Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Collection
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Item Evaluation of Kilombero estate soils with respect to their potential and constraints to sugarcane production(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Kunda, Andrew Mathew YohaneA study was carried out in Kilombero Sugar Estate in to order sugarcane determine soil the production. This which limit through soil constraints was done characterization and evaluation of fertility status of the soils. Soil characterization was based on morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. In addition, soil and sugarcane leaf samples were sampled from 16 cane fields under second ratoon crop and analysed for N, P, K. Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu. uptake by sugarcane was also carried out Nutrient from field fertilizer trials. A soil morphology study revealed that the cultivated soils in section 1 to 3 are young (AC) profiles, very deep alluvial deposits. The virgin soils showed relatively more advanced profile development (ABC profile) when compared to the cultivated soils. Generally, soils were kaolinite, illite, of mixed clay mineralogy with smectite and goethite in varying proportions. Total nitrogen in all soils was low (0.08 to 0.15%) and therefore a limiting factor for sugarcane production Poor soil aeration, poor drainage and flooding effects limit sugarcane production in sections 2 and 3. Exchangeable K in soils ranged from 0.52 to 2.68 cmol(+)/kg (very high). Exchangeable Mg ranged from mediumii to high (1.53 to 6.22 cmol(+)/kg) while exchangeable Ca was low to medium (2.99 to 7.02 cmol(+)/kg). Available P was very low to medium (2.18 to 18.2 mg/kg). DTPA extractable micronutrients are in good supply Mean values in topsoils are: Zn, 1.13 mg/kg; Mn, 28.9 mg/kg; and Fe, 131.0 mg/kg. The cultivated soils of sections 1, classified as Eutric Fluvisol (KLP3), and 3 were 2, Mollie Fluvisol (KLP1) and Mollie Gleysol (KLP2) respectively according to FAO-UNESCO (KLP4) system of classification. The was classified as Eutric Cambisol. virgin soil According to USDA Soil Taxonomy, the soils were classified as follows: Section 1, Typic Ustifluvent; section 2, Typic Haplaquoll; section 3, Fluventic Haplaquoll; and the virgin soil as Typic Tropaquept. Field fertilizer trials indicated that different levels of NPK applied in the soil did not affect nutrient uptake by sugarcane to significant level. These results were expected as there were appreciable amounts of native P and K in these soils, and synergism effect among the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Irrigation and underground water was found to be of good quality.Item Analysis of crop production in improved irrigation schemes: a case of Mwega Malolo scheme in Kilosa district, Morogoro(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Kitoeloh, Julius DaudAbout 80% of arable land in developing countries is susceptible to drought. This is mainly due to inadequate and erratic rainfall. Consequently irrigated agriculture is the only viable option to ensure food security and reduction of poverty in developing countries. Tanzania has 4.8 million ha of land with high potential for irrigation. Despite the large area with high potential for irrigation only 227 486 ha (about only 4.7%) are currently under irrigation. The low proportion of land which is currently under irrigation makes it crucial to use the irrigated land efficiently. Thus the present study is amongst others, an attempt to establish the best way to utilize the irrigated land in Mwega Malolo irrigation scheme in Kilosa District. Data for the present study were collected from 120 farmers who were randomly selected from Mgogozi, Malolo A and B villages. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel, LP Wye Computer programmes and Regression. The results show lower yields caused by improper resource allocation, low use of inputs, lack of credit services, storage facilities, and poor extension services. Optimal plan for Mwega Malolo irrigation scheme resulted with the maximum net revenue of Tshs 336 501 384 which is an increase of about 22% compared to total revenue of Tshs 261 210 609 of the current plan. The results of the present study make it plausible to recommend improvement in the allocation of the land in order to maximize the returns for the scheme. In addition to proper allocation of land and other resources, improving extension services using farmer to farmer extension approach (FFS) and demonstrations is also important. The use of inputs, improved equipments and tools, storage structures, and strengthening CHAUMWE for management of the scheme are also necessary for improving revenue and the living standard of the farmers in the study area and similar schemes in other parts of the country.Item Evaluation of soil salinity problems associated with sugarcane production under irrigation at Tanganyika Planting Company (TPC) estates, Moshi(Sokoine Univesirty of Agriculture, 1999) Kiwale, Antery AntonyIn Tanzania the problem of salinity and sodicity is common and widespread especially in irrigation schemes, the Tanganyika Planting Company Ltd in Arusha Chini- Moshi (TPC) being one of them. A detailed study was carried out to investigate the distribution, origin and characteristics of salt affected soils in TPC. The objectives were to categorize the soils in terms of the salinity problem; to investigate the sources of salt accumulation and asses the quality of irrigation and underground waters in the study area. A preliminary survey of the irrigated fields was done and experimental fields were selected on the basis of the available information, crop growth performance and visual appearance of soil and plants. Soil characterization was based on physical and chemical properties. Detailed laboratory characterization was done on the salt affected soils, irrigation and underground waters. A soil morphology study revealed that the soils are young profiles, of deep alluvial deposits. The soils were classified according to the FAO (1988) soil classification system and found to be Humic Cambisols; Eutric Gleysols and Calcaric Fluvisols in South, North and West areas of TPC respectively.iii The main categories of soils in TPC were observed to be generally: Normal soils in north and west areas; Saline (fields 19A and 2Id) and sodic (80%) soils in South area; Saline sodic soils in field R8 in West area. Kikuletwa river water showed a potential to cause soil salinity with electric conductivity values of 0.95 and 0.48 dS/m in first and second water sampling respectively. Ruvu and Weruweru waters were found to have medium and low salinity levels, values being 0.35,0.16 and 0.07,0. IdS/m respectively. As far as sodium content of water is concerned, all the three rivers were found to have low sodium. Values are 19.71, 11.9 and 3.33mg/kg in Kikuletwa, Ruvu and Weruweru rivers respectively. Other causes of salts in TPC soils were found to be seepage from Kikuletwa river, higItem Effect of genotype x environment interaction on yield performance of cowpea (vigna imguiculata-'l. walp.) in the Lake Zone of Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agricuture, 2013) Joachim, Joseph SimudaCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) (2n=2x=22) is a member of the Phaseolcae tribe of the Lcguminosae family. Cowpea is an important grain legume as well as fodder crop, especially in the dry regions of Africa. The production of this crop has been below average because of low genetic variation and cultivation of poor yielding varieties which have not been improved. Genotype by environment interaction studies were conducted in Misungwi. Bariadi and Maswa locations on ten cowpea genotypes in a randomized complete block design under split plot experiment for grain yield and other growth characters. Significant mean values under combined analysis were observed with their mean range; germination percentage (83.61 to 99.44%). initial plant stand (34 to 40), days to 50% flowering (43 to 62 days) and final plant stand (34 to 40) in which the outstanding performance for the preceding characters was observed on IT99K-1122. Mean number of pods per plant ranged from 6 to 10 pods, whereby, VULI-1, VULI-2, TUMAINI, FAHARI, and IT99K-573-1 had better performance for this character, for the mean number of seeds per pod which ranged from 10 to 16 seeds, the outstanding performance was recorded on VULI-2, Mean weight of 100 seeds ranged from 10.68 to 20.22 g, IT99K-7-21-2-2 had the highest performance for this character. Moreover, the mean grain yield ranged from 1648 to 2379 kg/ha, TUMAINI revealed outstanding performance for this character and the LOCAL VARIETY was the lower performing genotype. Participatory variety selection was done at each location during flowering and at harvest. Farmers identified IT99K-1122 as the best genotype during flowering at Misungwi and Bariadi, while at Maswa IT99K-7-21-2- 2 was recorded as the best. PVS at harvest recorded IT99K-U22, (LOCALiii VARIETY and IT00K-1263), and LOCAL VARIETY for Misungwi, Bariadi, and Maswa respectively. The partial (farm) budget revealed the net income of Tsh 2 537 200/= per hectare of land grown cowpea as the profit made.Item The concentration of lead (PB) in industrial effluent, soil, PB adsorption by soil and its uptake by maize(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1995) Assey, Joan PiusEvaluation of Pb concentrations of the industrial effluent, soil and plant leaves in the vicinity of a Pb- battery industry in Dar es Salaam was studied. Adsorption of Pb by an Oxic Haplustult and its uptake by maize were also studied. Effluent, soil and plant leaves from the Pb-battery industrial compound were found to contain Pb levels of up to 8.97 x 105 pig Pb/g, 1.28 x 104 pig Pb/g and 2.34 x 103 Pb/g respectively, indicating high pollution of the industry premises with Pb, hence a health hazard. .The Pb adsorption isotherm for the Oxic Haplustult was of L-type curve indicating a high affinity for Pb. The adsorption of Pb by an Oxic Haplustult conformed to both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption plots. The value of b in the Langmuir equation was 1128.7 affinity of Pb. The binding energy Mg/g indicating high (K) for the Langmuir equation was 2.38 ml/gg and the values of the constants n and K for the Freundlich equation were 1.52 respectively.Item Assessment of consumer's willingness to pay for rice attributesin Morogoro Municipality(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Shayo, Haikalaura NicholasThe exact attributes which consumers are looking for and willingness to pay (WTP) in both cooked and uncooked rice and the value comparison between imported and local rice is unknown. For this reason this study was conducted with the goal of assessing consumer's WTP for rice attributes in Tanzania. The specific objectives of the study were to analyze consumer willingness to pay fbr different rice attributes of raw rice and cooked rice and to compare the preference of imported rice versus local rice in terms of sensory characteristics. The research was based on a survey of rice consumers in Morogoro municipal. Sensory test together with a consumer survey of 100 randomly selected respondents were conducted from February to March 2013, using a structured questionnaire. Double bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation methodology (CVM) was employed to elicit consumers WTP information. From the analysis rice attributes such as appearance of uncooked rice, aroma, taste of cooking, price and location affect the choices of rice brands available in the market. The results also indicate marital status, income level, occupational status, gender of head and household number to have significant influence on consumer's WTP decisions. The majority of the consumers however prefer to purchase local aromatic rice instead of the imported brands from Asia. Consumers were loyal to local rice specifically rice from Mbeya, and source of origin of rice is the major criteria in selecting what type of rice to purchase. The results pointed to the needs of producing high quality local rice and to sort, pack and label the product according to source of origin of rice and usage. Generally the pricing and marketing strategies of rice should be improved following the basis provided in this study.Item Impact of irrigation farming on income of smallholder farmers in Kilosa district, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2014) Alphonce, PaulThis study was carried out in Kilosa District in the 2011/12 crop season. The main objective was to determine the impact of irrigation on household income of smallholder farmers engaged in paddy cultivation. The specific objectives were to evaluate profit margins between irrigators and non-irrigators in the study area, to identify factors influencing profitability of smallholder farmers in the area, and to assess shares from different sources of income to the total household income of smallholder farmers in the study area. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. The findings indicate that the average gross margin per hectare of irrigated paddy was approximately 50% higher than that of rain fed paddy, this has a significant impact on the household income. It was also found that farmers’ plot size, seed types used, plot location (distance) with respect to water source and number of family labour engaged in off-farm activities determined the irrigators’ level of profit. This study found that irrigated paddy production itself shares about 44% of the entire income of farmers in Kilosa District. From the findings of this study it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in profitability on paddy farming between irrigators and non-irrigators. Irrigated paddy mean income was higher than other sources of household income and become the largest income share to the entire household income. Non irrigator’s off-farm income share to household income was higher than that of non-irrigators. From these findings, it is recommended that the government of Tanzania should invest more in irrigation projects and improve the already established irrigation schemes in Kilosa District to promote paddy farming and this will increase food production, farmers’ income and reduce food insecurity rather than depending on rain-fed farming.Item Productivity and technical efficiency of egg production in Tanzania under the intensive system: a case study of Ilala and Kibaha districts(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) Oleke, Jofrey MasahiThis study examined the productivity and technical efficiency of egg production in Tanzania under the intensive system. The study also attempted to identify the factors constraining egg production. A multistage random sampling procedure was employed for the selection of 80 respondents from two districts; Kibaha and Ilala in the Coastal and Dar es Salaam region respectively. The study used a stochastic frontier production functions in which the technical inefficiency effects are assumed to be functions of some socio-economic characteristics and management practices of the fanner which influence the technical efficiency for eggs production. This study utilizes the most recent development in stochastic frontier modeling by a one-step process in Limdep software. Results show that egg production was in the rational stage of production (stage II) as depicted by the Returns to Scale (RTS) of about 1.3. The variables of interest were effectively allocated and used, as confirmed by each variable having estimated coefficient value between zero and unity. Empirical results indicated that the mean technical efficiency of egg production is 64 percent; however, this ranged from 4 to 90 percent. The family size, employment status, types of heating and lighting equipments, age of the farm attendant, and sex of the household head affect the technical efficiency. The study further found out that the farm technical efficiency is positively related to net profit. In general, the study revealed the existence of considerable economic efficiency in production. However. diseases, lack of credits, high input costs, and improper marketing arrangements are the major constraining factors in egg production. The findings of this study showed that there is the need for governmental and/or private institutions interventions to improve the production and marketing performance of poultry by providing the necessary institutional support to the smallholder farmers in the study areas to improve their efficiency.Item Spatial and temporal variability of soil fertility under rainwater harvesting systems: a case study of Makanya river catchment(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2004) Ludovic, Reuben AdolphA study was conducted to assess the spatial and temporal variability of soil fertility under rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in three villages along the toposequence on the Makanya river catchment, Same district, Tanzania. The study aimed at assessing the soil fertility status and patterns along the toposequence, mapping spatial patterns of soil fertility under RWH, identifying and determining the nature and magnitude of the factors causing soil fertility changes under RWH systems along the toposequence within the cropping seasons, and assessing spatial and temporal variability of soil fertility within selected fields under RWH systems in Makanya village. Random soil samples were collected from Makanya, Mwembe and Tae villages and were used for the characterization of physical and chemical soil properties on the catchment. Runoff water samples were collected and analysed for plant nutrients in the runoff. GPS and GIS were used for positioning both soil and water sampling points and to establish geospatial information database and generate maps of the study area. Geostatistical analysis was done to carry out soil fertility surface interpolation. Soil fertility management practice data were collected through a questionnaire survey and analysed using SPSS software. The study revealed that, more than 92% of 144 interviewees were practicing RWH systems in the study area. The soil fertility attributes showed that, total nitrogen was very low to medium level (0 - 0.5 %). Soil pH ranged from strongly acid to moderately alkaline. Exchangeable K on the upper zone was very low (0-0.13 cmol(+)/kg) for the majority of samples (62 %), whereas available P was adequate (39.49 - 81.16 mg P /kg soil) only on the lower zone. Fertility attribute maps on the mid and upper zone tended to be systematically distributed following the slope facet, while on the lower zone, maps showed the patterns distribution to follow availability of harvested rainwater. Generally, most of the soils under rainwater harvesting in the area had low fertility status attributable to low organic carbon, total nitrogen and potassium, thus required improvement for high and sustainable crop yields.Item Effect of seed desicction and storage on seed vigour and germination in four species of indigenous fruit trees(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2002) Uronu, Ludovick Obed NdenfooA study was conducted for Cordyla africana Lour, C. densiflora Milne.Redh., Strychnos cocculoides Baker and 5. spinosa Lam., in the laboratory, to investigate desiccation tolerance and storage conditions that will maintain high seed vigour and germination. Three experiments were conducted: Initial, desiccation sensitivity and storage trials. For initial and desiccation trial, a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was used. For storage trial, a 5 x 4 x 3 factorial experiment with four replications was conducted.actor one was moisture contents at five levels: C. africana (50, 38, 25, 13 and 8%); C. densiflora (54, 41, 27, 14 and 10%); S. cocculoides (43, 32, 22, 11 and 5%) and S. spinosa (41, 31, 21, 10 and 5%). Factor two was storage temperature at four levels, -20, 4, 16 and 25° C and factor three was packaging materials at three levels, polyethylene bags cotton cloth bags and aluminum foil bags. Germination test was conducted after every 2, 4, 8 and 20 weeks. Assessment were done for, daily germination percent, final germination percent, radicle elongation, germination value and germination energy percent. Seed of C. africana and C. densiflora were found to be sensitive to desiccation, seed vigour and viability were substantially reduced after desiccation from 50 to 13% and from 54 to 14% respectively. For S. cocczdoides and S. spinosa seed viability and vigour were not sensitive to desiccation. Storage conditions significantly influenced seed viability and vigour after two weeks of storage. Seeds of C. africana and C. densiflora maintained high final cumulative germination of 90 and 95% and higher radicle elongation of 19 and 42 mm respectively, for seeds stored with their initial moisture content at 16°C in cotton cloth bags. Germination value and germination energy followed the same trend. For 5. cocculoides and S. spinosa seeds were not significantly affected by storage. It is concluded that. Seeds of C. africana and C. densiflora are recalcitrant and those of 5. cocculoides and .S'. spinosa are intermediate. It is recommended that seeds of C. africana and C. densiflora should be stored with moisture content between 25 and 50% and 27 and 54% in cotton cloth bag at 16° C respectively, for period no exceeding eight weeks Seeds of 5. cocculoides and 5. spinosa can be stored for up to 20 weeks in polyethylene bags, with moisture content between 5 and 40% at temperatures of > 4°C but not exceeding 25°C. Further study should be conducted to determine rates of cell membrane disruption during desiccation.Item Smallholder farmers’ preferences for improved maize seeds varieties in Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Mutanyagwa, Ange PacifiqueImproved maize seed varieties are bred with characteristics such as drought and disease tolerance which may not capture farmers’ preference. It is therefore, imperative to consider attributes that are preferred by farmers in developing maize seed varieties. This research was conducted to determine attributes that are most preferred by smallholder maize farmers in Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed to (i) characterize smallholder farmers’ preferences for improved maize seed varieties depending on their socio-economic characteristics, (ii) assess the heterogeneity of farmers’ preferences for improved maize seed varieties and (iii) determine factors that influence farmers’ choice of the most preferred improved maize seed varieties. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. The study findings revealed that majority (74.7%) of the households were male-headed and (83%) were married. About 90 percent of the farmers had no access to extension services that is supposed to play an important role in agricultural information dissemination. The most preferred improved maize varieties in all zones were PAN6549, SC 627, SC 713. STAHA, KILIMA and DK 8371 due to higher production potential. A Logit model showed that agro-ccological zones, farm size. household size and yield positively influenced the likelihood of farmers’ choice of improved maize seed varieties. Based on these findings, it is recommended that researchers and suppliers of seed should consider the attributes of farmers' preference in the production of improved maize seeds and put more emphasis on facilitating the delivery of agricultural extension services for more effective uptake of agricultural technologies.Item Smallholder farmers’ preferences for improved maize seeds varieties in Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2017) Mutanyagwa, Ange PacifiqueImproved maize seed varieties are bred with characteristics such as drought and disease tolerance which may not capture farmers’ preference. It is therefore, imperative to consider attributes that are preferred by farmers in developing maize seed varieties. This research was conducted to determine attributes that are most preferred by smallholder maize farmers in Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed to (i) characterize smallholder farmers’ preferences for improved maize seed varieties depending on their socio-economic characteristics, (ii) assess the heterogeneity of farmers’ preferences for improved maize seed varieties and (iii) determine factors that influence farmers’ choice of the most preferred improved maize seed varieties. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. The study findings revealed that majority (74.7%) of the households were male-headed and (83%) were married. About 90 percent of the farmers had no access to extension services that is supposed to play an important role in agricultural information dissemination. The most preferred improved maize varieties in all zones were PAN6549, SC 627, SC 713. STAHA, KILIMA and DK 8371 due to higher production potential. A Logit model showed that agro-ccological zones, farm size. household size and yield positively influenced the likelihood of farmers’ choice of improved maize seed varieties. Based on these findings, it is recommended that researchers and suppliers of seed should consider the attributes of farmers' preference in the production of improved maize seeds and put more emphasis on facilitating the delivery of agricultural extension services for more effective uptake of agricultural technologies.Item Crop production for household consumption and food security: a case study of Musoma rural district(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Maijo, Elias LuganeThis study was carried out to assess food crop production for household consumption and food security in Musoma Rural district. A multistage random sampling procedure was employed to select 120 households from Musoma rural district. The study used a Gross Margin (GM) model to test the hypothesis that the selected major food crops production for household consumption is not economically profitable. When the GMs of the major crops were compared it was apparent that maize had the highest gross margin of Tsh 421352.10 than other crops. In’general, the results of this study revealed the existence of considerable economic profitability in producing the major crops. Furthermore, the study conducted a comparison of gross margin across different size categories of farms sizes using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique. The ANOVA indicated the existence of a significant difference in the level of GM for the different farm size categories. Binary Logistic model was estimated to establish factors influencing food security in the study area. The results revealed that 48.3% of the populations were food secure and 51.7% were food insecure. The results indicate that food security was positively influenced by farm size, wealth, off-farm employment, access to credit and market. Furthermore, the results revealed that food security was negatively influenced by the household size. However, strategies for sustainable agriculture to enhance food security, like the use of improved inputs and seed and expanding the farm size are recommended. The general conclusion from the research is that policies that would intensify food production and improve off farm employment would enhance food security in the study area.Item The role of participatory approach (pa) in smallholder farmer rice production in Lindi region: the case of Kinyope micro-irrigation project in Rutamba Ward, Milola Division in Lindi District.(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2003) Danda,Francis Joseph ChumaParticipatory approach in development is currently globally advocated by the majority of development agencies and governments, Tanzania being one of them. Unfortunately, little . is known about the role of the approach in development projects. This study was conducted in Kinyope Village to determine the role of participatory approach in Kinyope Micro Irrigation Project in Lindi District. The overall objective of the study was to examine the extent to which the involvement of the farmers in the planning process, and technology dissemination contributed to increased rice production in the study area. The Kinyope Village, from which a study sample of 132 MAPATA and Non-MAPATA respondents was randomly sampled, was selected by judgmental sampling technique out of 7 villages involved in the project. Seven extension staff and 8 government officials from Lindi and Mtwara regions were also included in the sample. Data were collected through interview using the pre-tested questionnaires and group discussions with the respondents. The collected data were statistically analysed using SPSS computer programme to obtain frequencies, percentages, Chi-square and ANOVA tests. The result of study reveal that participation was influenced by demographic and socio-economic factors, such as gender imbalances, dependence on family labour, farm sizes, courses attended by respondents in the study area, etc. Statistically significant (*P<0.05) differences between MAPATA and Non-MAPATA respondents were observed regarding the distribution of respondents according to socio-economic variables, adopted technologies, reasons for adoption, rating of adoption, rice yields levels, and the frequency of visits by VEOs and GDFs; both were in favour of MAPATA respondents. Only proper seedbed preparation, and bunds technologies were adopted. As a result of the adoption it was observed that rice yields had increased from 7 to 22 bags per acre. All government and party officials highly valued working with fanners to address production constraints. It was concluded that: socio economic and demographic factors affected participation of target groups in the project. Thus research on the potentials, opportunities, and constraints of the target groups for sustainable extension programmes is important. The participation of farmers in the development of technologies, and their delivery in package fbrm enhanced the dissemination and adoption. Therefore it is recommended that the formation and consolidation of Participatory Farmers1 Groups (PFGs) should be promoted since it has been observed that they facilitate technology dissemination, adoption, and networking amongst the key actors in agricultural development.Item Choice of green manure technology on smallholder maize production systems in Tanzania: a case of Mkinga district, Tanga region.(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2009) George,William JumaItem Agricultural extension and rural development centre Reading University: a critical analysis of the outreach programmes in the agricultural training institutes for training extension workers in Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1986) Lugeye, Sizya C.The author has reviewed the concept of outreach prog rammes in the MATIS in Tanzania and its uses in other countries of the world, it is clear that outreach has been used under different terms, methods and approaches, it is, however, based on a problem-solving approach, outreach has been discussed as a teaching tool which provides village practical training and rural experience to the MATI tutors and students, it also improves the relationship between the . training institutes and the surrounding community. The students who participate in the outreach programmes improve their chances.of being successful in their career as swana Shambas. The next chapter will look at how the outreach programme involves MATI tutors, MATI students, extension staff, researchers, and farmers in training extension workers and solving village problems, in this discussion MATI-Ukiriguru will be used as a ’case study.'Item Factors influencing the adoption of soil conservation measures: a case study in Gairo, Kilosa district(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2000) Kalineza,Haruni Mussa MakosiGairo division is a semi-rid area and like other semi-arid areas it faces the problem of land degradation. Because of this, Gairo Agroforestry and Land Use Project (GALUP) has been carrying out activities that aim at reversing the trend through recommending various soil conservation measures. The overall objective of the study was to examine factors that influence adoption of the recommended soil conservation measures in the division. The specific objectives were: (i) To determine the extent to which the smallholder farmers are aware of the problem of land degradation; (ii) To determine the extent to which smallholder farmer have adopted the different soil conservation measures; and (iii) To identify factors that influence the adoption of the soil conservation measures. Data were collected from 114 randomly selected households in purposively selected villages using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses using Statistical Package for Social Sciences were employed as major tools of analysis to determine the major factors influencing adoption of soil conservation practices. Results of the descriptive analysis suggest that adoption of the recommended soil conservation practices is influenced by education level, awareness of the land degradation problem, ownership of livestock, ownership of land, farm size and gender of the household head. Results of the logistic regression model show that adoption of the recommended practices is influenced by awareness of the land degradation problems implying that extension education has an important role in this regard. The logistic regression model also show that ownership of land is an important factor influencing the adoption of contour ridges and farm yard manure. Existence of by-laws that restrict activities that degrade the environment and to have clear land use plans appear to be issues to be considered in enhancing the adoption of soil conservation practices. It is recommended that efforts be increased in the area of extension education about soil conservation practices to both women and men. Also,there be emphasis on soil conservation practices that have broader benefits to the smallholder farmers to enhance widespread adoption.Item Impact of bushmeat consumption on health risk management in Southern Benin(2025) Issa-Zacharia Abdulsudi; Ahouanse Gwlaloria Amendys; Majaliwa NuriaThe consumption of bushmeat has been linked to several socioeconomic factors. This study examines bushmeat consumers in southern Benin, including their motivations, health risks, and groups. In the Littoral, Atlantique, and Zou districts, 373 people were surveyed. The data were analyzed with R 4.0.2 and SAS 2013 software, and as a result, 74.3% reported consuming bushmeat. Few hunters and transformers were in Group 1, but many were in Group 2. Group 1 consisted of hunters, processors, and restaurant owners, whereas Group 2 was mostly illiterate. Bushmeat is eaten for its taste, nutritional value, and economic and cultural reasons, with many believing it is healthier than domestic meat. Group 1 and Group 2 consume bushmeat frequently and live in peri-urban and rural locations near woods for easy access to bush animals. Group 3, which eats bushmeat rarely, is less involved in the supply chain of bushmeat. Due to poor transit and processing conditions, bushmeat hunting, processing, and consumption in these places expose people to pathogens and increase the risk of food poisoning and zoonotic diseases. Education of local residents is necessary to improve food safety and reduce health concerns. Diversifying income, promoting safer, more sustainable practices, and encouraging rural youth education require supportive policies. To improve Benin's food security and public health, this study stresses bushmeat consumers' motivationsItem Assessment of food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices of night street food vendors in Morogoro, Tanzania(European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2025-07-03) Issa-Zacharia Abdulsudi; Chaula Davis Naboth; Omari Aziza NassoroThe consumption of street food is associated with the provision of unhealthy, unsafe, and nutritionally unbalanced meals, presenting a public health concern. This study was designed to assess food safety knowledge, attitude and practices of night street food vendors in Morogoro Municipality. A cross-sectional study involved 256-night street food vendors was performed, using a structured questionnaire. The results reported that most of the vendors were females (77%) and half of the vendors were aged between 20 to 30 years. Majority of vendors ,62.9% had been vending food for 4-5 years. Generally, the study revealed medium attitudes (95.3%) and moderateItem Entropy generation in a variable viscosity transient generalized couette flow of nanofluids with navier slip and convective cooling(Ijaamm, 2018) Mkwizu, M. H; Matofali, A. X; Ainea, NThis work investigates the combined effects of thermophoresis, Brownian motion and variable viscosity on entropy generation in a transient generalized Couette flow of nanofluids with Navier slip and convective coolingof water-based nanofluids containing Copper (Cu) and Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) as nanoparticles. Both first and second laws of thermody- namics are applied to analyse the problem. The nonlinear governing equations of continuity, momentum, energy and nanoparticles concentration are tackled numerically using a semi discretization finite difference method together with Runge-Kutta Fehlberg integration scheme. Numerical results for velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles con- centration profiles are obtained and utilised to compute the entropy generation rate, irreversibility ratio and Bejan number. Pertinent results are displayed graphically and discussed quantitatively.