Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

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Farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and motivation for adoption of climate-smart agroforestry in two contrasting agroecosystems of Rwanda
(Elservier, 2025) Ntawuruhunga, Donatien; Ngowi, Edwin Estomii; Mangi, Halima Omari; Salanga, Raymond John; Leonard, Kenneth Lynch
Globally, the experiences show that climate-smart agroforestry (CSAF) can contribute to sustainable agricultural growth and rural transformation while tackling climate change. This study evaluated the interplay between farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and motivation to adopt CSAF. The study used data from 381 farmers surveyed in Bugesera and Rulindo regions, Rwanda. Bugesera, in the semi-arid savannah lowlands, and Rulindo, in the temperate central highlands, were purposively selected for their distinct physiographic features. A questionnaire was used to collect the data and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and binomial logistic regression were performed for data analysis. The results from the correlation analysis showed that various revealed factors, including gender, civil status, education, household size, household poverty level (ubudehe), farm size, farmers’ experience in CSAF, ownership of radio and mobile phone, livestock herd size, farm-river distance, training, and extension visits, influenced farmers’ knowledge in adopting CSAF. The most significant positive correlation was found between owning a mobile phone and farmers’ knowledge, while the weakest positive correlation existed between farmers’ gender and their knowledge of CSAF. These factors equally affected farmers’ attitudes, except for statistically insignificant gender. The most significant positive correlation was between owning a mobile phone and farmers’ attitudes, while the weakest was between extension visits and farmers’ attitudes towards CSAF. Further, results revealed a positively significant relationship between the farmers’ ages and their motivation to adopt CSAF. Additionally, the binomial logit regression analysis showed that farmers knowledgeable with CSAF were 2.5 times more likely to practice CSAF than farmers without such knowledge. Moreover, being motivated by CSAF benefits increased the likelihood of adopting CSAF by 0.6 times compared to unmotivated farmers. By filling the gap in understanding farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and motivations toward CSAF adoption, this study contributes to advancing sustainable agricultural practices in Rwanda. It provides a blueprint for similar initiatives elsewhere.
Community attitude towards community health fund on health security in Kalambo District, Rukwa Region, Tanzania
(Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 2020-06-18) Kasonso, Alexander D.; Chingonikaya, Emanuel E.; Sikira, Anna N.
Community Health Fund (CHF) is one among health insurance schemes found in Tanzania. It was established in 1996 with the aim of improving the health of people who work in informal sectors. However, since its formulation, it has not performed well; the majority of HHs are not members, and some members are withdrawing from the scheme. The overall objective was to assess the attitude of community members towards the importance of CHF for health security. Specifically, the paper assesses the attitude towards CHF interventions among members and non-members of CHF and compares the attitude between members and non-members of CHF on health security. Cross sectional research design was used in this study. Simple random sampling technique using the lottery method was employed to select 354 respondents. Data were collected using a household questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions guide, Key Informant Interviews checklist and documents’ reviews. Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings show that CHF has inclusive benefits to its members as it covers costs of health treatment rather than paying money every time they attend medical treatments. Furthermore, the attitude towards CHF among members and non-members was accounted for 9.3% and 51.9 negative, 2.3% and 4.1 neutral and 88.4 and 44.0 positive. This indicates that the majority of people in the study area had a positive attitude towards CHF services. Thus, the study concludes that a great proportion of members of CHF in Kalambo District have positive attitude towards CHF intervention while the majority of non-members have negative attitude towards CHF intervention because they were not aware of it due to lack of knowledge. It is recommended that the government should mainstream CHF intervention to all communities so that non-members can join the scheme and hence get better health services. Also, the study recommends that the CHF service providers should put more emphasis on sensitising communities against negative attitudes from non-members of CHF.
Smallholder farmers’ levels of adaptive capacity to climate change and variability in Manyoni District, Tanzania
(International Journal of Research & Methodology in Social Science, 2016) Shirima, Andrew Omari; Mahonge, Christopher; Chingonikaya, Emmanuel
Smallholder farming households in developing countries are most vulnerable to climate change and variability as their livelihoods are climate-sensitive and they lack resources to invest on adaptation measures. To formulate appropriate measures to address this susceptibility, it is essential to understand smallholder farmers’ adaptive capacity. This study assessed the adaptive capacity to climate change of farming households in Manyoni District. The specific objectives were: to determine the levels of adaptive capacity of farming households to climate change and assess the impacts of households’ socio-demographic characteristics on adaptive capacity levels. A random sampling technique was adopted to obtain 240 households and data were collected using questionnaire and FGDs. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were done using SPSS and excel. Ordinal logistic regression was adopted to determine influences of households’ socio-demographic characteristics on adaptive capacity. Majority had low adaptive capacity with financial resources ranking the highest in the resources that were required for adaptive capacity. Household size was the strongest predictor of adaptive capacity levels whereas age of the household head had a negative influence on adaptive capacity. Also majority belonged to low adaptive capacity levels. The study recommends strengthening of household farming labour for a more adaptive capacity through sensitization and strengthening farming subsidies. It also recommends creation of a more conducive financial access such as affordable credit conditions that will facilitate access to finances so as to sustain the adaptive capacities of the smallholder households under climate change variability.
Assessing climate‑smart agroforestry practices: A study of tree species composition, distribution, and utilities in two contrasting agroecosystems of Rwanda
(Springer, 2024) Ntawuruhunga,Donatien; Ngowi,Edwin Estomii; Mangi,Halima Omari; Salanga,Raymond John; Leonard,Kenneth Lynch
Tree adoption on farms has expanded around the world in the last years due to food security concerns and is expected to further spread due to climate change. Climate-smart agroforestry (CSAF), a smart farming approach, is one of these farming patterns. In this study, we (a) analyzed the distribution and composition of trees in CSAF systems, (b) assessed tree diversity in CSAF systems, (c) analyzed CSAF best management practices, and (d) evaluated CSAF-derived utilities in two contrasting agroecological zones of Rwanda. In particular, species composition, diversity, richness, evenness, and similarity were estimated across land use types. Utility data were recorded as fulfilled goals from different practices. Home gardens, alley cropping, improved fallow, multipurpose trees, plantation crop combination, shelterbelts/windbreaks, and silvopasture are the predominant CSAF practices in Bugesera and Rulindo with different structures and compositions. Results highlighted that tree species diversity, richness, dominance, and importance decrease from Rulindo to Bugesera (H′ = 1.397–1.247), ( Dmg = 0.621–0.368), (D = 0.192–0.117), (IVI = 58.42–58.02). Moreover, farmers seemed to give more weight to utilities from goods meant for household survival such as fruits (home consumption), fuelwood (culinary), fodder (cattle-housed for zero-grazing), and standing trees (stakes for climbing crops). Logs, and poles/timber meant for commercial purposes were given the least weight. Introducing and upscaling fruit tree species on farms can be one of the best alternatives to improve local climate-resilient landscapes and livelihoods. The outcomes of this study can support the targeting of agricultural interventions and innovations in resource-poor settings struggling with food security challenges.
The Synergy between maize productivity and food security among smallholder farmers in Tanzania: insights on successes, challenges, and pathways forward
(The sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (SJSSH), 2024) Jesse,Angela M; Ngowi,Edwin E.
Maize (Zea mays) is the most widely grown crop among smallholder farmers in Tanzania, contributing significantly to both household food security and income generation. Accounting for 45% of the total caloric intake and cultivated by over 85% of rural households, maize plays a dual role in providing essential nutrients and as a key economic asset that facilitates the purchase of complementary food items. Despite its importance, the productivity of maize in Tanzania remains low, averaging 1.6 tons per hectare, far below the potential yield of 4-5 tons per hectare under optimal conditions. This paper critically reviews the synergies between maize productivity and food security among smallholder farmers by synthesizing findings from 59 peer-reviewed studies drawn from 1,100 English-language articles published between January 2000 and December 2022. By systematically analyzing these studies, the paper identifies: (i) successful strategies for improving maize productivity and their positive impacts on food security (what works), (ii) persistent challenges that hinder productivity growth (what doesn’t work), and (iii) potential areas for further enhancing maize yields to address food insecurity (what could work). Drawing on the conservation and diffusion models, the analysis focuses on how the transfer of knowledge and adoption of innovative agricultural practices—such as the use of improved maize seeds, chemical fertilizers, pest and disease management, post-harvest storage improvements, and irrigation—can boost productivity and improve food security. However, the review reveals that despite the availability of these strategies, the adoption rate remains low, with only 30% of farmers consistently using high-yielding seeds and less than 20% applying adequate fertilizer, largely due to limited access to agricultural extension services and financial constraints. The paper problematizes the widespread reliance on rain-fed agriculture, which exacerbates vulnerability to climate variability, and highlights how systemic barriers—including poor infrastructure, limited market access, and insufficient government support—undermine the potential benefits of maize productivity interventions. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for context-specific, farmer-centered agricultural policies that prioritize capacity-building through tailored extension services, climate-resilient farming practices, and enhanced access to input markets. The findings underscore the urgency of addressing these structural challenges if Tanzania is to meet its national food security goals and improve rural livelihoods.
Influence of relative user satisfaction on sustainability of climate change adaptation practices: insights from Chamwino and Igunga agro-ecological zones, Tanzania
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2025) Baradyana,Edson N; Kayunze,Kim A; Ngowi,Edwin. E
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of Relative User Satisfaction (RUS) on the sustainability of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) practices in egro-ecological zones of Tanzania. Supported by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study focus on determining the influence of self-efficacy, subjective norms, usage experience, perceived risks, output quality, results demonstrability, perceived image, compatibility, usability and relevance, on sustainability of CCA practices. The study employed a cross sectional research design , involving 295 respondents who are households heads adopted CCA practices in Chamwino and Igunga districts, with data collected through household questionnaires, Focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs). Statistical analyses, including Descriptive statistics, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Multivariate Ordered Probit model (MOVP) were performed. Results from the descriptive analysis indicated high preference of practices including Trees Planting and use of Farmyard manure after funding, reasons being their simplicity, immediate benefits and alignment with local knowledge. The findings from inferential analysis revealed that self-efficacy, perceived image, subjective norms, usability and usage experience were positively and statistically influencing the sustainability of CCA practices after funding period. Results from Multivariate Ordered Probit revealed Self-efficacy to have significant influence on soil water conservation practices (β = 1.07, p < 0.001), Trees planting (β = 1.02, p < 0.001) and the use of farmyard manure (β = 0.99, p < 0.001). Perceived image was also found statistical significant in influencing practices, with statistical significance p-value of 0.001. Subjective norms was found crucial in influencing Ox-drain tillage practices (β = 0.99, p < 0.001), while usage experience and usability showed moderate effects with statistical significance p-value of 0.01 and 0.05 respectively. The study finds that Self-efficacy, Perceived image, Subjective norms and Usage experience serves as essential RUS factors in influencing the sustainability of CCA practices after funding period. The study concludes that, ensuring sustainability of the practices require enhancing community participation, simplicity of the practices and consideration of socio-economic factors. The study proposes establishment of targeted training, role models system, incentive systems, monitoring frameworks and user-friendly guidelines to enhance self-efficacy, social influence, and Usability for long-term implementation
Geospatial characterization of climate-smart agroforestry in two contrasting physiographic zones of Rwanda
(Elsevier, 2023) Ntawuruhunga,Donatien; Ngowi,Edwin Estomii; Mangi,Halima Omari; Salanga,Raymond John; Shikukua,Kelvin Mashisia
Efficient use of rich natural resources notably land, is one of the most important indicators of economic progress. The unmatched population growth with production has triggered increased demand for food. Nations have prioritized sustainable agriculture as a coping strategy. Climate-smart agroforestry (CSAF) can be one of the options to increase productivity, income, and food security, and stabilize the environment. CSAF denotes a practiced farming system of combining trees with crops or animals (AF) evolved in practices to enhance productivity and feed the food-insecure people while coping with the adverse effects of climate change. This study investigates the land suitability for CSAF in the Bugesera and Rulindo regions of Rwanda. Nine variables were considered for investigation in the study viz. elevation, slope, soil type, rainfall, temperature, LU/LC, distance from roads and trade centers, and landslide risks. The analysis used two commonly known techniques (AHP and GIS) integrated to classify and sort out the suitable land for CSAF practices and development. Results identified three CSAF suitability zones, ranging from 1,662.82 ha (1.60 %) as highly suitable and 90,123.78 ha (86.62 %) as moderately suitable to 12,262.50 ha (11.78 %) less suitable zones in Bugesera. In Rulindo, suitability zones range from 709.92 ha (9.69 %) as highly suitable and 6,514.56 ha (88.92 %) as moderately suitable to 102.24 ha (1.39 %) less suitable land for CSAF. Results further showed that the available means suitable land for CSAF are 34,683.03 ha in Bugesera (34,683.03 ± 48,304.71) and 2,442.24 ha in Rulindo (2,442.24 ± 3,539.79). Land suitability scores for CSAF largely varied across sites (F = 1.33, p = 0.31). Cross-validation using ground-truthing information (field visit and collection of GPS-based ground coordinates of random locations of actual CSAF) mostly supported the generated CSAF suitability maps (nearly 91 % of ground-based locations supported the model output). This study integrates GIS with AHP to plan CSAF farming and scaling up. In sites such as Bugesera and Rulindo where investigations on CSAF are scanty, these results reveal the extent of CSAF farming in the targeted areas. They can provide direction for future land use modifications, better land stewardship, and costeffective solutions in study areas, and other agroclimatic zones. Moreover, this study will pave the way for further studies on the potential CSAF and possibly required interventions for the assessed areas.
Climate-smart agroforestry systems and practices: A systematic review of what works, what doesn’t work, and why
(Elsevier, 2023) Ntawuruhunga,Donatien; Ngowi,Edwin Estomii; Mangi,Halima Omari; Salanga,Raymond John; Shikuku,Kelvin Mashisia
The prevailing global environmental distress, particularly in rural areas, calls for the adoption of integrated sustainable rural development strategies like climate-smart agroforestry (CSA) practices. CSAF is a new name for an old farming practice among the world’s traditional farmers, a holistic approach to land use in which trees, crops, and sometimes animals are combined within a managed farmland, a sustainable farming system and practice, and a pathway toward the mitigation and adaptation of the biggest challenge of our times: climate change. CSAF systems and practices provide a range of goods and services vital for human well-being, particularly for people who live below the poverty line. Yet a number of important knowledge, research, and adoption gaps remain regarding human-environment interactions, and the urgency behind these gaps reflects the need to inform evidence-based policymaking and practice to realize the potential for CSAF to support farmers’ livelihoods. We conducted a review of CSAF system practices that contribute to achieving the SDGs, in particular those related to increased human well-being, and prosperity, soil and water conservation, bioenergy, climate change response, biodiversity conservation, and landscape management, from the SDGs outlook. The study specifically identifies, (i) what has been innovatively achieved in CSAF practices to cope with climate risks for environmental stability, improved farm productivity, farm income, and food security (what works), (ii) challenges facing smallholder farmers to adopt CSAF practices (what doesn’t work), and (iii) room for a significant contribution of CSAF practices in smallholder farmers’ productivity beyond what has been observed. Generally, the results show that CSAF practices have the potential to optimize different socio-economic returns and sustain environmental services. Farming with CSAF technologies has many advantages in both ecological and economic aspects that support the achievement of several of the SDGs, specifically SDG1 (no poverty), SDG2 (zero hunger), SDG3 (good health and well-being), SDG5 (gender equality), SDG6 (clean water and proper sanitation), SDG7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG13 (climate action), and SDG15 (life on land). Results showed that despite its contribution to the SDGs and its global widespread, the challenge remains linking knowledge and action in CSAF research, education, and capacity development. Farmers will not be able to solve the challenge of sustainable agriculture by themselves. Thus, efforts are required from both the public and the industry and effective public-private partnerships along the agricultural and food value chain. There are multidimensional aspects to CSAF which require in-depth scientific analysis for the extensive application of CSAF practices in sustainable land management endeavors. Moreover, in this perspective, CSAF should keep its identity while seeking a role in the nexus of SDGs. We hope this review will provide a clearer picture of what the state-of-the-art in practicing smarter technologies in a changing climate is and provide a more holistic understanding of CSAF systems and practices, and the gaps regarding human-environment interactions, and the way forward to overcoming them.
Community responses to corona virus disease (COVID-19) in Africa in the face of “Infodemic”: A scoping review
(Elsevier, 2024) Muhanga,Mikidadi; Jesse,Angela; Ngowi,Edwin
Globally, Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has significantly affected communities in various aspects. The World Health Organization proposed different measures to prevent the pandemic. However, these measures in some instances have not effectively minimized the impacts of COVID- 19, due to innumerable factors, inter alia, considerable “infodemic” related to myths, misinformation, and misconceptions. Knowledge of the “infodemic” on COVID -19 can lead to effective interventions to rid societies of COVID-19, hence reduction of COVID-19-related risks and outcomes. This article explores the “COVID-19 infodemic” that affected community responses to COVID-19 in Africa. The study employed a scoping review approach involving peer-reviewed articles from numerous search engines and databases. The keywords involved in the search query were: “COVID-19 infodemic, COVID-19 false news, COVID-19 in Africa, ‘knowledge of COVID-19, ‘myths, misinformation, and misconceptions on COVID-19, ‘history of COVID-19’, ‘community responses to COVID-19 in Africa”. Findings show that 5G technology transferred coronavirus, high temperature and alcohol can kill coronavirus, blacks are immune to COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccine development has been rushed hence not very effective and safe and also causes infertility. Diverse community responses have been registered which in some ways frustrated efforts in combating the pandemic. Therefore, the “infodemic” consisting of myths, misconceptions, and misinformation have been resulting from the history of COVID-19 which first affected white people more than blacks. Also, low knowledge of how the virus is transmitted and affect human being; and the notion that COVID-19 affects richer than poor people, hence since white people are richer than black people then they were the first to be affected by the pandemic. Obviously in presence of such myths, misconceptions, and misinformation; community responses in combating COVID-19 have not been very effective in Africa. For these interventions to be effective, collective efforts involving various stakeholders to raise awareness of COVID-19 are needed.
Micro-level evidence of synergies between extension services and small-scale maize farmers in tanzania: what works, what doesn’t work and why?
(Mwenge Catholic University (MWECAU), 2022) Ngusa, D.A; Ngowi, E.E
The article investigates synergies that exist between extension services and small-scale maize farmers for enabling them to cope with climate variability and increase yields in Magu District, Tanzania. The article adopts agricultural extension theory of the Ecological Knowledge System (EKS) that hypothesizes on transferring knowledge and skills to farmers. A cross-sectional research design was applied to collect data. The target population was maize small-scale farmers and the sample size was 70 respondents. Respondents were selected through simple random sampling. Data collection methods included household survey, focus group discussions, nonparticipant observations and life history interview. Data collection instruments included questionnaire, checklists and interview schedules. Qualitative data were thematically analysed through content analysis and life history trajectory. Quantitative data were analysed by using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation for categorical variables of a five-point Likert scale and multiple linear regressions. The results show that, 78.57% of maize small-scale farmers had limited access to extension services because there were no synergies with extension-officers’ schedules. Hence, the inferences indicates the value of 0.012 for age, 0.018 for sex, 0.003 for marital status and 0.01 for education to have a significant difference at a p-value of 0.05 in the synergy for small-scale maize farmers and the number of sacks produced among households per year. The major policy implication is that, whether farmers are organic and conventional, extension agents should customize their services according to their client’s socio-economic characteristics.
Socio-economic determinants of community health fund membership in Kalambo district, Rukwa region, Tanzania
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASSS), 2020) Kasonso Alexander D.; Chingonikaya Emanuel E.; Sikira Anna N.
The study aims at determining the influence of factors affecting CHF membership. The paper analyses socio-economic determinants of Household HH’s membership to CHF. Across- sectional research design was used in the study whereby data were collected using a household questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) and documentary review. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics whereby a binary logistic model was used. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The sample size was 354 households, which were determined by Yemen’s formula. The results of this study show that, in the eleven variables used in the binary logistic model, three were found to be significant predictors of CHF membership at (p <0.05). These are awareness of existence of CHF, Ex-CHF membership and income. It is concluded that many households have not joined the fund due to lack of awareness on the existence of CHF and lack of income. Therefore, Local Government Authorities (LGAs) should initiate concerted educative measures to community members on the existence and importance of CHF to their health. Furthermore, LGAs should set a reasonable amount of money to be contributed by HHsin enrolling for the fund, basing on the district socio-economic profile.
Drivers and barriers to climate‑smart aquaculture adoption: Insights from Mwanza and Mara Regions, Tanzania
(Springer, 2025) Mdoe,Christopher N; Mahonge,Christopher P; Ngowi,Edwin E
Climate-Smart Aquaculture (CSAq) optimizes resource use, minimizes environmental impacts, and enhances resilience to climate stresses. However, adoption remains limited in African countries, including Tanzania, due to socio-economic, institutional, and environmental barriers. This study investigated drivers and enabling conditions for CSAq adoption in the Lake Zone of Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey of 384 smallholder aquaculture farmers in Mwanza and Mara regions was analyzed using a multinomial logit regression model. The results show that socio-economic factors significantly influenced adoption, particularly education level (higher education increased integrated farming adoption; χ2 = 132.48, p < 0.001), gender (male farmers were more likely to adopt integrated farming; χ2 = 5.239, p = 0.003), and household size (larger households favored integrated systems; χ2 = 10.838, p = 0.021). Institutional factors, including access to finance (χ2 = 10.258, p = 0.013), extension services (χ2 = 14.888, p = 0.008), and training (χ2 = 19.564, p = 0.003), facilitated adoption. Environmental conditions, such as proximity to water (χ2 = 6.351, p = 0.048) and lower climate variability (p = 0.011), also influenced uptake. Integrated farming, which combines aquaculture with agriculture and livestock, emerged as the dominant CSAq practice. Polyculture and monoculture were less commonly adopted. The regression results confirmed that integrated CSAq adoption is significantly driven by income diversity, household size, training, and climate risk perceptions. These findings directly inform the study’s recommendations, which emphasize targeted financial and technical support, including access to credit, extension services, and gender-responsive policies. Strengthening institutional capacity and embedding CSAq into national climate adaptation frameworks will be critical for scaling sustainable aquaculture in Tanzania and similar contexts.
Implications of climate-smart aquaculture practices on households’ income and food security in Mwanza and Mara, Tanzania’s Lake Zone
(The North African Journal of Food and Nutrion Research, 2025) Ngowi,Edwin E; Mahonge,Christopher P; Mdoe,Christopher N
Background: Climate-Smart Aquaculture (CSAq) practices present significant opportunity for the mitigation of climate-related challenges within the aquaculture sub-sector, particularly in the Lake Zone of Tanzania, where aquaculture and fisheries are central to household well-being. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of three CSAq practices—integrated farming, polyculture, and monoculture—on household income and food security. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2023 and February 2024, involving 384 aquaculture households across the Mara and Mwanza regions. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including chi-square and t-tests, to determine the influence of CSAq practices on economic and food security outcomes. Results: The findings revealed that integrated farming significantly enhanced both household income and food security, with participating households achieving a "Very Satisfactory" Household Food Security Index (HFSI) score. In Mara, where integrated farming was more prevalent, households reported significantly higher yields (3303 ± 155 kg) compared to those in Mwanza (2454 ± 146 kg; t = 4.96, p < 0.001). However, Mwanza exhibited significantly higher prices per kilogram (6719 ± 103 TSH) than Mara (5799 ± 122 TSH; t = -5.29, p < 0.001) attributed to superior market access and infrastructure. Polyculture practices, more frequently adopted in Mwanza (35.7%) than in Mara (21.8%), yielded variable impacts on income and food security. Chi-square analysis (χ² = 9.269, p = 0.010) indicated significant regional disparities in CSAq adoption, with Mara exhibiting higher adoption rates of integrated farming (69.3%) compared to Mwanza (56.0%). Conclusions: This study confirmed that integrated aquaculture-agriculture systems significantly improve household income and food security, while monoculture increases vulnerability. Regional variations indicate higher yields in Mara, associated with the widespread adoption of integrated farming, whereas Mwanza benefited from enhanced market access and elevated fish prices. Strengthening financial access, training programs, and institutional support is crucial for enhancing CSAq adoption. Key recommendations include the expansion of extension services, the improvement of market infrastructure, and the fortification of cooperative support systems to ensure sustainable aquaculture.
Impacts of climate-smart agroforestry practices on income and food security in two Rwandan agroecosystems
(Elservier, 2025) Ntawuruhunga,Donatien; Ngowi,Edwin Estomii; Mangi,Halima Omari; Salanga,Raymond John; Leonard,Kenneth Lynch
Climate-smart agroforestry (CSAF) practices offer a sustainable way to improve soil health, increase farm productivity, enhance biodiversity, and boost farmers’ well-being in low-income countries. This study assessed the effects of CSAF on income and food security among 381 farmer households in two contrasting Rwandan agroecosystems. Data were collected through farm-level interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multivariate latent variable regression. Results revealed that CSAF practices increased crop yield, improved food security, and diversified income sources. Livestock contributed the highest income, while tree products contributed the least. Smallholder farms (<1 ha) reported the highest profits, averaging Rwf 68,975,000 (US$ 52,175.46). Food security was higher in Bugesera (46.7 %) than in Rulindo (42.5 %). Among CSAF practices, shelterbelts and multipurpose trees significantly influenced income and profit, while silvopasture enhanced food security. Despite these findings, latent variables – factors related to farmers’ attitudes towards adopting CSAF practices – have a small impact (if any) on well-being outcomes. This is important information for policymakers, as it signals the extension education needed for the farmers’ understanding of the influence of CSAF adoption on improved household wellbeing. Moreover, these results suggest that CSAF practices can lead to increased income, enhanced food security, and greater resilience to climate change. This information can inform policies and guide agricultural researchers in developing and promoting more effective interventions, ultimately leading to wider adoption of CSAF.
The Synergy of Food Sovereignty and the Politics of Malnutrition in Tanzania: What Works, Why and How?
(Journal of Academics Stand Against Poverty, 2024) Ngowi,Edwin E; Martin,Respikius
Recent data from Tanzania's National Bureau of Statistics show the alarming extent of malnutrition: 35% of under-five children classified as stunted and 15% as underweight, demanding urgent intervention. This paper investigates the synergy between food sovereignty and politics of malnutrition in Tanzania, examining mechanisms, effectiveness, and strategies. It asserts that the interplay between food sovereignty and politics of malnutrition drives socio-economic progress and food security. Using a case study approach, the paper evaluates scalable food sovereignty projects in Tanzania. Interviews with stakeholders, including officials, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and experts, offered insights into the complex relationship. The paper explores “food sovereignty” theory alignment with case studies (the What), rationale for realizing the right-to-food in Tanzania (the Why), and operationalizing policies amid the “politics of malnutrition” (the How). The paper draws on political ecology theory by Bryant and Bailey to explore food sovereignty-malnutrition synergy. Findings reveal that successful food sovereignty projects enhance food security and reduce child malnutrition. Factors include agroecological practices, traditional food systems, women and youth engagement, and community resource mobilization, empowering communities and prioritizing nutrition. Food sovereignty proves transformative in Tanzania and similar contexts, yet structural/political changes are vital to challenging industrial agriculture and global markets. In general, the success of food sovereignty projects in addressing malnutrition in Tanzania illustrates the potential of food sovereignty as a transformative approach to addressing food insecurity and malnutrition. However, achieving food sovereignty requires challenging the dominance of industrial agriculture and global food markets.
Socio-demographic determinants of climate change adaptation practices in agro-ecological zones: A Case study of Chamwino and Igunga districts, Tanzania
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2025) Baradyana,Edson N; Kayunze,Kim A; Ngowi,Edwin E.
The global impacts of climate change have led to the development of various adaptation strategies, including Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) practices. In Tanzania, the introduction of CCA practices through eco-village projects between 2011 and 2019 reflects ongoing efforts to combat climate change effects. However, scientific understanding of the socio-demographic factors influencing households' decisions to adopt CCA practices remains limited. This study investigates the influence of sociodemographic factors on the adoption of CCA practices in the agro-ecological zones of Chamwino and Igunga districts, representing central and western Tanzania. Data were collected from 295 respondents through household surveys, complemented by key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, education level, land ownership, and training attendance were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Pearson’s Chi-square test was employed to assess the statistical significance of the association between socio-demographic factors and agro-ecological zones, while a multivariate probit model was used to analyze the impact of socio-demographic factors on the adoption of CCA practices. The findings reveal that CCA adoption varies across zones, with the western zone showing a higher adoption rate. Chi-square results indicated significant associations between CCA adoption and factors such as soil water conservation, farmyard manure, mixed cropping, plant spacing, and the use of improved seeds and breeds (p<0.05). The multivariate probit model showed that gender, experience, land ownership, and training attendance significantly influenced adoption, with these factors promoting more practices compared to age, marital status, and education level. These insights are crucial for policymakers and local agencies to ensure that CCA initiatives ar e inclusive and address the diverse needs of different demographic groups.
Integrated agricultural development strategies: assessing forage and seed supply chain dynamics at vikuge pasture seed farm, Kibaha, Tanzania
(Rangeland Society of Tanzania, 2025-03) Salehe, Farida; Ngowi, Edwin
This study investigated the integrated agricultural development practices at Vikuge Pasture Seed Farm in Kibaha, Tanzania, focusing on the supply and commercialization of forage and seeds. It identified critical challenges that hampered effective FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ DQG VRXJKW WR HOXFLGDWH KRZ WKH IDUP¶V practices influenced local agricultural dynamics. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 96 respondents through key informant interviews and focus group discussions, supplemented by a thorough literature review. A market system and value chain approach were adopted to analyze the flow of inputs from production to consumption, aiming to uncover the interconnected activities that enhance economic viability. Statistical findings revealed a remarkable 25% increase in annual revenue attributed to innovative agronomic practices and market-oriented strategies, underscoring the strong economic feasibility of the farm's operations. Qualitative insights from the focus group discussions highlighted the socio-economic implications of integrated practices, indicating improved access to high-quality forage seeds, enhanced livestock productivity, and positive ripple effects on local economies. Participants reported increased income and job creation, validating the transformative potential of integrated agricultural development initiatives. This study not only contributes to the understanding of commercialization strategies in Tanzanian agriculture but also provides empirical support for policy frameworks aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural practices that can elevate local livelihoods and economic resilience.
Industrialization and economic development in Tanzania from independence to today: a review of historical strategies, challenges and prospects
(Science Domain International, 2025-07-09) Chingonikaya, Emanuel Emanuel; Salehe, Farida S
Tanzania got her independence from the British in 1961, by then, Tanganyika, before joining Zanzibar in 1964. Tanzania started the move towards industrialization just after the independence in 1961. The Industrial development in Tanzania is categorized in various phases namely immediately after independence, during Ujamaa na kujitegemea (Socialism & Self-reliance ideology) after the Arusha Declaration of 1967, economic and political reforms in mid 1980s, beyond 1996 - privatization and establishment of private sectors, and free market economy period to date. The Industrial Development in Tanzania was strengthened in 2000s when the Tanzania Development Vision (TDV) 2025 was formulated with the aim of enabling the country to reach the semi-industrialized economy by 2025. Various strategies and economic development plans have been formulated in order to meet the TDV 2025. Many industrial development efforts were observed such as constructions of infrastructures such as buildings for offices, hotels, roads, railways, marine facilities, purchasing of airplanes, and establishment of power energy plants and service delivery facilities. However, the Industrial Development sector faced a number of challenges. The challenges include lack of capital, Inadequate supply of power, lack of technical skills, discontinuation of policies between succeeding regimes, price fluctuation, unstable currencies, corruption and economic crises due to various shocks such as the Tanzania –Uganda war of 1978/1979. However, the Industrial development in Tanzania keeps on pacing since independence 1961 to date. Industrialization in Tanzania has a positive, though complex, relationship with economic growth. In order to improve development of industries and country’s economic growth towards achieving the TDV 2025, the challenges and constraints which hinders industrial development should be evaded.
Organic spices farming in west districts, Zanzibar: it’s contribution to income of smallholder farmers.
(Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research, 2025-07-09) Chingonikaya Emanuel E.; Garu Foum A.; Salehe Farida S
Aims: In recent years, organic agriculture has been gaining considerable importance. Many farmers today show interest all over the world in organic farming. The concept of organic farming is not new, but it has been scantly studied. Organic spice farming is therefore, requires to be studied widely. Spice production is a popular economic activity in Zanzibar. The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of organic spice farming to income of the smallholder farmers. Study Design: The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in two districts of Zanzibar, the West and Central districts between August 2018 and September 2018. Methodology: A random sampling procedure was used to obtain 120 households. The households were categorized from three clusters namely: merely organic, certified organic and inorganic spice farming farmers. Data were collected using a household questionnaire survey. Results: Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Among the three types of spice farming, inorganic spice farming averagely produced 174.3 kg/household, followed by merely organic (86.3 kg/household) and certified organic (70.2 kg/household). However, certified spice farming households earned in average 565 900 TAS higher than others (merely organic (361 170 TAS) and inorganic (350 500 TAS)). Further, certified spices contributed to 26.2% of the total household’s income, followed by merely organic (23.1%) and inorganic (19.0%) spices. Conclusion: The study concludes that spice farming increased income among households. Therefore, there is a need of putting more effort in spice farming improvement, particularly certified organic spice farming as it gives high earnings to the households.
Tap water scarcity and alternative water sources used at household level in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2024) Uhagile, F. B.; Salehe F. S.
This study investigates the household-level response to tap water scarcity in Lukobe Ward, Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania, focusing on the adoption of alternative water sources and the resultant water acquisition. Employing a cross-sectional research design with a mixed-method approach, it integrates quantitative analysis, including descriptive statistics and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with qualitative data subjected to content analysis. Data were collected through a household survey of 120 respondents, key-informant interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted across three streets. Results reveal a heavy reliance on purchased water from vendors (100%), fetching water from private sources (63.1%), utilizing shallow wells (61.1%), and harvesting rainwater (100%). The mean daily water acquisition per household was 81.5 liters. While no significant disparity in daily water consumption was observed among the streets (F=2.335, p=0.101), a notable difference was found in water procurement from shallow wells and vendors between Lukobe Juu and Mgudeni streets (p=0.035). This study underscores the incomplete implementation of the 2002 National Water Policy in the area, suggesting a need for enhanced collaboration between stakeholders, including households and private sectors, to safeguard and manage water sources effectively. Recommendations are made to align local practices with national policy objectives to ensure sustainable water service delivery in Lukobe Ward and similar contexts.

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