactions of maize fields and soil types. Results from simulation experiment showed no significant difference (p = 0.2357) among maize damage levels, although relatively higher yield losses were observed at 75%, while lowest yield losses in the control (0%). The increased seedling damage has an impact on final harvest; therefore, ecologically- based rodent management strategies appear to be good solution for reducing crop damage and should be encouraged to improve food security for smallholder farmers.
Derivation of seed viability constants (KE and CW) and prediction of seed longevity for spider plant (Cleome gynandra)
(Seed Science and Technology, 2026) Kaweya, Baraka S.; N’Danikou, Sognigbé; Shango, Abdul J.; Sanga, Hilda G.; Kabululu, Mujuni S.; Hamisy, William; Tryphone, George M.; Zonneveld, Maarten van
Amid environmental challenges and the need for global food security, preserving and using plant genetic resources is vital. The expanded seed viability equation predicts longevity under varying storage conditions using species specific constants. While temperature-related constants (CH and CQ) are universally applicable across species, those related to seed moisture (CW) and inherent longevity (KE) vary by species and must be determined individually for accurate predictions. This study used spider plant (Cleome gynandra) to determine viability constants and establish seed longevity under genebank dry storage conditions. The seeds were subjected to experimental storage at 45°C and varied seed moisture contents (7.3, 11.7, 12.8, 14.2 and 15.3%) for 125 days to generate survival curves and hence, KE and CW: 7.656 and 3.55, respectively. The validation of these constants demonstrates their effectiveness in predicting seed longevity for other lots within the same species, showing no significant intraspecific variation. This study provides seed custodians and technologists with a reliable framework to accurately estimate the longevity of spider plant seeds under cold dry storage conditions using the viability equation and the constants derived herein.
Screening of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) genotypes for yield performance in three agro-ecological zones of Tanzania
(East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2026-01-15) BUJIKU, A. M.; CHILAGANE, L. A.; MAKURU, H. D.; THOMAS, P. S.; 1 TRYPHONE, G. M.
Groundnut is one of the most important oilseed crops and the most important food crop in the world. It is one of the four economically important oilseeds grown in Tanzania. Groundnut is normally produced by small-scale farmers, particularly women, as leverage crop for both food and cash crops in all Tanzanian agricultural and ecological zones. However, its production is constrained by several biotic and abiotic factors. The presence of environmental effects on the genotype performance (G*E) is one of the major constraints of production. This study sought to evaluate and identify widely adapted and high-yielding genotypes in three agro-ecological zones of Tanzania. A total of sixteen selected groundnut genotypes were evaluated under RCBD with three replications. Data on morphological traits, yield and yield components were collected and analysed. Results revealed the differential performance of the tested genotypes (p < 0.001). Three genotypes ICGIL 17113, NALX-22-18 and ICGV-SM 16528 have shown consistence performance across test environments that guaranteed the existence of potential to revert and combat both nutritional and better yield. The highest average yield was observed in genotype ICGV-SM 16528 having 1582 kg/ha while the lowest average yield was observed in genotype ICGV- SM 05534 having 733.05 kg/ha. Among the three genotypes, genotype ICGV-SM 16528 has shown consistent good performance across environments. As an oilseed crop, the nation may utilize those opportunities to solve the problem of the cooking oil insufficiency and nutritional issues of our communities since groundnut has important nutrients required for normal human health. Evaluated genotypes along with existing ones should be integrated in groundnut farming systems to enhance the production efficiency and the livelihoods of farming community. The breeders will use these findings to explore more genetic base of groundnuts for further improvement.
Exploring agro-ecological significance, knowledge gaps, and research priorities in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
(Frontiers in Microbiology, 2024-11) Mwampashi,Lenganji Lackson; Aneth, Japhet Magubika; Ringo,Job Frank; Theonest,, Dickson J.; Tryphone,George Muhamba; Chilagane,Luseko Amos; Nassary,Eliakira Kisetu
This systematic review examines the global agricultural relevance and practical environmental implications of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) within the phylum Glomeromycota. Following PRISMA guidelines, ensuring a comprehensive and unbiased literature review, a literature search was conducted, focusing on the functional roles of AMF in enhancing crop productivity, nutrient uptake, and soil health. Key findings reveal that AMF contribute significantly to sustainable agriculture by reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and increasing plant resilience to environmental stressors like drought, salinity, or pest resistance. The review highlights the importance of AMF in forming symbiotic relationships with plants, which enhance nutrient absorption and improve soil structure, showcasing long-term benefits such as reduced erosion or improved water retention. However, the current literature lacks in-depth exploration of the taxonomy and evolutionary aspects of AMF, as well as the specific functional roles they play in different agricultural contexts, e.g., understanding evolution could enhance strain selection for specific crops. This review identifies several urgent research gaps, including a need for a more refined understanding of AMF community dynamics under varying land management practices. For example, there are gaps in and a critical evaluation of advanced molecular techniques. Such techniques are essential for studying these interactions. Addressing these gaps will enhance the integration of AMF into sustainable agricultural systems and improve ecosystem management practices across different geographical regions. Future research should prioritize developing precise molecular imaging techniques and optimizing AMF applications for different crops and soil types to maximize their ecological and agricultural benefits. This could be practical through interdisciplinary collaboration (e.g., involving molecular biologists, agronomists, etc.). In conclusion, this review advances the practical application of AMF in agriculture and its contribution to biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems. Integrating these findings into policy frameworks could encourage sustainable farming practices, promote the adoption of AMF inoculants, and foster incentives for environmentally friendly land management strategies
Breeding rice for salinity tolerance and salt-affected soils in Africa
(UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, 2024) Mheni, Nafeti Titusi; Kilasi, Newton; Quiloy, Fergie Ann; Heredia, Maria Cristina; Bilaro, Atugonza; Meliyo, Joel; Dixit, Shalabh; Msolla, Susan Nchimbi
Salinity is one of the main factors that limit rice production globally. In Sub Saharan Africa, soil salinity has affected many countries. Understanding the available screening techniques and the mechanisms of salinity tolerance in rice is very important for dealing with soil salinity problem. This review summarizes the extent of soil salinity problems in some of the affected African countries and the available salt stress-tolerant rice genotypes. The problems, challenges and opportunities of salt-affected soils in Sub Saharan Africa are thoroughly described in this review, which also looks at breeding techniques which have been used for developing rice cultivars adapted to salt stress. Among the best option to deal with salinity-related problems is through the use of tolerant rice varieties, as many other available management approaches are not economically feasible for small-scale farmers. Also, the review discusses different approaches, both conventional and molecular breeding approaches that have greatly enhanced the current rice breeders’ toolboxes for developing salt-tolerant rice varieties. The review suggests that more efforts are required to leverage conventional breeding with molecular techniques for speedy identification of tolerant cultivars, useful markers and quantitative trait loci (Qt Ls). It is recommended that it is crucial to reinforce collaborative efforts and continuous investment in research, capacity building, and knowledge sharing for developing improved rice tolerant cultivars in order to fully address salinity problems in African.
Assessment of nodulation potential in Mung bean (V. radiata) genotypes
(2025-08-01) Paschal, Leonard Lenda
Mungbean, also known as Green gram (Vigna radiata L) is an important legume and annual crop with a sweet flavor and a soft texture when cooked . Mungbeans are a rich source of protein, fiber, vitamin B and C, and minerals making them a popular ingredient in many vegetarian and versatility in various culinary applications like soups, stews, curries, and desserts. Mungbean growth and productivity is influenced by its ability to form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be readily used by plants, through the formation of nodules on the roots of the Mungbean plant, where the rhizobia reside. The experiment aimed to assess the nodulation potential in different Mungbean varieties for better management of soil fertility. The experimental design used during research experiment was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and four treatments (four Mungbean varieties). Results showed that, there was significant difference on number of nodules both at flowering and pod filling stage at P-value <0.001. TARI GRAM 1 variety exhibited highest number of nodules at flowering and pod filling stage, 20 and 41 nodules, TARI GRAM 2 variety had 15 and 33.3. nodules, Nuru variety had 10.3 and 20 nodules while Imara variety had 11.67 and 26 nodules respectively. This indicated TARI GRAM 1 variety had superior nodulation potential and nitrogen fixation potential to improve soil fertility and crop yield in mungbean cultivation followed by TARI GRAM 2 variety. Therefore, TARI GRAM 1 and TARI GRAM 2 varieties are recommended for farmers looking to enhance soil fertility in Mungbean cultivation. The increased number of nodules on Mungbean plants leads to higher rates of nitrogen fixation efficiency resulting in greater nutrient availability in the soil as well as the overall soil fertility and sustainability.
Traditional knowledge and use of wild cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) in selected communities of Tanzania
(Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2025) Godlove, John; Lyimo, Liberatus Dominick; Tryphone, George Muhamba; Hamisy, William; Zonneveld, Maarten van; N’Danikou, Sognigbé
Wild cowpeas are utilized as food, medicine, and nutritious fodder. However, there are limited reports on the cultural significance of wild cowpeas across different agroecologies of Tanzania. This study analyzed the traditional knowledge and identified the most culturally important species. The study involved 260 respondents interviewed from 13 villages in seven districts, using descriptive and ethnobotanical methods to assess traditional knowledge. Fisher’s exact test (p = 0.0403) revealed that knowledge of wild cowpeas depends on age, not gender and education. A Pearson’s test showed significant differences in use categories of wild cowpeas among the respondents, with 31% as animal fodder, 6% as medicine, 3.5% as food, and 2.5% as green manure, while 57% did not use it. Spearman rank correlations revealed positive correlations among the variables tested, with FC and UR significantly having a high correlation index of 0.98, while the cultural value (CVe) index highly correlated with all ethnobotany indices evaluated. Vigna dekindtiana is the most culturally significant species, with the highest frequency of citation (FCs = 20), use reports (URs = 27), and cultural importance (CIs = 1.125). The leaves of V. dekindtiana have been used as animal feed and vegetables, while its roots have been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. This study revealed that wild cowpeas can be utilized in various ways, such as ecological and social aspects, and in breeding programs to improve cultivated cowpeas.
Meta-analysis of legumes and groundnut production trends and variability in the global South
(Elservier, 2024) Fukah, Francis Kloh; Magubika, Aneth Japhet; Tryphone, George Muhamba; Nassary, Eliakira Kisetu
This study examined the production trends and variability of grain legumes in the Global South from 2000 to 2022, with a particular emphasis on groundnut yields and regional differences. From 2000 to 2022, global legume production in the Southern Hemisphere increased by approximately 20–30 %, driven by rising demand for plant-based proteins and expanded cropping areas in countries like Brazil and Argentina. Improved agri- cultural practices have further enhanced yields. In contrast, groundnut production experienced a more moderate growth of around 10–15 %, influenced by favourable conditions and expanded cultivation in regions such as Argentina and South Africa. While demand for groundnuts remains strong, market fluctuations and competition with other crops continue to shape its production dynamics. The analysis covered a range of legumes, including common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan), groundnuts/pea- nuts (Arachis hypogaea), soya beans (Glycine max), bambara groundnuts (Vigna subterranea), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), lentils (Lens culinaris), mung beans (Vigna radiata), black gram (Vigna mungo), faba beans (Vicia faba), lablab beans (Lablab purpureus), tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius), African yam beans (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum), lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus), black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), adzuki beans (Vigna angularis), moth beans (Vigna aconitifolia), horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), broad beans (Vicia faba), winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Regional data revealed significant differences in legume production. In Sub-Saharan Africa, cowpeas and groundnuts are vital, with cowpeas grown over 11.4 million hectares on average yielding 450 kg ha 1, and groundnuts covering 9.1 million hectares with an average yield of 1007 kg ha 1. Chickpeas and pigeon peas dominate South Asia’s production, whereas Latin America features prominent soya bean and groundnut cultivation. Oceania’s legume farming is less extensive, focusing on chickpeas and mung beans. Descriptive statistics revealed that Egypt led in groundnut production with an average yield of 3279.1 kg ha 1 and a low coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.89 %, indicating stable production. Conversely, Mozambique had the lowest average yield at 322.9 kg ha 1, with a high CV of 30.23 %, reflecting greater variability. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified five principal components explaining 70.9 % of the total variance, with the first two components (PC 1 and PC 2) accounting for 51 %. Bangladesh and Brazil were major contributors to PC 1, while Algeria and Senegal influenced PC 2. These findings highlight the considerable regional variability in yields and stability in legume production. Future research should address these disparities and enhance resilience through targeted agricultural practices and policy interventions.
Analysing rice (Oryza sativa L.) production trends area harvested, quantity and yield stability in Tanzania
(Discover Agriculture, 2025-04) Magubika, Aneth Japhet; Fukah, Francis Kloh; Nassary, Eliakira Kisetu; Tryphone, George Muhamba
This study examined the trends in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and yield stability in Tanzania, with a focus on harvested area, total production, and yield per unit land area. We utilized data from FAOSTAT (https://w ww.fao.org/faostat/en/# home), focusing on the "Production Domains (Crop and Livestock Products)" for the "United Republic of Tanzania." Filters were applied for "Area harvested," "Yield," and "Production Quantity" under "Items (Crops, Primary)" for the period 2000–2022. Other data and information were obtained from literature and government official reports. Mixed statistical analyses (Univariate and Multivariate) were performed. The univariate was performed to assess harvested area, total production, and grain yield through descriptive statistics, while multivariate analysis examined relationships among these variables and yield stability using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results revealed a significant increase in the area harvested, peaking at 481,000 hectares in 2020, compared to 250,000 hectares in 2000. Yield fluctuations were notable, with a significant decline in 2008 (− 729.29 kg ha−1) followed by a recovery in 2018 (791.28 kg ha−1). A strong positive correlation was confirmed between harvested area and production (0.00035791) and yield (0.0013233). PCA results demonstrated that the first three principal components accounted for 87% of the total variance. Statistical tests showed substantial yield differences between 2000 and 2010, reaching 720,690.1 kg ha− 1, with yield stability between 2021 and 2022 noted, resulting in a minor difference of 18,802.6 kg ha−1. The findings reveal that harvested area significantly affects rice production, but yield variability remains a challenge. While expanding cultivated areas has increased output, yield stability is a concern. This emphasizes the need for targeted strategies to optimize cultivation and enhance food security amid changing agricultural conditions.
Combining biochar with low rate of chemical fertiliser boosts maize biomass yield, regardless of tillage system, under humid conditions
(jarts, 2019) Kiobia, Denis Olgen; Graef, Hannah A; Reuben, Paul; Kahimba, Frederick Cassian; Graef, Frieder; Eichler-Löbermann, Bettina; Silayo, Valerian C.K.
Biochar application to soils increases biomass and crop yields, especially with rates higher than 100 t ha −1 . Yet, there is limited knowledge on the combined effect of biochar and chemical fertiliser under different tillage systems. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of maize-cob biochar (BC) (rates of 5 and 10 t ha −1 ) combined with chemical fertiliser micro-dosing (MD) at a rate of 25 % of the recommended quantity on total shoot dry matter (DM) and plant height of maize cultivated under flat (F) and tied-ridge (R) practices during a humid season in Tanzania. The results indicate that combining 5 t ha −1 BC with 25 % MD increases DM at harvest by 83 % (4.16 t ha −1 ) compared to the control (2.27 t ha −1 ) and was in the same range as the DM obtained from the treatment with the recommended fertiliser rate (100 % FD). The treatments with single applications of 25 % MD, 5 t ha −1 BC, and 10 t ha −1 BC only tended to exceed the control of DM yield. Therefore, we recommend that small-scale farmers aiming at DM for livestock or grain yield with limited access to chemical fertilisers to combine biochar with 25 % MD, rather than applying biochar or low chemical fertiliser rates alone.
Relationships between agronomic practices, soil chemical characteristics and striga reproduction in dryland areas of Tanzania
(David publishing, 2012-10-20) Abdul, Kudra; Chemining’wa, George N.; Onwonga, Richard N.
The parasitic weed Striga poses a serious threat to cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa. For many years, technological packages for the control of this weed were proposed and implemented on farmers’ fields. A survey was carried out in farmers’ fields in 2010/2011 cropping season in selected dryland areas of Tanzania to: (a) determine the Striga plant counts, number of capsules/Striga plant and agronomic practices used by farmers to control Striga; and (b) evaluate the relationship between Striga reproduction, soil chemical characteristics and agronomic practices. Soil samples at 0-20 cm depth were collected from 20 different farmers’ fields. The soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon, N, P and K. Results showed that there was low adoption of recommended Striga control methods. Regression analysis of agronomic practices and soil chemical characteristics revealed a positive improvement of soil N and organic carbon and reduction of soil P and K content as one shifted from sole planting to intercropping. The results showed that potassium was highly positively related to number of capsules/Striga plant. There was a reduction in the number of capsules/plant as one moved from sole planting to intercropping. Based on these findings, K in the Striga infested in soils positively influenced Striga reproduction and seed bank replenishment, hence high soil K levels may lead to high Striga incidence.
Striga asiatica growth and seed production in response to organic and inorganic P - fertilizers
(Access International Journals, 2014-03) Kudra, A; Chemining’wa, G. N; Sibuga, K. P
The measures for Striga management are hindered by a unique survival strategy of the weed, whereby it produces large amount of seeds. Therefore, prevention of further build up of the Striga seed bank through control measures remains an essential component in Striga control. The influence of fertilizers on Striga seed production was studied for two consecutive years (2009/2010 and 2010/2011) at Hombolo Research Station-Dodoma, Tanzania. Farmyard manure (5.9 tons/ha equivalent to 50 kg N/ha), chicken manure (2.5 tons/ha equivalent to 50 kg N/ha), urea (50 kg N/ha) and triple superphosphate (TSP) (40 kg P/ha) were tested on sorghum variety Macia in a randomized complete block design replicated four times. Striga plants supplied with chicken manure, urea and TSP had significantly fewer Striga capsules per plant than farmyard manure treated and control (without fertilizer application) plants. However, the mechanism by which phosphorus application reduced Striga reproduction in the current study is yet unclear. Based on this study, fertilizers have the potential to reduce Striga reproduction. Even though fertilizers play a significant role in Striga reproduction, calculations of the seed production per Striga plant indicated that considerable amounts of seeds were still added to the soil.
Characterization of rice yellow mottle virus in north-eastern Tanzania
(The University of Tokyo, 2015) Uke, Ayaka; Tibanyendela, Naswiru; Natsuaki, Keiko T; Sekiya, Nobuhito; Oizumi, Nobuaki
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal-grain in some African countries and known to be attacked by Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). Rice plants with virus like symptoms were collected from lower Moshi and other areas in the north-eastern region of Tanzania. RYMV was detected by DAS- ELISA, RT-PCR and/or electron microscopy from almost all collected samples. Some RYMV isolates were sequenced and identified as strain S4. Also, three of them, Tz-12-20, Tz-12-22 and Tz-10-36, were clustered as a new group named S4-mk (Mt. Kilimanjaro). Cluster of S4-mk formed a monophyletic group of isolates in strain S4-lv reported from the Tanzanian side of the Lake Victoria. However, S4-mk and S4-lv lineages are separated from each other and S4-mk has the characteristic three amino acid substitutions. The isolates of S4-mk were also closely related to that of strain S4-mg. Amino acid sequences of the coat protein of the isolates in group S4-mk showed over 96% identity with those in other strain S4 varieties, S4-lv, S4-mg and S4-lm. The phylogenetic tree also indicated the possibility of strain S4-mk to have dispersed from south-western Kenya to north eastern Tanzania. As for the serotyping, followed by Fargette et al. (2002), these three isolates in S4-mk were classified into serotype 4.
Design and fabrication of a centrifugal sunflower dehuller for improved sunflower oil and cake quality
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Robert Msafiri
A study was conducted to examine the effect of dehulling sunflower seeds on oil extraction efficiency and cake quality. Specifically the study involved; design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a motorized centrifugal sunflower dehuller. Two sunflower seed varieties {Record and Kenya Fedha) were used in this study. The seed physical properties, machine design factors and operation conditions related to the dehulling process were studied and incorporated in the design, fabrication and performance evaluation phases of the developed centrifugal dehuller. The performance evaluation parameters of the designed dehuller included; throughput capacity, dehulling efficiency, kernel breakage and product yield. The dehuller was able to achieve a throughput capacity of 427 kg/h for Record variety and 513 kg/h for Kenya Fedha variety. Dehulling efficiency was SO % and 79.3 %, kernel breakage was 5.6 % and 2.5 %. while product yield was 70.3 % and 66.7 % for Record and Kenya Fedha varieties respectively. Dehulling improved oil quality and increased oil yield by 15.4 % for Record variety and by 14.6 % for Kenya Fedha variety. Dchulling significantly (p<0.05) increased crude protein content of the cake from 29.62 % to 44.49 % for Record variety and from 29.31 % to 44.94 % for Kenya Fedha variety. Also, dehulling significantly (p<0.05) reduced cake crude fiber from 33.41 % to 17.71 % and ether extracts from 16.62 % to 13.86 % for Record variety. The corresponding reductions of crude fiber and ether extracts for Kenya Fedha variety were 23.93 % to 17.35 % and 11.65 % to 10.56 %, respectively. Based on these results it is concluded that the use of the improved centrifugal dehuller can successfully improve oil extraction efficiency and cake quality produced by small and medium scale oil enterprises.
Studies on the Influence of altitude on abundance of fall armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda (Je Smith)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tanzania
(Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2025) Mbemba, Kiva F.; Rwegasira, Gration M.; Tryphone, George M.
Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the most devastating polyphagous field crop pests in many parts of the world, including Tanzania. Influence of altitude on the abundance of S. frugiperda was studies by using Pheromone (Frugilure S. frugiperda, Chemtica international, S.A) embedded cup traps. The study was conducted along sites of Mt. Uluguru slopes including; SUA (525 masl), Mlali (579 masl), Mgeta (1050 masl) and Nyandira (1691 masl) located in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. A total of 16 cup traps (four at each site equidistantly arranged at 100 m apart) were used. Weather data were recorded using Hygrocron i-button hung on a tree at equidistant from the four traps. Data on S. frugiperda counts and weather variables were recorded weekly for duration of six months from January to June 2020. Results showed that S. frugiperda was abundantly recorded across he tested altitude albeit at varied abundance. There was significant difference (p < 0.001) among altitude on S. frugiperda abundance, whereby at low altitude, S. frugiperda abundance was high compared to medium and high altitude. Rainfall had positive correlation on S. frugiperda abundance (r = 0.16, r = 0.04) for SUA and Mlali and negative correlation (r = -0.44) and (r = -0.03) for Mgeta and Nyandira. Temperature had positive correlation (r = 0.21) on S. frugiperda abundance at Nyandira while SUA (r = -0.03), Mlali (r = -0.35) and Mgeta (r = -0.28) had negative correlation. Relative humidity for all four locations showed negative correlation with S. frugiperda abundance. Thus, appropriate and effective management practices of S. frugiperda should be considered throughout maize production areas and across crop production seasons regardless of the altitude.

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