Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://10.10.97.169:4000/handle/123456789/1006

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 190

A review of Nyerere’s vision for African socialism, self-reliance, and rural transformation
(The sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (SJSSH), 2026-05) Farida Salehe; Mikidadi Muhanga
This review examines Julius Kambarage Nyerere’s Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism (1971), a seminal text in African political thought that articulated an authentically African vision of socialism rooted in communal traditions. Nyerere’s philosophy emphasised familyhood (Ujamaa), self‑reliance, and education for community service, positioning these values as the foundation for Tanzania’s nation‑building and development. The book’s originality lies in its adaptation of socialist principles to African cultural contexts, distinguishing it from Marxist orthodoxy and grounding it in indigenous traditions of solidarity and equality. The review highlights both strengths and limitations. On one hand, its ethical grounding in human dignity, Pan‑African relevance, and critique of capitalism continue to inspire debates on justice and collective progress. On the other hand, practical implementation faced challenges: villagisation disrupted agricultural productivity, collectivism undermined individual initiative, and the one‑party system contradicted democratic ideals. These contradictions contributed to economic stagnation and political tensions. Despite mixed outcomes, Ujamaa remains relevant to contemporary debates on sustainable development, decolonisation, indigenous knowledge systems, and critiques of neoliberal globalisation. His emphasis on education for social responsibility resonates with ongoing curriculum reforms in African universities. The review concludes that Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism is both visionary and contested, standing as a cornerstone of African political philosophy and offering enduring lessons for re‑imagining African‑centred development models that prioritise dignity, equality, and community.
A review of post-harvest milk losses in Tanzania’s milk sector: lessons from production to consumption
(Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2023) Lugamara, C.B.; Urassa, J. K.; Massawe, G. D.
Tanzania has engaged in various policies, strategies and programmes in order to increase production, processing and marketing infrastructure for milk and milk products and minimise animal product losses. However, not much is known in relation to post-harvest milk losses. Therefore, the review paper aims to establish from empirical literature the extent of Tanzania’s post-harvest milk losses and the causes in relation to efforts made by the government to minimise the same. To achieve the above, the authors used various databases to locate documents reporting on Tanzania’s post-harvest milk losses whereby 1605 documents were identified and screened remaining with 82 that were deemed relevant. Thereafter, an assessment of the 82 documents led to only 12 being included in the critical review, with ten being dropped due to either being similar or using the same data. Therefore, in the end, only two documents are captured in this paper. Generally, the review shows that there is insufficient empirical information on Tanzania’s post-harvest milk losses with the most recent study having been conducted almost 19 years ago. In addition, the study’s scope was quite limited, covering a sample of 66 respondents and a narrow geographical coverage of only three regions (i.e. Coast, Dar es Salaam and Morogoro). Furthermore, the study used the rapid appraisal approach. Therefore, there is a need for disaggregated information on Tanzania’s extent of post-harvest milk losses at various nodes of the milk value chain so as to inform policy makers and other stakeholders interested in curbing the same. Keywords: Milk losses, milk supply chain, post-harvest losses.
Access to bank loans and smallholder farmers' paddy productivity; a case of Mvomero district, Tanzania
(IJASAB International, 2022) Mpeku, Faraja N.; Urassa, Justin K.
Limited access to credit is one of the main limitations facing smallholders in Africa. Therefore, the study on which this paper is based, aimed at comparing smallholder farmers paddy productivity before and after their access to loans from formal financial institutions. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design whereby data were collected once from 110 smallholder paddy farmers in Mvomero District using a questionnaire. In addition, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to enable triangulation. Quantitative data from the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS whereby both descriptive and inferential statistics were determined. Study findings show that the paddy crop continues to play an essential role in the majority of households in the study area. Paddy productivity, on the other hand, was relatively low. The results from the linear regression show that loan size, age of household, farm size, the use of fertilizer and farming experience were significantly associated with paddy productivity. They further show that the major challenges faced by smallholder farmers in their access to bank loans were high-interest rates, loan inadequacy, and high collateral demand. The results of the paired sample t-test show that there is a difference in productivity before and after farmers accessed bank loans. Despite the importance of paddy farming to household livelihoods, it was reported that access to credit has a positive impact on the productivity of paddy farmers.
Access to finance from financial institutions among the smallholder’s cashew nut producers in Tandahimba District - Tanzania
(American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), 2023) Byedileclara Mashalla C.; Mhandon David G.
The study was carried out among the cashew nut producers in Tandahimba District to identify factors that influence smallholder’s cashew nut producers to access finance from financial institutions. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, whereby a sample size of 100 respondents was used. Data were collected through a household survey and interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed by using binary logistic regression and content analysis respectively. The results show that factors influencing cashew nut smallholder’s producers to access finance from financial institutions are: age of the producers’ (p = 0.001), having financial statements for at least three years of producers’ in cooperatives (p = 0.027), cooperative membership to cooperative union (p = 0.014), absence of criminal cases (p = 0.042), certificate of maximum liability from registrar of cooperatives (p = 0.011), minutes of the meeting which approved application for the loan for cooperatives (p = 0.041), farm/ land size (p = 0.044) and effectiveness of cooperative association in linking producers’ to getting a loan from a financial institution (p = 0.032). The study concludes that, the identified factors can be used for efficient access to finances among smallholder’s cashew nut producers in Tandahimba district.
Adaptation to changes in the coffee value chain And the price of coffee among coffee producers in Two villages in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
(African Study Monographs, 2013) Mhando, David Gongwe; Haller, Tobias; Mbeyale, Gimbage; Ludi, Eva
Market liberalization in Tanzania has eroded the monopoly of the cooperative unions by allowing private coffee buyers (PCBs) to compete with them on equal footing. Similarly, farmers groups and primary societies are now allowed to sell coffee at auction. Thus, farmers have various options for selling their coffee. Similarly, the coffee industry has experienced large fluctuations in prices and stagnation in production. How do farmers react to these changes? Can and do farmers profit from different market conditions and sell to different traders at the lower end of the value chain, or do they remain with cooperatives or farmers groups? This study was conducted in Mruwia and Mshiri villages in Moshi Rural district. Whereas Mshiri village remains attached to the Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union (KNCU), Mruwia has detached from this organization and sells coffee independently. The sample (103) was randomly selected from the coffee farmers in the two villages. Data were collected through surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), and socio-anthropological methods (participant-observation, biographies, and thematic interviews). Results indicate that the selection of whom to sell coffee depends largely on farmers’ dependence on coffee and prices, other benefits accrued, and whether the initial costs are covered by buyers. Additionally, most respondents did not sell coffee to PCBs. Thus, prices, the institutional infrastructure, and the structure of local communities were important when making decisions about how and with whom to trade.
Adoption intensity of bundled sustainable agricultural practices among small-scale maize growers in Morogoro region, Tanzania
(East African Journal of Management and Business Studies, 2023) Mugula, Joseph J.; Kyaruzi, Athman A.; Msinde, John; Kadigi, Michael
The study examined the adoption rate and intensity of bundled sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) among smallholder maize farmers in Tanzania. The SAPs considered include crop rotation, intercropping, manure, improved seeds and crop residual. Using descriptive techniques and ordered probit model, data was collected from 470 farming households from Kilosa and Mvomero Districts through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The results show that education level, occupation, farming experience, sex of the household head, farm size, plot ownership, geographical location, membership in farmers’ organization and production diversity had significant impacts on the adoption intensity of multiple SAPs. In addition, there were greater disparities in the adoption intensity than in the adoption rates; the awareness and recognition of SAPs did not necessarily translate into increased usage. The study recommends that the interdependence nature of agricultural innovations should be considered in designing strategies dissemination of SAPs to provide farmers with a choice among different sets of practices that possess desirable traits. Given that diverse factors influence the usage of different combinations of SAPs, it is important that policymakers should take into consideration the significant factors to ensure that farmers can maximize the benefits of SAPs through provision of training programs to enlighten farmers on the benefits of SAPs.
Adoption of recommended maize production practices and productivity among farmers in Morogoro district, Tanzania
(Springer, 2019) Gahanga, Consolatha J.; Urassa, Justin K.
The chapter is based on a study that aimed at assessing the adoption of recommended maize production practices and productivity between farmers who were members of Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) and those who were not. The study was conducted in Morogoro District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying FFS recommended maize production technologies; determining socio-economic factors influencing farmers’ adoption of the technologies; and comparing maize productivity and income between households involved in FFS and those that are not. Lastly, it determined the contribution of maize sales to the household incomes of the two groups. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design whereby data was collected from 166 individuals through household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), whereby descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were determined. A logistic regression model was used to determine the association of socio-economic factors and the adoption of FFS technologies. Study findings show that age, education, household income and farm size significantly influenced the adoption of recommended FFS practices. Results also show that farmers who participated in the FFS had a higher maize productivity and maize sales were the main source of income in the study area. Thus, extension agents need to do more to encourage more farmers to join FFS so as to get access to improved maize technologies which will enable them to raise their maize productivity and ultimately their income and general living standards.
Agricultural value chain incubation programmes and youth employment: a case of the Sokoine university graduates entrepreneurs cooperative, Morogoro, Tanzania
(TAJAS, 2021) Donge, H; Urassa, J.K
Youth unemployment is on the rise globally Tanzania inclusive. Nonetheless, for Tanzania, the agricultural sector has a potential for employment creation at the various nodes of the agricultural value chain. Therefore, the study generally examines the contribution of the Sokoine University Graduates Entrepreneurs Cooperative (SUGECO) in enabling its graduate’s self-employ while creating employment for others. Specifically, the study examines the contribution of the above- mentioned programme to youth’s employment; identifies challenges facing the programme, and examines the policy gaps. The study is based on the cross-sectional research design whereby data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 88 respondents. In addition, data were collected from five key informants. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPPS and qualitative data through content analysis. Generally, study findings show that SUGECO has the potential to support young entrepreneurs’ development and job creation in Tanzania. Findings also show that SUGECO offers a variety of trainings which equip its graduates with business management and employment skills. In addition, marital status and being trained in agribusiness were significantly (P≤0.05) associated with the graduates’ employment creation. However, the findings show that SUGECO and its graduates face a number of challenges including lack of funding, lack of commitment among the graduates, and unsupportive government policies. Therefore, SUGECO needs to adhere to its pre-defined criteria when selecting candidates for incubation programme so as to only recruit the committed ones. In addition, the Government and non-governmental organizations should collaborate and put some efforts to promote the SUGECO agribusiness incubation programme as it has the potential for employment creation and poverty reduction among the youth.
Assessment of community perception on proper solid waste management at household-level in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2024) Mdetele,Clara; Allan,Tumaini; Ngowi,Edwin
Effective solid waste management is integral to environmental sustainability and public health. The success of waste management initiatives is intricately linked to community perceptions, as their awareness and attitudes significantly influence outcomes. This study, conducted in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania, aimed to assess the community's perception of proper solid waste management at the household level. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional design, data were gathered from 70 respondents across three randomly chosen wards: Mazimbu (26), Mji Mkuu (22), and Mji Mpya (22). These wards were pivotal in capturing a comprehensive view of solid waste management practices, accounting for variations across different areas within Morogoro Municipality. Data were also collected from five key informants using the Kobo Collect survey tool. Inferential statistics, specifically Pearson chi-square tests, were applied to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to explore the types of solid waste generated at the household level. The findings revealed that 38.6% of respondents produced vegetable waste, 28.6% generated leaves/grass, 20% produced plastic waste, and 12.9% generated other types of solid waste. The chi-square tests showed no significant differences in community awareness regarding the importance of proper solid waste management across wards, except for a significant difference in relation to disease outbreak reduction. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the community's perception of obstacles hindering proper solid waste management. To evaluate the community's perception of solid waste management, a composite mean score was calculated; a mean score above 2.00 indicated a positive perception, while a score below 2.00 suggested a negative perception. In conclusion, while the community generally holds a positive perception of solid waste management, factors such as collection fees and inadequate infrastructure hinder its effectiveness and efficiency at the household level. It is recommended that municipal authorities enhance solid waste management strategies and implement educational campaigns to raise awareness within the community
Assessment of community perception on proper solid waste management at Household-level in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2024-12-14) Mdetele, Clara; Allan, Tumaini; Ngowi, Edwin
Effective solid waste management is integral to environmental sustainability and public health. The success of waste management initiatives is intricately linked to community perceptions, as their awareness and attitudes significantly influence outcomes. This study, conducted in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania, aimed to assess the community's perception of proper solid waste management at the household level. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional design, data were gathered from 70 respondents across three randomly chosen wards: Mazimbu (26), Mji Mkuu (22), and Mji Mpya (22). These wards were pivotal in capturing a comprehensive view of solid waste management practices, accounting for variations across different areas within Morogoro Municipality. Data were also collected from five key informants using the Kobo Collect survey tool. Inferential statistics, specifically Pearson chi-square tests, were applied to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to explore the types of solid waste generated at the household level. The findings revealed that 38.6% of respondents produced vegetable waste, 28.6% generated leaves/grass, 20% produced plastic waste, and 12.9% generated other types of solid waste. The chi-square tests showed no significant differences in community awareness regarding the importance of proper solid waste management across wards, except for a significant difference in relation to disease outbreak reduction. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the community's perception of obstacles hindering proper solid waste management. To evaluate the community's perception of solid waste management, a composite mean score was calculated; a mean score above 2.00 indicated a positive perception, while a score below 2.00 suggested a negative perception. In conclusion, while the community generally holds a positive perception of solid waste management, factors such as collection fees and inadequate infrastructure hinder its effectiveness and efficiency at the household level. It is recommended that municipal authorities enhance solid waste management strategies and implement educational campaigns to raise awareness within the community.
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community health workers on household sanitation and hygiene in rural Tanzania
(International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2025-03-22) Samani, Lina Patrice; Mwanga, Joseph; Basinda, Namanya; Msaki, Evarist; Kadigi, Michael
Background: Access to improved sanitation, adherence to good hygienic practices, and adequate supply of safe water are very crucial factors for the health and well-being of people within the household and the entire community. Household sanitation and hygiene promotion has largely been done by community health workers in most places in Tanzania and worldwide, especially in rural and marginalized areas. Despite the presence of community health workers in Tanzania as primary health providers, WASH-sensitive indicators such as diarrhea, stunted growth, and typhoid are still high. However, little has been done to assess their knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding household sanitation and hygiene. Aim: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices among community health workers on household sanitation and hygiene at Mbarali and Mbeya rural districts in Mbeya region, south-west highlands of Tanzania. Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The sample size was estimated by using Yamane formula for calculating sample size. Data for the study were collected for one month, questionnaire guide and observation checklist were used as data collection methods. Data were entered in STATA version 15 databases by two research assistants, and then data were cleaned, validated and analyzed. Descriptive analyses included frequencies and percentages of socio- demographic characteristics such as age, sex, education, knowledge, attitude, and practice of hygiene and sanitation. To determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and respondents 'KAP, a bivariate chi-square test was conducted. A threshold of 0.05 p-values was used for statistical significance. Results: A total of 391CHWs were recruited. Out of 391CHWs, 184 (47.1%) had adequate knowledge regarding household sanitation and hygiene, while 207(52.9%) CHWs had inadequate knowledge. 74.4% of the CHWs had a positive attitude towards, whilst 25.6% of the participants had a negative attitude regarding household sanitation and hygiene. A total of 128 (33.0%) had good practices, while (67.1%) of the participants had poor practices regarding household sanitation and hygiene. High education level and the short period from the last training on sanitation and hygiene were found to be associated with adequate knowledge (p=0012) and (p=0.008) respectively. Female participants were found to have good practices (p=0.015) than their counterparts. The observation checklist revealed that, of the total 391CHWs, 206(52.7%) CHWs didn’t receive the needed cooperation from the community members, though they had all the necessary equipment for home visits. On house-to-house visits, only 28 CHWs had all the necessary equipment. None of the CHWs had allowance at the end of the visit. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the need to check CHW programs to match their needs as per their roles to strengthen the knowledge, attitude, and practices hence ensuring efficiency in their provision of primary health services and promotion of improvement in household sanitation and hygiene particularly in household sanitation and hygiene.
Attitude of voters towards elections in Morogoro municipality: a reflection on 2015 general election in Tanzania
(Science Publishing Group, 2017-12-22) Muhanga, M
This paper examines the attitudes of voters towards elections in Tanzania following an observed trend of having a great proportion of registered voters who did not vote in the General Elections in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 respectively. The study out of which this paper is based on aimed at assessing the voters’ attitudes towards election and their perception on the importance of participating in election in Morogoro municipality, an electoral constituent which recorded voters turn out of 34.6% below the national turnout of 42.8% in 2010 General Election. A cross- sectional study design and multistage sampling techniques were employed; data were collected using a questionnaire through Computer Aided Personal Interviewing [CAPI] platform from proportionate number of male and female respondents from four randomly selected wards from Morogoro urban in Morogoro region. A total of 14 Likert scale statements were used to assess the attitudes of voters towards elections. Cross tabulation was employed to associate attitudes with other variables. Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS] computer software was used for data processing and analysis. The findings reveal that the minimum and maximum Total Attitudinal Scores were 39.0 and 56.0 respectively with mean at 44.2 and Std. Deviation of 4.01. The study findings show that the overall respondents’ attitude towards elections was negative, with 60% of the respondents scoring less than 44.2 points out of 70, whereas 40% had positive attitude whereby they scored 44.2 points and above. The results show that 73% of the respondents perceived participating in election was important. It is recommended that initiatives should be taken to cultivate positive attitudes of citizens to motivate them to turn out to vote.
Attitudes towards affirmative action policies’ implementation in local politics in Tanzania: a case of Misungwi district, Mwanza region
(2009) Kabote, Samwel Juma
For about two decades, Affirmative Action (AA) policies, particularly Quotas and/or Special Seats have been substantial measures for increasing women’s political representation and participation in developing countries and Tanzania in particular. However, attitudes related obstructions influences AAs’ implementation in the country. With this rationale, this study was conducted in Misungwi District to assess factors influenced attitudes towards AAs’implementation. A key question in this study was: Do sex, awareness/knowledge on Affirmative Actions (AAs) and duration in local leadership positions influences respondent’s views towards AA’s implementation? Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews and documentary reviews. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 13. Findings revealed that, more women had positive attitudes towards AA’s implementation as opposed to men. Knowledge on reasons for Affirmative Action’s introduction was also positive. In addition, respondent’s attitudes were positive for respondents stayed six years and above in local leadership positions. Though it was a case study findings depicted a real picture of most District Councils in Tanzania. The study concluded that negative views towards AAs’ implementation exacerbated women’s under-representation as well as poor participation in local politics. Finally, we recommend that the family, schools and political parties should be entry points to eliminate negative attitudes towards AAs’ implementation in Misungwi District and the nation at large. Public gender awareness campaigns, accompanied with empowerment programmes are also highly recommended in this regard.
Awareness of Peri-urban Farmers on the Concept of Climate Change: A Case of Temeke District, Dar es Salaam Region
(International Knowledge Sharing Platform, 2016) Lunyelele, S. P.; Bengesi, K. M. K.; Katani, J. Z.
This study assessed peri-urban farmers’ awareness on the concept of climate change in Temeke District, Dar es Salaam Region. A total of 240 questionnaires were administered to the heads of households in four wards of the study area. Descriptive statistics mainly frequency distribution, percentages and average were used to analyse socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. Perceived indicators and the effects of climate change were measured through a five point Likert Scale. Off the interviewed respondents 97.9% were generally aware of climate change. Farmers’ awareness is manifested through the locally perceived indicators: increase in drought which had a mean score ( ) of 4.4, decline in rainfall ( =3.83), recurrent floods ( =3.83) and rainfall fluctuations ( =3.1). Respondents linked climate change with human activities largely cutting and burning of trees. Farmers’ perceptions are not directly linked with scientific understanding of climate change. The study recommends for the Government intervention based on farmers’ specific needs. In the other vein, more researches on climate change awareness is recommended in order to enhance local community’s adaptive capacity.
Bankable receipts or broken signals? cooperative credibility, service reliability and access to warehouse receipt system-backed credit among cashew smallholders in Tanzania
(Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 2026-04-29) Mhandon David G.
Purpose – Access to agricultural credit remains a critical constraint for smallholder commercialization in developing economies. Thisstudy examines how cooperative credibility and service reliability influence access to Warehouse Receipt System (WRS)-backed credit among cashew smallholders in Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed-methods design was employed using cross-sectional survey data from 200 cashew-producing households in Tandahimba District, Tanzania. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the factors associated with access to WRS-backed credit. Qualitative evidence from key informant interviews and focus group discussions was used to interpret institutional and behavioural mechanisms underlying the observed quantitative patterns. Findings – The results show that access to WRS-backed credit is positively associated with confidence in cooperative auditing, accurate documentation, and timely payment of produce. Perceived service risks reduce the likelihood of credit access. The findings suggest that, beyond the availability of financial products, the credibility of cooperative governance and the reliability ofservice delivery play a decisive role in shaping farmer participation on WRS-backed credit. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on cross-sectional data from one cashew-producing district, which limits causal inference and generalization to other commodity systems. Future research could extend the analysis using panel data and comparative studies across different warehouse receipt commodities. Social implications – Improved access to WRS-backed credit can enhance smallholder livelihoods by easing seasonal liquidity constraints, stabilising incomes, and reducing reliance on informal lenders. Strengthening cooperative credibility and service reliability promotes trust, transparency, and collective action within rural communities. Clearer documentation and timely payments can also improve inclusiveness by lowering barriers for less-resourced farmers, including women and youth. By supporting more equitable participation in agricultural markets, effective WRS implementation contributes to poverty reduction, resilience to price volatility, and broader rural development outcomes in smallholder-based economies. Originality/value – The study contributes to the agribusiness and agricultural finance literature by demonstrating how institutional credibility and operational service reliability jointly shape access to warehouse receipt–based credit in cooperative-mediated commodity systems in developing economies.
Can legislative reform reshape climate governance? evaluating Tanzania’s environmental management (amendment) act, 2025, as a legal foundation for carbon market regulation
(The sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (SJSSH), 2026-03-30) Temba, Ferdinand M.
The intensifying urgency of climate change demands that national legal systems move beyond discretionary policy frameworks toward enforceable regulatory architectures that integrate mitigation, adaptation, and market-based mechanisms. This article addresses a central question facing developing countries: how can domestic law effectively translate global climate governance norms into binding institutional and compliance structures? Using Tanzania as a critical case study following its recent legislative reforms, the article examines the extent to which the Environmental Management (Amendment) Act, 2025, establishes a legally grounded framework for climate governance and carbon market regulation. Employing a doctrinal and qualitative analytical methodology, the study systematically analyzes primary legal sources; including the amended Act, subsidiary regulations, and institutional mandates; situating these within broader global and regional climate governance frameworks under the Paris Agreement and African Union climate strategies. The analysis reveals that the 2025 amendments effectuate a fundamental normative transformation by embedding climate change within statutory definitions, creating the National Carbon Monitoring Centre as a dedicated oversight institution, mandating climate-sensitive environmental assessments, and establishing legally binding systems for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of greenhouse gas emissions. These reforms collectively construct an institutional architecture that aligns domestic law with the integrity and transparency requirements of Article 6 carbon markets. However, inferential analysis of the framework's practical implications suggests that the legal provisions alone are insufficient to guarantee effective implementation. The study identifies critical dependencies: institutional capacity constraints at sub-national levels, unresolved customary land tenure disputes that threaten carbon project viability, gaps in technical expertise for robust MRV systems, and the absence of clearly defined, legally enforceable benefit-sharing mechanisms. These factors collectively mediate the gap between legal formality and governance effectiveness. The article contributes empirically by providing a systematic analysis of a recent legislative reform within an underexplored African context, and theoretically by demonstrating how polycentric governance principles can be operationalized through domestic legal design. It concludes that while the 2025 Act provides a necessary and credible legal foundation, its transformative potential will be realized only through sustained institutional strengthening, targeted capacity-building, and complementary regulatory measures that address land rights and benefit distribution. The study recommends prioritizing investments in sub-national institutional capacity, finalizing regulations that reconcile customary and statutory land tenure for carbon projects, and embedding participatory governance mechanisms to ensure that carbon market participation delivers both environmental integrity and equitable socio-economic outcomes.
Capabilities of government co-operative supporting organisations in dissemination of innovations to primary co-operative societies in Tanzania
(International Journal of Knowledge / Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 2019) Njau, L. S.; Massawe, F. A.; Mahonge, C. P.
Purpose: This paper assesses the capabilities of GCSOs in dissemination of innova- tions to primary co-operative societies (PCSos) in Tanzania. Design/Methodology: The study adopted a case study research design whereby five cases were picked. Primary data were collected using key informants (KIs) interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), documentary review and direct observation. Docu- mented data were analysed using content analysis. The Atlas.ti computer software was used in analysing data from KIs and FGDs. Findings: The study revealed that most GCSOs have important resources but were unutilised for innovation activities. There were also lack of incentives to support inno- vation activities amongst GCSOs executives and personnel and lack of formal and comprehensive systems to reward innovation activities. Moreover, the study estab- lished weak innovations progression from lower node of innovation chains to higher ones. This scenario was coupled with neither institutionalised nor user-oriented ap- proaches regarding innovations dissemination. The study recommends that GCSOs executives should work to mobilise more internal resources to enable more innova- tions dissemination activities. They should also work to strengthen their innovation value chains by ensuring resources commitment and work to ensure deliberate inclu- sive efforts in engaging innovations users (PCSos) at all stages of the innovation chain activities. Limitations: The study covered GCSOs only as they have been receiving direct gov- ernment resources to support among other things innovation activities unlike other member-based and private organisations operating in Tanzania. Similarly, the study captured the GCSOs capabilities aspects within the key innovation value chain pro- cesses only. Originality/value: The paper assessed GCSOs capabilities in innovations dissemina- tion and proposes strategic measures necessary to ensure more innovations dissemina- tion to end-users.
Causes and management of land conflicts in Tanzania: a case of farmers versus pastoralists
(Uongozi Journal of Management and Development Dy namics, 2016) Massawe, Goodluck Dastan; Urassa, Justin Kalisti
Land conflicts are on the increase in many parts of Tanzania. Though the same existed even in the planned economy era 1961 to 1985, there has been an escalation of thesame since Tanzania opted for the.free market economy in the mid-1980s. While land corif!.icts are experienced by all walk<; of life and people engaged in different economic activities, those between farmers and pastoralists have been more dread.fit! leading to loss of life and property in many instances. The aim of this paper is twofold: firstly, to examine the factors that have contributed to the causes and persistence of .farmer-pastoralist conflicts in Tanzania; and secondly, to examine the strategies that have been applied in managing .farmer-pastoralist conflicts. The paper contains a review that is organised into three .fundamental sections. After introduction, Section Two discusses the literature that analyses the conflict by drawing on the social, historical and economic causes. In Section Three, the papei· introduces some of the key framework<; used within the peace and conflict literature, particularly in reference to the dffering notions of conflict management, conflict resolution and conflict transformation that could be applied in solving or managing conflicts between .farmers and pastoralists in Tanzania for the good of both groups. The paper makes two conclusions: firstl y, the farmer-pastoralist conflict tends to be best explained through an interpretive lens that sees many processes impacting on the highlighted issue. Whilefarmer-pastoralist corifl.i cts have been produced by social, historical, economic and discursive factors; the former three factors have dominated most of the analysis within the literature . Secondly, there is no single solution for managing the conflicts. However, to effectively manage the conflicts communities need to adopt a multidimensional approach that takes into account a range of the contributing factors .
Challenges and opportunities of coffee cooperatives in enhancing member incomes: a case study of Missenyi district, Kagera region, Tanzania
(The sub Saharan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2024-12-12) Kyamanywagoha, Aron Rajab; Allan, Tumain; Mhando, David Gongwe
Agricultural Marketing Cooperative Societies (AMCOS) are critical in supporting farmers through resource pooling, crop marketing, and access to services like training and credit. However, their effectiveness is undermined by structural and systemic challenges that hinder their ability to meet members' needs. This study investigates the role of AMCOS in service provision, focusing on coffee cooperatives in Missenyi District, Tanzania. Data were collected from 128 participants using surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions, and analyzed quantitatively with IBM-SPSS (Version 20) and thematically for qualitative insights. The findings highlight significant challenges. Demographic imbalances reveal that 72.5% of respondents were aged over 50, with only 6.9% under 40, pointing to a declining youth engagement in farming. Gender disparities persist, with men comprising 82.4% of cooperative members despite women providing 70% of labor. Limited educational attainment (60.8% with only primary education) constrains members’ capacity for innovation. While land ownership was high (90%), small plot sizes (1–3 hectares for 64.7% of respondents) restrict production scalability. Access to improved coffee seedlings (35%) and training services (36.3%) was inadequate, while 96% of members lacked access to credit, limiting financial flexibility. Although government initiatives, such as tax reductions and digital payment systems, improved coffee prices, financial constraints, mismanagement, and competition continued to impede service delivery. Addressing these issues requires targeted interventions, including public-private partnerships, improved resource management, regulatory enforcement, and capacity building to ensure AMCOS can meet members’ expectations and promote sustainable coffee farming in Missenyi District.
Classroom discourse and discursive practices in higher education in Tanzania
(Research Gate, 2008) Mohamed, Hashim Issa; Banda, Felix
The paper problematises student writing as social practice from the perspective of lecturers’ discursive practices. The paper uses data from a major study at a higher learning institution in Tanzania to explore lecturers’ discursive practices and familiarity with the university orders of discourse including English medium of instruction, in unequal power relations with students, for whom English is a foreign language. The lecturers’ practices are scrutinised in terms of how they work against facilitating students’ access to the privileged literacy practices of the academia and how they serve to enact and sustain dominance in Tanzania’s education system, with its monolingual orientation, which privileges Kiswahili in primary school and English in secondary and higher education.

Browse

Browsing Articles, Conference and Workshop Papers Collection by Title