Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/40

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Dietary habits and their influence on diabetic complications among type 2 diabetics in Morogoro municipality
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) NDAU,EDINA LEONARD
This study was designed to investigate the dietary habits and their influence on diabetic complications among type 2 diabetics. Purposive and random sampling were used to obtain a sample of 84 diabetic subjects who were already on treatment. Data were analyzed using Predictive Analysis Software (PASW) program version 16.0. Results showed that, 66.7% (n = 56) of the respondents had poor dietary habits, whereby most of the subjects consumed foods with high glycemic index almost daily. Most commonly foods consumed included refined maize “ugali”, white breads, chapatti, buns, water melon, soda, white rice, pineapples and honey. Poor dietary habits among type 2 diabetics were the main reason for complications related to diabetes. The most common diabetic complications reported by the respondents were hypertension, kidney problems, eye problems, foot problems, stroke, nerve problems, vaginal fungus, sexual problems and hypotension. Biomedical measures that were strongly correlated with diabetic complications were body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, body fat mass, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. Lifestyle behaviors that were strongly correlated with the diabetic complications were lack of physical exercises and alcohol consumption. Based on this study, the best dietary and lifestyle behaviors that were best predictors for diabetic complications, were age, sex, and waist-hip-ratio and vegetables consumption. It was concluded from this study that, poor dietary management practices associated with inappropriate food selection and lack of physical exercises among the respondents were the major factors that influenced diabetic related complications. Therefore, it was recommended based on the findings of this study that, diabetic patients should be educated on the importance of physical exercises and their role in clearing out glucose and insulin resistance. Also, they should be taught on selection of low glycemic index foods (meal patterns) which are available in their localities in order to improve the quality of life and increasing their survival.
Comparison of the prevalence and level of awareness of underweight, overweight and obesity and associated factors among adults in Morogoro
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) CAROLYNE CHARLES RUHEMBE
The study was carried out to compare the prevalences and level of awareness of underweight, overweight, and obesity and their associated factors among adults. The study was carried out in Morogoro Region (Morogoro Urban and Morogoro Rural districts). A cross- sectional survey design was used and data were collected using a structured questionnaire for information regarding awareness, life style, and eating habits of respondents and a bathroom scale and stadiometcr for measuring BMI. The sample population of 240 adults of which 120 males and 120 females were selected from each district. The data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program. The overall results showed a significant (P<0.01) difference between mean BMI of respondents in Urban 28.27 ± 8.23 and 25.50 ± 4.80 in Rural districts. Prevalence for underweight was 0.8% for Urban and 6.7% for the Rural district. The prevalence of morbidly obese was 11% in Urban district and none in the Rural district. The difference was significant (P<0.01) between the two places. Also the results showed that 8.3% males and 10% females were morbidly obese in Urban district whereas no respondent was observed to be morbidly obese in the Rural district. The results showed that both in Urban and in Rural districts people who were married tended to have significantly (P<0.01) higher BMI than those who were unmarried. Level of awareness of obesity and its effects on health amongst people within Morogoro Urban was significantly (P<0.01) higher than in Morogoro Rural district. The study established a clear association between overweight, obesity and diseases such as heart attack and hypertension among adults in the Urban district. Furthermore, it was observed that BMI was significantly (P<0.01) related to income in both districts. The study suggested that there is a need for public awareness on effects of underweight, overweight and obesity throughout the country.
Dietary patterns of children aged 6 - 59 months and maternal nutritional knowledge in Chamwino district,Dodoma.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) YUSUPH,CHRISTOPHER GEOFREY
Under-nutrition in young children is widely distributed and fairly concentrated in the developing regions of the world. Over 150 million children suffer from under-nutrition globally. This study was carried out to determine factors affecting dietary patterns of children aged 6 months - 59 months and maternal nutritional knowledge in Chamwino Dodoma. The study was conducted at Chamwino district in Dodoma region. The study assumed a cross-sectional design in which data was collected once. Nutritional assessment was determined by using anthropometric measurements. WHO criterion was used to obtain indicators for nutritional status: weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight -for-height. Structured questionnaire was used to assess nutritional knowledge of maternal towards health diets and a 24 hour dietary recall was used to quantify nutrient intake and food frequency questionnaire were used to asses’ dietary patterns of children in the household. Data was computed and analyzed by WHO Anthro and Statistical Product for Social Services (SPSS) version 20.WHO Anthro was used to analyse nutritional status of Children. Both descriptive and inferential variables were analysed by using SPSS, where data on dietary patterns, quantification of nutrients and maternal knowledge were computed. The results also show that 86.7% of the mothers did not receive any education and/ or training about nutrition and about 94.7 % of mothers were feeding colostrum to their child. Majority of the children expressed moderate to severely underweight (20%) (2.7%); stunting (52%) (14.7%); and wasting (4%) (1.3%). Chi- square test, all indices (WAZ; HAZ and WHZ) were found to be significantly associated with socio - demographic at p values < 0.05 involving family size, marital status and education level and Maternal Nutritional Knowledge at p values < 0.05.Foodii consumption patterns shows that 15.3% of the children aged 6-8 months feed three times a day and 19.3% of the children age 9-11 months feed three times a day and also 38.5% of the children age 12-23 months feed three times a day. Also the results show that 100% of the household use cereals, 98.7% use legumes and nuts, 90.7% use oil and fats and 78.7% consume vitamins A rich vegetables and other vegetables. Furthermore, the study show that 81, 68, and 65.3 % of the children did not meet recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of carbohydrates, protein and fats per day. On the other hand 85.3, 69.3, 25.4, 77.3 and 78.8 % did not meet RDAs for Calcium, zinc, iron, vitamin C and vitamin A per day respectively.
Food security situation among people living with HIV/AIDS in Morogoro municipality
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) SOLOMON,TUVANA TAPITA
A study to assess food security situation among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Morogoro Municipality was conducted using two non governmental organizations (NGO) that are dealing with such people, namely Faraja Trust Fund (FTF) and “Wanaoishi na Virusi vya UKIMW1 Morogoro (WAVUMO). The objectives of the study were to identify constraints and copping strategics by PLWHA in obtaining their daily meals, characterize the available nutritional guidelines for PLWHA. The awareness about linkages between nutrition and HIV was assessed, identification of organizations dealing with PLWHA in the area and characterize their activities. A cross sectional research design was adopted where purposive sampling method was used to obtain 90 PLWHA and 30 caregivers from the two NGOs. Interviews using structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Key informants from various stakeholders were interviewed. The data were processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program. Results indicated that, source of food for respondents contributed to constraints for PLWHA to obtain enough/nutritious foods. Majority of respondents (58.3%) depended on markets/shops for their food and failed to meet their daily meal requirements. This was mainly due to reduction in ability to produce (60.7%) and earn income (82.6%). Among the copping strategies for inadequate food adopted by PLWHA, skipping some meals ranked high (41.1%). Nine nutritional guidelines were available in Tanzania but none among them was easily accessed by PLWHA, caregivers even organizations dealing with PLWHA in the study. Six organizations dealing with PLWHA in Morogoro Municipality wereiii identified but only two provided food aids and one financial credits. It was concluded that most of PLWHA face food deficit contributed by not only unavailability and accessibility, but also lack of nutritional knowledge. It is recommended that governmental and NGOs should make nutritional guidelines available to PLWHA and caregivers together with providing capacity building supports which arc long term solutions compared to food relief.
Implementation of nutrition-sensitive agriculture in the central province of Zambia
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2015) CHIPILI,GIVEN
The Central Province of Zambia contains the majority of the nation’s malnourished children, despite being the most productive province in terms of Agriculture. Most studies focused on household food consumption rather than the linkages between agriculture performance and nutrition outcomes of the population. In light of this knowledge gap, this study focused on the linkage between nutrition and agriculture. The study assessed the extent to which the Ministiy of Agriculture in Zambia is implementing the best practices of nutrition-sensitive agriculture in the Central Province. Data was collected from 356 randomly selected farming households using structured questionnaire. The data contained information on socio-demographic characteristics, crop diversity, women empowerment and anthropometric (height/length, weight) measurements for the children aged 6-59 months. Three transect walks and nine focus group discussions were also conducted in the sampled district. The study also reviewed five project and policy documents. Two were project documents of the agricultural development programmes in central Zambia, while 3 were national policies. The prevalence rates of stunting, underweight, and wasting among children were 21.2%, 9%, and 2%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between household crops grown in households and Z-scores for HAZ and WAZ (p< 0.05). One variable of women empowerment, namely access to credit or income opportunities, was also significantly related with Z-scores for WHZ (p < 0.05). The Ministry of Agriculture in Central province has a lot to do in order to implement Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture and reduce stunting in Central Province.
Socio-cultural factors influencing attitudes and perceptions on food and nutrition in Morogoro municipality
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010) Chacha, Esther Mutiba
All humans eat to survive. They also eat to express appreciation, for a sense of belonging, as part of family customs, and for self-realization. For example, some one who is not hungry may eat a piece of cake that has been baked in his or her honour. The term eating habits refers to why and how people eat, which food they eat as well as the way people obtain, store, use, and discard food. Individual, social, cultural, religious, economic, environmental, and political factor all influence people’s eating habits. Social factors and cultural practices in most countries have a great influence on what people eat, how they prepare their food, their feeding practices and the food they prefer (Baranowski et al., 2003). All people have their likes and dislikes and their beliefs about food and many people are conservative to their food habit. People eat according to learned behaviours regarding etiquette, meal, snack pattern, acceptable foods, food combinations, and portion sizes. A common eating pattern is three meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) per day with snacks between meals. The components of a meal vary across cultures, but generally include grains, such as rice or noodle, meat or meat substitute, such as fish, beans, and accompaniments, such as vegetable. (Klimas-Zacas et al., 2001).
Assessment of consumer’s knowledge and practices on pesticide residues reduction in tomatoes in Mvomero, Morogoro region, Tanzania
(East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2023-09-14) Fundikira S.; Emmanuella S.; Msollo S.
Pesticides are important components of agricultural production but the consumption of crops treated with pesticides, even in small quantities, can accumulate in the human body and cause health problems. Therefore, consumers’ knowledge and practices on reduction of these residues is essential however, there is scant of information on consumers’ knowledge and practices on pesticide residues reduction in tomatoes in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Mvomero District in Morogoro region among 280 randomly selected consumers. Questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interviews to assess knowledge and practices on the reduction of pesticide residues in tomatoes before consumption. Data were analyzed using SPSSTM version 20 to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that 64.6% of respondents know that pesticides can cause health effects of which, 41% are not sure of the specific health problem with few mentioning cancers. About 80% of respondents know that tomatoes sold in the market have pesticide residues. Majority of respondents (78.9%) believe that the pesticide residues in tomatoes disappear after cooking. Seventy-five percent of respondents reported that they know methods for reducing pesticide residues of which 66.8% reported to be reducing pesticide residues by washing with water. Generally, consumer’s knowledge on health effects and practices on reduction of pesticide residues before consumption was relatively poor. Hence, there is a need for improving knowledge on reducing pesticide residues in tomatoes using cost-effective methods that are applicable at the household level. Knowledge on the health effects of pesticide residues was significantly associated with having a mobile phone, reading newspapers, and attending training on pesticides and associated health effects. Therefore, phones, radio, and newspapers may be used as effective methods for communicating health information to the public.
Livelihood strategies and household food security of vegetable street vendors in Morogoro town, Tanzania
(SUA, 2019) Sagaya, A
The study attempts to examine the livelihood strategies and household food security of vegetable street vendors in Morogoro town, Tanzania. Specifically, the study sought to: (1) To document the nature of the institutional environment in which vegetable street vending business is taking place, (2) To identify the type and extent of livelihood assets owned by individuals working as vegetable street vendors, (3) To measure household food security and dietary diversity of vegetable street vendors and (4) To identify strategies employed by vegetable street vendors to cope with food shortage. A cross sectional study design with mixed methods of sampling was employed whereby data were collected from a total of 234 respondents between February and May, 2018. The study used both quantitative and qualitative data. Semi structured questionnaire, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to obtain the data. Descriptive, inferential, and content analysis methods were used for data analysis. The results showed that respondents own various livelihood assets categorized as human, natural, physical, social and financial capitals. On the other hand, the prevalence of household food insecurity was high (55.5%) among respondents and most of them consumed between 5-9 different food groups (moderate 50.5%) diverse diet. Several factors were identified to influence household food security. These include land size (p<0.000), type of ownership of land (p<0.005), house ownership (p<0.019), motorcycles ownership (p<0.005), bicycles ownership (p<0.005), relative distance to selling point (p<0.011), membership in community Organisation (p<0.000) and type of social Organisation (p<0.035). Others were access to credit (p<0.003), receiving remittances (p<0.000) and training received (p<0.014). Using binary regression model it was found that ownership of the house (p<0.038), membership of community Organisation (p<0.032), and type of transport used (p<0.000) were determinant of food security. It was noted that respondents employ a number of coping strategies during food shortages, which include selling labour, borrowing from relatives, diet change and getting support from relatives were common in the study area. The study concludes that food insecurity is still a problem in the study respondents. It is recommended that LGAs and NGOs support the sector through provision of training on business skills or entrepreneur, low interest credits, formulation of favourable policies to support vegetable vendors and empowering them by forming an association.
Effectiveness of selected food storage technologies in reduction of post-harvest losses of beans in selected households of Kilosa District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2018) Kaseka, F. M.
Cereal grain losses are high in sub-Saharan Africa countries, Tanzania inclusive. Information on protection of these losses is mainly reported for maize and other cereals but it is limited on bean, particularly for Kilosa district. This study was carried in Kilosa district, where by two wards (Malolo and Lumuma) were used to establish effective storage technology for bean storage and measure the level of understanding on post- harvest management. To measure effectiveness storage technology, different factors were put into consideration, e.g., ability to maintain storage moisture content of bean, ability to reduce bean damage by weevil (bruchids), price, availability and challenges on the use of particular technology. Beans from 20 farmers were kept in three different storage technologies mainly; Metal Silo, Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) and Polypropylene bag (polypropylene bag), and stored for six months. Household survey data showed that there was little knowledge and limited awareness of the community regarding post-harvest management and the mycotoxin problem. The mean percentage bean damage were 23.6, 15.2 and 6.4% for polypropylene bag, silo and PICS, respectively. Overall results showed that PICS was the most effective in terms of beans damage reduction, price affordability and availability. During storage there were some few observations like weakness of PICS bag that made bruchids able to make holes on the two layers of polyethylene and facilitate air entrance. None had received any formal or informal training on postharvest management. The study recommends post-harvest management training of agricultural extensions officers who after the training disseminated the knowledge to farmers. Extension of the hermetic storage technology to beans seems essential. For metal silo technology to be widely adopted subsidy looks necessary to reduce its price.
Local perceptions of household’s vulnerability to food insecurity in Bahi district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Shausi, Gosbert
The study assessed household vulnerability to food insecurity as locally perceived in Bahi district. It was based on the four randomly selected villages namely Mpamantwa, Ibihwa, Mnkola and Bahi Sokoni. Primary data were collected by interviewing 100 farming households, village elders, village leaders and Ward Agricultural Extension Workers. The study addressed the local perceptions of food security and vulnerability to food insecurity; characteristics of households vulnerable to food insecurity and; the strategies employed by households during food shortages. It was locally perceived that a household which took less than 12 months to exhaust millet stock was food insecure and the household vulnerable to food insecurity was the one most likely to remain or become food insecure which was characterized by: owning a relative small piece of land; earning too small income to enable it buy household food; have no alternative source(s) of income other than sale of farm crops; have no livestock; headed by elderly; and does not have millet stocks. Sixty three percent of sampled households were food insecure while 80% were vulnerable to food insecurity. The ANOVA and t-test revealed that the number of food sources, household size, household’s income, marital status of household head, ownership of livestock and size of land were significantly related to household food security. The study concludes that the presence of more vulnerable than food insecure households was an indication that even some of food secure households were at risk of becoming food insecure. The study recommended, among others, that strategies to address food insecurity should focus on both food insecure and vulnerable households.
Iodine status of pregnant and lactating women in Arusha municipality
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Marealle, Roseline
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine iodine status of pregnant and lactating women in Arusha Municipality. Urine and salt samples were collected from a total of 429 respondents who were visiting Themi and Ngarenaro Reproductive and Child Care clinics. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-economic and demographic information from respondents and also wholesale and retail salt traders to ascertain their knowledge about iodised salt and IDD. Results revealed that, overall median UIC for pregnant women (33%) was 205 μg/l (95% CI; 26.7%, 39.2%), and lactating women (22.8%) was 155.5 μg/l (95% CI; 17.1%, 28.4%). Median UIC for pregnant women (62.9%) in Themi was 122 μg/l (95% CI; 46.6%, 79%), while median UIC for lactating women (28.2%) was 178.1 μg/l (95% CI; 20.8%, 35.5%). The median UIC for pregnant women (36.5%) at Ngarenaro was 233.9 μg/l (95% CI; 29.5%, 43.4%), while median UIC for lactating women (39.2%) was 123.5μg/l (95% CI; 27.6%, 50.7%). The recommended UIC for pregnant and lactating women range of 150-249 μg/l indicate adequate iodine intake. These results suggested that, those pregnant women from Themi ward had mild iodine deficiency while the lactating women had optimal iodine intake. Pregnant women from Ngarenaro ward had adequate iodine intake while for lactating women had mild iodine deficiency. About 34% (95% CI; 23%, 44%) of pregnant women had UIC above recommended safety levels of >500 μg/l which suggested that, pregnant women might have excessive iodine intake. Likewise, 15% (95% CI; 3%, 33%) of lactating women had UIC levels above the recommended levels of >500 μg/l suggesting that, lactating women could also be taking excessive iodine. Excessive intake iodine could be due to increased iodine intake from foods due to high levels ofiodine in salt used in cooking. It was concluded from the study that, most respondents had adequate iodine intake. However, 34% and 15% of pregnant and lactating women, respectively, had excessive iodine intake. There is a need to re- examine iodation levels to comply with the WHO recommended levels of 40 ppm at factory. Further studies involving large population groups should be done to ascertain the looming risk of iodine toxicity among pregnant and lactating women.

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