Theses and Dissertations Collection

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The role of participatory approaches in smallholder farmers rice production in Morogoro region: the case of the national special programme on food production [NSPFP] in Mang’ula division, kIlombero district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Laizer Raphael Kiyoyan Loishiro
The use of participatory approaches in rural development programmes is now becoming globally and locally advocated. In Tanzania, these approaches are believed to present an opportunity to smallholder fanners to participate in all stages of the agricultural programmes for sustainable agricultural production. Using NSPFP as a case study, the role of participatory approaches in smallholder rice production in Morogoro Region was studied. The overall objective of the study was to examine the extent to which NSPFP participatory approaches have contributed towards increased adoption of rice technologies and yields amongst smallholder rice farmers in Mang'ula Division, Kilombero District. The study focused on three specific objectives: 1)To identify the improved rice technologies and practices that smallholder rice farmers (PFG and non-PFG members) have adopted as a result of the use of NSPFP participatory approaches. 2)To assess the effect of adoption on increased rice yields among smallholder rice farmers due to NSPFP participatory approaches. 3)To assess the attitudes of key actors with respect to contacts to address smallholder rice farmers production constraints. The population for the study was all smallholder farmers in Mang'ula Division and the sampling frame was purposively determined to be smallholder rice farmers in the three villages (Mang'ula1 A, Ichonde and Kisawasawa) in Mang'ula Division where NSPFP activities are concentrated. The cross-sectional research design and stratified random sampling technique was used to establish the strata of respondents interviewed. All PFG members formed one stratum while non-PFG members formed the o±er. The purposive sub-sample of 75 PFG members determined ±e other sub-sample of 75 non-PFG members, thus making a sample size of 150 respondents interviewed. All the extension staff and some key informants were also interviewed to get information pertinent to the study objectives. Structured interview schedules were used to collect data from the PFG and non- PFG members, whereas semi-structured interview schedules were used to collect data from extension staff and key informants. The results of the study show that the relationship between the increase in adoption of rice technologies and yields was not statistically significant for PFG and non- PFG members. A significant difference was observed in terms of programme contact to respondents. NSPFP contacted more respondents than other agricultural extension programmes due to use of PFGs as the organizational structures that facilitated the use of the selected participatory approaches (i.e.PFGMs, DFs, FFDs, GDFs and Workshops or Seminars). The results revealed that while the DFs were used as demonstration centres of the selected rice innovations, the trained GDFs were used as consultants of PFG and non- PFG members on the selected and demonstrated rice innovations on need basis to complement efforts of VEOs at the grassroots level. From the results of the study, FFDs were used as the places for the key actors toverily the potential of using rice innovations and become aware of their working relationship. The statistical analysis showed ±at, there was a highly significant difference between PFG and non-PFG members on the purposes of interacting together to learn and select the improved rice technologies, discuss on availability of agricultural inputs and verify the potential of using rice innovations. The study recommends formation of more PFGs as the organizational structures that would facilitate the use of participatory approaches, establishment of linkages with agricultural support services and interaction among the key actors in agricultural production.
Factors influencing use of improved postharvest storage technologies among small scale maize farmers: a case of kilolo district, Tanzania
(Sokoine university of Agriculture, 2018) Kadeha, Twilumba Joseph.
Specifically, the objectives of the study were: to identify the commonly used postharvest storage technologies commonly by maize farmers, to determine small scale farmers knowledge on the use of improved postharvest storage technologies, to determine the perception of small scale maize farmers toward the use of improved maize postharvest storage technologies and to identify factors influencing the use of improved maize postharvest storage technologies. The cross-sectional research design was used for the study. The population included all small scale maize farmers in the study area and sample size was 260 respondents. Data were collected using personal interviews. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and non- participant observation. Descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, percentage and inferential statistics such as a binary logistic regression model were computed. The commonly used postharvest storage technologies were traditional storage technologies such as traditional granaries, bamboo basket and polythene bags and 60% of small scale maize farmers had low knowledge on the use of improved storage technologies. The study further found that 80% of small scale maize farmers had positive attitude toward the use of improved storage technologies. Formal education, access to credit, extension services, membership in farmers groups and distance from home to the market place were the factors influencing the use of improved postharvest storage technologies. This study recommended that, extension agents should increase their contact with farmers, the government should subsidize improved postharvest storage technologies with a high initial cost in order to enhance their use and Kilolo District Council and extension officers should encourage farmers to form groups for community storage such as cereal banks and warehouse receipts system.
The role of Sasakawa global 2000 project credit system in the adoption of improved wheat technologies by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia: the case of Hetosa District
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1999) Jibba, Kedir Bati
The general objective of this study was to examine the role of SG-2000 project credit system in the adoption of improved wheat technologies by smallholder farmers in Hetosa District. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) to identify wheat technologies that have been adopted as a result of the credit system, (ii) to assess the effect of credit system on the adoption of wheat technologies, and (iii) to assess farmers' and extension agents' perceptions on the SG-2000 credit system.The design of this study was a cross-sectional survey, which involved collecting data at one point in time from a selected sample of respondents. Data were collected using an interview schedule and a questionnaire supported by personal observation, informal discussion and informal interviews with key informants. A simple random sample of 50 and 60 respondents was picked from SG-2000 and non-SG-2000 farmers respectively (using a table of random numbers) to form a sample size of 110. The results (of this study) show that wheat technologies such as wheat varieties kubsa and wabe; proper land preparation; DAP and urea fertilizers; and 2,4-D (U-46) herbicide were adopted by the majority of farmers. Out of these adopted wheat technologies, urea fertilizer and 2,4-D (U-46) herbicide were adopted by smallholder farmers as a result of SG-2000 credit system. The analysis of the data revealed that the SG-2000 credit system had a significant effect on the adherence to recommended rates of wheat technologies (DAP and urea fertilizers and 2,4-D or U-46 herbicide), on the use (expansion) of urea fertilizer and 2,4-D herbicide and on the wheat yields per hectare. The results of Chi-square statistical test for relationship between the involvement in SG-2000 credit system and the following: (a) the adoption of the recommended rates of fertilizers (DAP and UREA), and herbicide (2,4-D or U-46); (b) percentage of wheat area in which urea fertilizer and 2,4-D herbicide were applied in relation to farmers total wheat land; and (c) wheat yield per hectare were found to be statistically significant. Farmers perceptions on SG-2000 credit system were that: SG 2000 credit system is effective in making of credit inputs (like improved seeds, fertilizers and herbicides) available on time, provides regular supervision, has less bureaucratic procedures for credit provision, and helpful in adoption of wheat technologies. However, farmers were not happy with the inflexibility of SG-2000 in some of the conditions (such as amount of down payment, size of EMTP) for obtaining credit. It was found out that the down payment conditions put forward by SG-2000 only favoured well-to-do farmers and not poor ones. Hence this enhances the equity gap. The extension workers' perception on SG-2000 credit system indicated that the credit system assisted farmers in the adoption of wheat technologies. However, the following were found to be the weaknesses of the SG-2000 credit system: involvement of extension workers in input distribution and credit repayment collection, lack of regular training for extension workers, low involvement of relatively poor farmers and lack of specific recommendations for wheat technologies (eg urea fertilizer) for various locations. Recommendations pertaining to this study are provided in chapter five.
Evaluation of the contribution of farmer field schools in rice production in the Kilombero district of Morogoro region, Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Ally, Mgonzo Dunia
This study investigated the contribution of farmer Field Schools in rice production in Kilombero Districts. Specifically this study determined the level of adoption of rice production practices recommended during Farmers Field School and the average rice yield obtained as a result of FFS participation. Simple random sampling was used to obtain 60 respondents from non FFS participants and 51 respondents from FFS participants making a total of 111 respondents to participate in this study. Data were collected by using structured interview schedule, and thereafter entered and analyzed by using SPSS computer programme. The findings reveal that the level of adoption of recommended rice production practices like rice varieties, fertilizers, spacing and weeding was high among FFS participants than among non FFS participants. However, both groups didn’t apply the recommended phosphate fertilizer in their rice fields. Average yield was also high among FFS participants than among non FFS participants. The correlation test results revealed that the level of adoption of recommended rice production practices and average rice were significantly high among FFS participants than among non FFS participants. Also chi - square test indicated a highly significant difference between FFS participants and non FFS participants in terms of adoption of recommended rice participants and non FFS participants in terms of adoption of recommended rice production practices and average yield. Based on study findings it is recommended that FFS facilitators should put more emphasis on the application of phosphate fertilizers in rice fields. Also the Ministry of Agriculture, Food security and cooperatives should insist on the use of FFS approach in all rice growing areas.
Factors influencing adoption of improved maize production technologies and practices in the national extension intervention programme (neip) in Awassa district, Ethiopia.
(Sokoine University of Agriculure, 1999) Elala, Sebsibe Teklu
Currently, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) of Ethiopia has been stressing peoples' involvement in development activities. This approach is believed to facilitate the attainment of sustainable self-reliant development. In this regard. MOA has launched the National Extension Intervention Programme (NE1P) in the country. Thus using the PAEP as a case study, adoption of improved maize production technologies and practices were studied. Here, the main objective of the study was to investigate factors influencing the adoption of improved maize production technologies and practices in Awassa district, Ethiopia. Specifically, the study sought to: determine the extent of adoption of the introduced technologies and practices: identify and analyze factors influencing adoption of the introduced technologies and practices; identify and analyze factors associated with involvement of farmers in the programme; and determine farmers' and extension workers' perceptions on the approach of the programme. Data for the study were mainly collected through interviews of 120 farmers in six development centers, and through self-administered questionnaire from 31 extension workers in the region. The study used two analytical tools in assessing the data and information collected. These are descriptive and regression analyses. From these analyses the study concluded that: (i)Farm size, number of draft oxen owned by the farmers, income, extension service, and credit were strongly associated with involvement in the programme and have significant influence on the adoption of the introduced technologies. (ii)Adoption of the introduced technologies and practices was strongly associated with involvement in the programme. (iii)Among the identified factors, credit was the highest predictor for involvement in the programme and adoption of purchased technologies. (iv) Improved maize variety was the least adopted technology among the components of the package. (v) In the study, according to respondent extension workers' perceptions, the extension workers involvement in input distribution and repayment collection. affects the performance of extension workers activities. Recommendations from the study include: (i)The role of extension service is very important in the technology adoption process. Therefore it should be expanded specially to those disadvantaged areas. Here extension agents should also make efforts to ensure that female farmers are directly targeted as agricultural service beneficiaries. (ii)Input distribution and the financial administration should be strictly separated from (he extension service in order to ensure good relations between extension workers and farmers. The extension agents should concentrate on their educational tasks of teaching farmers improved farm practices. Their attention should not be diverted by such chores as input distribution and loan collection. rather, they should teach their farmers, where they can get inputs and how they can get loans. (iii) One of the major reasons for the non-adoption of the introduced technologies was high input costs. Therefore, if poor farmers arc to benefit from the programme, input costs should be subsidised. Generally the findings from the study have shown that farmers with more resources (the minority) have been involved in the programme and then adopted the introduced technologies more than those with less resources (the majority).
A study of factors affecting the adoption of Hybrid maize in Mwanga district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1998) Msuya, Catherine Phillip
Mwanga district is experiencing continuous food shortages. In spite of the food problems, farmers continue to use traditional ways of food production and have not fully adopted the available modern agricultural technologies and practices. This study was designed to investigate factors influencing the adoption of hybrid maize in Mwanga district. The specific objectives of the study were: 1) To determine the level of adoption of hybrid maize in Mwanga district 2) To identify and describe factors that affect the adoption of hybrid maize in Mwanga district. 3) To determine the innovations,relationship between farmers, institutional and environmental characteristics on one hand and the adoption of hybrid maize 4) To recommend ways which can facilitate farmers to adopt hybrid maize in Mwanga district. The study was done in two villages involving 90 farmers and one extension worker. Forty five respondents from each village were selected randomly by using a table of random numbers. Data were collected using two types of structured questionnaires: one was for the farmers who grew maize and the other for the extension worker. Field observations were also used for data collection. These data were supplemented by documents and records from agricultural offices in Mwanga district and two village extension offices. Data were analyzed at Sokoine University of Agriculture using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). In the SPSS the sub-programmes "frequencies" and "crosstabs" we used to further analyze the data. Findings show that adoption was found to be significantly associated with gender, farm size, income, cost of inputs and complexity of growing hybrid maize. Moreover, adoption of hybrid maize was affected by other factors like the presence of coffee, inter-cropping system and the de-husking quality of hybrid maize. Recommendations drawn from this study include: (a)The price of inputs which is expensive need to be addressed. This can be solved by giving farmers subsidies and credits for them to buy farm inputs. (b)Farmers should be encouraged to buy fresh supplies of hybrid maize seed every season. (c)Women should be involved in the decision making process that involve growing of hybrid maize. (d)Farmers should look for alternative arable areas to cultivate such as the lowlands of Mwanga district to offset food shortages. (e)Farmers should be encouraged to use other alternative ways of improving soil fertility such as using composit manure and increase the use of farm yard manure from cattle kraals. (f)To reduce the problem of drought, farmers should been encouraged to adopt modern agricultural practices such as agro forestry and use field water retention techniques.
An assessment of the adoption of improved foodgrain storage structures in Mara region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Bwana, Eliza Nyangeta
This study was designed to assess the adoption of improved storage technology introduced in Mara Region by SG-2000 and UNDP projects. The study concentrated on farmers growing maize and sorghum which are the main crops grown under SG-2000 project. The study was conducted in 10 villages in Tarime and Musoma rural Districts. lt involved 150 farmers and 10 village extension officers from the selected villages. The specific objectives of the study were 1) to determine the level of adoption of improved storage structures introduced by SG-2000 and UNDP projects 2) to identify factors associated with the adoption and non-adoption of improved foodgrain storage structures 3) to determine the perception of farmers and village extension officers on the effectiveness of the improved storage structures and 4) to determine the relationship between farmers’, innovation’s and institutional characteristics on one hand and the adoption of improved storage structures. Data were collected using two types of structured questionnaires: one for farmers who grow maize and sorghum, the other for extension officers. Field observations and secondary data supplemented the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used in the analyses. The results revealed that 1) only 4% adopted the technology 2) farmers’ characteristics, innovation and institutional factors were important in influencing the adoption of improved storage technology. Farm size, maintenance and repair costs of the structures, involvement of farmers in the programme, and effectiveness of extension were found to be significant determinants of the level of adoption of improved storage structures. Farmers perceived the improved storage structure as durable with low maintenance and repair costs. However, the adoption depended on other factors such as availability of resources and the information transfer process. Policy recommendations include: (1) Direct involvement of farmers in all phases of technology-innovation process to enhance adoption. (2) Women’s involvement in the programme should be increased by providing extension services directly to them. (3) Extension services have proved to be less effective in transferring the technology to farmers, hence they need to be strengthened. (4) A supervision mission should be established in the programme so as to increase contact between farmers and extension officers and to get a quick feedback.
The role of NGOs in integrating gender in Land conservation in refugee affected areas in Tanzania: a case of Ngara district
(Sokoine university of agriculture, 2000) Bujiji, Stephen Biladadaye
A study to examine the role of NGOs in integrating gender in land conservation in refugee affected areas was conducted in Ngara district with the view to recommend strategies that would foster gender sensitive and responsive land conservation projects in these areas. A cross sectional research design which allows collection of information at one point in time was adopted. Data collection process made use of a structured questionnaire which was administered to a sample of 48 men and 48 women. The data collected were then analysed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) computer software. Results showed that NGOs in the study area have been involving both men and women in land conservation initiatives mainly through public meetings for awareness creation and training on land conservation and provision of forest inputs. Mobilization through awareness creation public meetings and training was significantly associated (P<0.05) with gender integration in land conservation initiatives. The major land conservation activities in which men and women were involved were tree nursery establishment and tree planting Participation of men and women in these activities was significantly associated (P<0.05) with their awareness on land degradation and also on land conservation project. The study found that process project planning in land conservation had not been adopted by NGOs. Majority of men and women who were involved in land conservation participated at the level of implementation. It was also observed that formation and/or strengthening of grassroots village environmental committees as part of empowering local communities had notseriously been addressed. The major factor which was found to limit full gender integration in land conservation was lack of regular mobilization particularly for women Mobilization of rural men and women through regular and gender balanced public meetings and training on land conservation initiatives, formation and/or strengthening of gender equity village environmental committees and process project planning are highly recommended. Equally important, co-ordination of NGOs land conservation activities at the district level should be established and strengthened.
Assessment of gender roles in maize production:a case of Mdandu, Igominyi and Makambako Divisions in Njombe District, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2011) Claudius, Beatrice Hemela
This study was conducted at Ibumila, Nyumbanitu, and Magoda villages in Njombe District. The main objective of the study was to assess gender roles in maize production. The specific objectives were to identify existing gender division of labour, to identify reproductive roles performed by fanners, to determine access and control of resources and to examine socio-economic and cultural factors affecting gender relations in maize production. A total of 120 respondents were involved in this study where by 60 were females and 60 were males. Simple random sampling was used to get the intended respondents. The research design used was cross-sectional survey in which data were collected at single point in time through structured questionnaire. Data was coded, entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer programme. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, mean, percentages were used to summarize the information. Results show that, men and women mainly shared agricultural roles in maize production, although women were the dominants in eight activities. Men were found to be the major decision-makers of almost all household productive resources. Also it was revealed that, high prices of farm inputs (27.0%) like fertilizers, improved seeds and pesticides were the major factors affecting gender relations in maize production. However, organization of regular trainings about gender awareness on gender issues, increase of educational contacts with maize farmers; improved supply of subsidized package of inputs should be addressed. Provision of formal marketing system to gride farmers from selling maize to traders (walanguzi)', and provision of adequate physical infrastructure like roads should also be addressed so as to have sufficient and sustainable maize production in a study area.
Effectiveness of agricultural credit on paddy productivity in Kilombero district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016) Mageka, Rose
The study on which this dissertation is based was conducted to determine the effectiveness of agricultural credit on paddy productivity among smallholder farmers in Kilombero District, Morogoro Region. The study focused on the amount of credit provided to smallholder paddy farmers, improved agricultural inputs, and paddy productivity between credit receivers and non-credit receivers. It also assessed the impact of credit on paddy productivity. The data for this study were collected using a household questionnaire that was administered to a sample of 160 households, 80 of whom had received credit and 80 others who had not. MS Excel and Statistical Product and Services Solutions (SPSS) Version 20 were used to analyse the data. Multiple linear regression was used to establish the influence of credit and some other factors on paddy productivity. The average paddy yields for credit receiving farmers were higher (1641 kg/ha) compared to the yields of paddy from non-credit receivers (1288kg/ha). Credit receipt or otherwise influenced paddy yields negatively, but the influence was not significant (p > 0.05). Despite the non- statistically significant influence of access to credit on paddy yield, credit for paddy production is very important for smallholder farmers to alleviate capital constraints. This was said by focus group participants. Furthermore, the results indicated that labour had a positive influence on paddy productivity which was statistically significant (0 = 0.170, P < 0.05); and improved seeds significantly influenced paddy productivity (0 = 0.414, P < 0.05). Fertilizers also significantly influenced paddy productivity (0 = 0.206, P < 0.05). Based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that receiving credit and using it with the above significant factors appropriately increase paddy productivity in Kilombero District. On the basis of the conclusion, it is recommended that agriculture stakeholders should strive to ensure that credit support facilities and/or agencies support smallholder farmers effectively. Further credit conditions, particularly availability, accessibility, and timeliness should be observed to enhance fanners’ access to agricultural inputs timely.
Uptake of index-based crop insurance among smallholder farmers: the case of rice producers in Mvomero- Morogoro
(Institute of Finance Management, 2022) Mpunde, Venance Michael
In spite of agriculture being source of livelihood in Tanzania, yet the sector is faced by various production risks including climate change and variability. Since crop insurance is an important strategy against natural hazards and risks, farmers arc encouraged to adopt it in order to intensify farm productivity. Therefore, this study sought to determine drivers for uptake of index based crop insurance and inform ways of making crop insurance work for the smallholder producers. Data were collected using questionnaire from 102 rice-producing households where weather index-based insurance had been promoted. A total of 5 insurance companies were also selected for KIIs to determine their distribution models and challenges they face in implementing IBCI. BLRM was used to assess the drivers to adopt IBCI, Content and descriptive analyses measured distribution models and challenges insurers face to implement IBCI respectively. The results show that age of the household(p=0.098), farming experience with IBCI (0.000), distance to the paved road (p=0.014), and household income (0.010) had significant influence to farmers’ participation in IBCI. The content analysis from insurance companies showed that selling covers through local agents was dominant method they use in reaching their clients, quality and availability of weather data (37.5%) and capacity building to stakeholders (29.17%) were serious challenges to implement the programme. These findings therefore highlight the need to create more awareness to farmers on the principles of crop insurance and different products that exist. Similarly, developing good channels that will adequately suit the farmers needs and designing of crop insurance products basing on the need of clients, by doing so the uptake of crop insurance in Tanzania will increase.
Direct and interactional effects of three extension organisations on crop production and farmers' education in northern Tanzania
(The University of the West Indies, 1981) Kiariro, Nzinyangwa Ezekieli
The importance of having an efficient Agriculture Extension Service m predominantly Agricultural countries like Tanzania need no over emphasis. In this study cotton extension service and coffee extension service were studied in comparison with the general extension service The study in Same and Mwanga Districts in Kilimanjaro Region. included 1977/78 and 1979/80 cropping seasons because individual villages began keeping separate data in 1977/78 season. The time of actual field work was between June and November 1980. Total yields and quality in all villages were recorded for the period under study. However, the knowledge of the improved practices by the farmers was obtained by random sampling from the total villages and from each randomly picked village, 20 farmers were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics were used in analysing yield and quality changes over the study period in each extension system. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the distribution of respondents in various knowledge categories; and chi-square test was used to find out association of farmers’ knowledge with various farmers’ characteristics Cotton and coffee respondents were dealt with separately. The findings suggest that resident general extension agents perform better than their commodity counterparts. It was also noted that placing the two extension agents in the same village does not necessarily increase performance than where resident general extension worker alone exists. It was found out that knowledge of improved practices did not differ significantly among the extension systems. It was concluded that increasing the number of resident general extension agents could have improved production more than the commodity approach.
Factors affecting water productivity in farmer-managed irrigation schemes: a case of Ruanda-Majenje in Mbarali district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2008) Kaduma, John William
Irrigation Department and other sectors have been improving irrigated agriculture to overcome problems associated with vagaries of the weather. However, despite these efforts the growing competition in water use between sectors, make the sustainability of irrigation schemes and people’s livelihoods questionable. Improving water productivity (WP) from the reported 0.22-0.32 kg/m3 for cereals in Mkoji sub-Catchment towards 2.0kg/m3 recorded in Asia and World wide at large under irrigation has been found to be the key answers. Several researches have been conducted on WP in the Mkoji sub-Catchment but none assessed factors affecting WP in farmer-managed irrigation schemes (FMIS). Therefore, the overall objective of the study was to investigate factors affecting WP in FMIS in order to suggest strategies for WP enhancement. The study was carried out in Ruanda-Majenje irrigation scheme in Majenje village, in Mbarali District in Mbeya region. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design for household data collection. Also the study involved field experiment and on farmers’ plots observation. Questionnaires, checklists and direct observations were used in data collection. Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 11.5) and Statistical Analysis System (SAS) computer software in which descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and separation of means for maize). Results from the experimental plots show that there are still potentials for improving WP by improving factors affecting WP. The low WP is influenced by socioeconomic, institutional and technical factors such as lack of capital, knowledge, extension services and poor agronomic practices to mention a few. The study recommends that there is a need for the Government and other stakeholders to develop strategies that aim in improving WP since water use competition is growing within agriculture and between other sectors. (WP) from the reported 0.22-0.32 kg/m3 for cereals in Mkoji sub-Catchment towards 2.0 kg/m3 recorded in Asia and World wide at large under irrigation has been found to be the were computed. Findings indicated that WP in farmers' field is still low (0.26-0.76 kg/m3 for maize). Results from the experimental plots show that there are still potentials for improving WP by improving factors affecting WP. The low WP is influenced by socio economic, institutional and technical factors such as lack of capital, knowledge, extension services and poor agronomic practices to mention a few. The study recommends that there is a need for the Government and other stakeholders to develop strategies that aim in improving WP since water use competition is growing within agriculture and between other sectors.
Technical factors which affect cotton production in Ukerewe District
(Sokoine Univesirty of Agriculture, 1998) Ngasa, Joseph Stephen
This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of factors which affect cotton production in Ukerewe district. The study describes farmers' opinions and extension workers' opinions thought to have a bearing on cotton production. The study also identifies and describes technical constraints which confound cotton production and recommendations for solving them are made. The main findings of the study are: (1) Cotton farmers in the survey area implement those recommended practices which do not call for financial disbursements and seem to shy away from implementing those recommended practices which call for financial disbursements. (2) Some of the factors which contribute to low cotton yields were identified as lack of proper extension programme planning, a large number of clients per V.E.W., poorly trained extension workers and unattractive working conditions for the extension workers. (3) Although V.E.W.s reported that they favoured the progressive farmers' approach, in practice they adopted the frontal approach which is the current extension policy in Tanzania. (4) The farmers reported deciding freely to grow cotton because it was a means of earning money. On the other hand the extension workers claimed that their clientele were forced to grow cotton. To overcome the technical constraints it is recommended that: (a) One mechanization centre be established, to facilitate mechaniza tion of cotton farming in the survey area. facilities be made (2) A provision of credit to enable farmers to buy inputs and equipments for efficient cotton production. iii The government shouldiv introduce a subsidy on these items because their prices, influenced as they are by the current inflation, are prohibitively high for the poor farmers. (3) Both farmers and extension workers should participate in the formulation of extension programme plans. (4) Extension workers should be furnished with current cotton research findings from Ukiriguru. They should as well be afforded the opportunity for further training. Inservice training courses could serve a useful purpose in this regard.
The role of credit in the adoption of improved agricultural techniques by small scale farmers: a case study of maize growers in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania.
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1994) Lyatuu, Gabriel Godwin Idikiael Solomon
The study sought to determine the role of credit in the adoption of improved agricultural techniques by small farmers. The specific objectives were to: determine the need for credit by the farmers and the extent the need has been fulfilled; find out the sources of credit by the small farmers; distinguish the major factors limiting access to credit by small farmers, and determine how adoption of improved agricultural techniques is related to availability of credit. A questionnaire was used to collect relevant information from the respondents. Formal interviews and discussions were conducted with key informants in the villages and government offices to supplement the data obtained through interviews. The data were then analyzed statistically and obtain frequency distribution, percentage and cross-tabulations. The study established that, farmers need credit to purchase inputs and pay for additional labor required as a result of using the recommended farming techniques. Some farmers are informed of the existence of credit giving institutions; however, few have benefited from institutional credit. Informal sources, mainly friends and relatives, constitute the main source of credit for the majority of the respondents. The complicated lending procedures and demands by the banks from the farmers seeking credit have largely contributed to the limited access to credit to majority of small farmers. The results of the study also show that credit facilitates the adoption of improved farming techniques. Recommendations from the study include involvement of village authorities in the appraisal of credit requirement by the farmers and educating farmers on the procedures and conditions to follow to qualify for credit. Other recommendations include the use of simple collateral such as assessment of borrower's farming business and possessions, involving the extension services and other related institutions to ensure the use and repayment of the loans, and encouraging the establishment of rural savings and credit schemes.
Factors associated with the adoption of agricultural technologies: a case of Sasakawa global 2000 project in Dodoma rural district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1995) Machumu, Finehas Baraka Ndaro
The Sasakawa Global 2000 (SG2000) projects' strategy was successful during implementation as revealed by its ability to enable farmers to increase sorghum yields through training and demonstration as compared to the conventional methods. However, the lack of empirical evidence to the reasons why farmers in that project fail to continue adopting the SG2000 technologies prompted the need to study in detail the factors associated with the adoption and non adoption of the advocated technologies. The study was conducted in 12 villages in Dodoma Rural District in Dodoma Region. It involved 120 farmers and 20 village extension workers selected randomly from 50 villages which have been phased out of the SG2000 project. Interview schedules and field observations were used as instruments for data collection. They were supplemented by documents and records from Regional and District offices. Personal computer Sub-programmes "FREQUENCIES" and "CROSSTABS" were used to analyse the data and was conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture. Findings show that about four out of the six technologies in the package introduced by SG2000 have been adopted (representing 67% of the adoption rate). The adopted technologies were those which demand minimum or non monetary investment while the non-adopted technologies were those which demand monetary investment. Adoption was found to be influenced by cost of inputs, labour requirements, supply of inputs, inferior tools and equipment, credit, time of phasing out, teaching methods and markets. Out of these factors cost of input influenced strongly the non-adoption and/or failure to continue using the technologies while credit availability was strong for adoption of the technologies. In order to increase adoption and continued use of introduced technologies, the following were recommended: a) Creation of sorghum market, b) improvement of ox-training programme, c) motivation of private sector to become stockists, d) improvement of credit provision and recovery, and e) use of actual bottom- up extension approach.
An assessment of public-private-partnerships in provision of agricultural extension services in Mtwara district, Tanzania
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2013) Kissimbo, Mary Mbazi
Over the years the provision of extension services in Tanzania was dominated by the public sector. However, effectiveness of the public sector extension has declined greatly during the past decade. In recent years several private extension providers have emerged to fill the gap created by reduced presence of public sector extension. Thus, this study was conducted to assess Public-Privatc-Partnerships (PPPs) in provision of agricultural extension services in Mtwara District, Tanzania. Specific objectives were to: identify types of parties involved in PPPs in the study area; determine different roles the identified parties play; and examine forms of PPPs partnerships. Data were collected from 154 respondents, including 120 household heads, four extension agents, 30 key informants and various documentary sources using questionnaires, researcher’s diary and checklist. Quantitative data were analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme and qualitative data were analysed using “content analysis” technique. The study identified types of PPPs involved in the provision of agricultural extension services, different roles played by identified PPPs parties and forms of PPPs partnerships. It was concluded that the role of government in PPPs is to build an environment in which plurality of extension providers can thrive. Special attention should be given to those sendee providers who have vested interest in long-term success of services they are providing. It was therefore recommended that a loose network of formal association of private service providers is deemed necessary for any interaction with the government. The study also suggested undertaking studies on forms of PPPs in provision of extension services in other parts of the country in order to enable generalisation of observations.
Socio-economic factors influencing the use of grain storage methods in morogoro region
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 1996) Temu, Paula Ephraim
This study was designed to investigate the socio-economic factors influencing the use of different grain storage methods in Morogoro region. The study concentrated on maize and beans, which are the grains for which proper post-harvest storage is most important in Morogoro region. The study was undertaken in Morogoro rural and Kilosa districts. Morogoro district is situated in the highlands while Kilosa is situated in the lowlands. It was hypothesized that choice of grain storage methods is independent of socio-economic factors. Data were collected using two types of structured questionnaires. One was for the farmers who grew maize and beans, the other was for the extension workers. Out of 130 households sampled, 120 were farmers while 10 were extension agents. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for data analysis. It was found that various traditional and modern systems for grain storage are used in the region. These included; (a) Modern systems such as insecticides, (b) Traditional systems, such as storage structures and locally available materials. The differences in the storage systems between the highlands and the lowlands was in principle due to their differences in agro-ecological conditions. Visits by extension agents had a strong association with the use of either improved traditional storage structures, or insecticides. This was particularly so for the case of maize. Extension agents visits were also trongly associated with the use of modern chemicals especially for beans storage. In general, modern methods are a result of farmer advancement in techniques. However there are significant cases of improvisation i.e using traditional structures with modern chemicals. It is recommended that: For the farmers who adopt the use of insecticides, the traditional storage structures such as 'Kilindo', 'Kihenge,' etc. can be used instead of the sacks which were reported to be vulnerable to insect infestation. Further research is needed to investigate effectiveness of different local materials such as ash, tree leaves, and tobacco leaves, and also the residual effect to the consumers. Advancement of crop storage and hence household and the economies food security can be significantly improved by farmer education. Extension services have proved to be influential, and hence need to be strengthened. The focus should be in (a) educating more extension workers b) strengthening agricultural extension services - research centers linkages. c) Extension workers should closely supervise the farmers on the use of insecticides for food grain storage, (d) Extension workers should advocate specific innovations which suit specific agro-ecological conditions, (e) Economists should investigate economically more viable and compatible to the farmers' environment. which types of storage practices are economically more viable and compatible to the farmers' environment.
Assessment of private agricultural extension activities in tobacco production: the case of association of Tanzania Tobacco traders in Nzega District
(Sokoine University Agriculture, 2004) Messo, Gideon Nyakitumo
In recent times, the government has been inclined towards private agricultural extension providers to supplement public extension delivery. However, so far very little has been done to evaluate their activities and performance. This study therefore sought to assess the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders Limited (ATTTL) agricultural extension activities to determine the extent to which they are cost- effective and client-oriented. The specific objectives were: to study the approach employed by ATTTL in extension activities; to assess the organisational and financial sustainability of the agricultural extension activities of ATTTL; to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the agricultural extension activities undertaken by ATTTL; to determine farmer’s attitudes on the agricultural extension activities provided by ATTTL and to assess the impact of the agricultural extension activities of ATTTL. Questionnaires were used to collect information from respondents. observations and informal discussions with villagers, farmers groups and co-operatives were used to supplement the data obtained from interviews. Formal discussions were also held with ATTTL officials and District and Regional agricultural/extension personnel to get additional information. The study noted that the approach undertaken by ATTTL is superior to that of public extension. ATTTL staff coverage, positive attitudes of extension staff, links with other organisations, and the effect on production show that the activities are efficient and effective. ATTTL has managed to sustain its agricultural extension activities but farmers groups and co-operatives have not been able to achieve such a situation. Farmers have shown positive attitudes on the reliability of inputs, on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme and compatibility of advice but have shown negative attitudes towards marketing and environmental conservation. ATTTL agricultural extension activities have shown positive impact on income and skills of farmers. Recommendations of the study were: private providers should use mass media to back-up the other extension methods, and training programs should be designed in such a way that all farmers are covered. Private sector should train their staff at various levels at the same time management, financial and community development skills should be taught to both leaders of villages, farmer groups and co-operatives. Enabling environment should be created for farmers to participate in environment conservation and institute law enforcement where necessary. Institutional arrangements which favour transparency, are necessary for marketing tobacco. Extension officers should devote more of their time to training farmers than doing other things like distributing inputs.
Perceptions of smallholders on the effectiveness of female and male agriculture and livestock extension field officers based on the akap sequence: a case study of Mvomero district
(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007) Pangani, Martina Domician
This study was conducted in villages of Mvomcro District to investigate the perceptions of smallholders on the effectiveness of female and male Agricultural and increasing farmers' adoption and increasing farmers' productivity (AKAP) sequence of a crop (i.e. maize). The survey population comprised of farmers who grew crops and kept livestock. Data was collected in thirteen purposively selected villages. which were supervised by female agricultural and livestock extension field officers (FALEFOs) and thirteen randomly selected villages that were supervised by male agricultural and livestock extension field officers (MALEFOs). This was a cross- sectional study in which data was collected at one point in time from a selected sample of respondents. A simple random sample of 156 respondents was used and data was mainly collected using a questionnaire. The study results showed that respondents who agreed that MALEFOs gave them information based on AKAP sequence were higher compared to those supervised by FALEFOs. This implied that FALEFOs. The difference could be that FALEFOs performed other societal duties such as reproduction, production, and household chores in their homes. Also the findings showed that sex of the farmer had a significant effect on the way FALEFOs study found that female farmers who were supervised by FALEFOs had relatively higher levels of awareness, knowledge, adoption and productivity. Compared to MALEFOs were more effective in giving information to smallholders than Livestock Extension Field Officers (ALEFOs) in making farmers aware of and MALEFOs gave information to smallholders base on AKAP sequence. The technology/practices, increasing their knowledge on a tcchnqlogy/practiccs. those supervised by MALEFOs. However, the study found that MALEFOs gave information on the maize-related technologies/practices equally to both female and male respondents. This study recommends that countries' extension systems especially those in developing countries should encourage more FALEFOs since they have proven to be able to work with female farmers who mostly shoulder the agricultural responsibility of the country. Barriers, which limit FALEFOs to work in rural areas, should be removed. Also this study recommends that all lead Ministries should increase incentives to its ALEFOs.

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